Energy

Transfer
through Heat,
Work and Mass

KKKR1243 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS I

(Prof. Ir. Dr. Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah &
Prof. Madya Dr. Ir. Masturah Markom @ JKKP, FKAB, UKM)
 Concept of
energy
transfer and
its type

Concept of Concept of
flow work heat (Q)
(mass) Learning
outcomes
of
Chapter III

Concept of Mechanisms of
work and heat transfer
type of (conduction,
mechanical convection, and
works radiation)
2
3.1

Energy • Movement of energy across a boundary of a system

transfer

• Work (W), Heat (Q) and Mass (m)

• Energy transfer that goes through a boundary due to the
Types of temperature difference of the system and its environment
energy
transfer (T=Tsurr –Tsys)  Q. Other form of energy transfer  W.
• For control volume, energy transfer through Q, W and m.
• For closed system only in the forms of Q and W. ???

Sign • Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system is +ve.

convention • Heat transfer from a system and work done on a system is -ve.

>0  work done by the system

W
<0  work done to the system
>0  heat transfer to the system
Q
<0  heat transfer from the system
3
 Energy content in closed
system can change due to
heat transfer and work

Energy content in control volume can

change due to mass flow, heat
transfer and work
4
3.2

• Type of energy transfer through a system boundary due to T.

Heat • Symbol, Q12 or Q (kJ) or q (kJ/kg).
• Rate of heat transfer, Q (kJ/s or W) = the amount of heat
transferred per unit time.

• A process during which there is no heat transfer (Q=0).

• Conditions to fulfill adiabatic process:
• Only a negligible amount of heat can pass through the boundary
 insulation.
Adiabatic • Both system and surroundings are at the same temperature - there
process is no driving force (T=0) for heat transfer.
• Adiabatic process  Isothermal process:
• Isothermal process refers to the temperature of the system that are
similar at different states (T=T2–T1=0).
• Adiabatic process refers to Q=0 when T=Tsurr–Tsys=0.

Mechanism • Conduction
of heat • Convection
transfer • Radiation 5
 Tsurr

Tsys

Tsys@ Tsys @
T1 T2
State 1 State 2

Adiabatic process Isothermal process

(Q=0) when insulated (T=0) when T1=T2
or when Tsys=Tsurr
6
Conduction
Transfer of energy from the more
energetic particles of a substance
to the adjacent less energetic
ones as a result of interaction
between particles

Fourier’s Law for heat 

Q   k A
dT
conduction (W) cond t
dx

INTEGRATION
A=Area normal to the direction
of heat transfer (m2),
T=Temperature difference in the 
Qcond  kt A
T
 kt A
T2  T1 
direction of heat flow (C/m),
kt=Thermal conductivity x x
coefficient (W/(m.K))
7
Convection
Transfer of energy between a
solid surface and the adjacent
fluid that is in motion, and it
involves the combined effects
of conduction and fluid motion

Heat transfer rate of convention

(W) through Newton’s law of
cooling

A=Surface area (m2),

h=Convection heat transfer Q conv  hA(Ts  T f )
coefficient (W/(m2.K)),
Ts= surface temperature (K)
Tf = bulk fluid temperature
away from surface (K)
(At the surface, Tf=Ts) 8
 Types of convection
Forced convection if the fluid Free (or natural) convection if
is forced to flow in a tube or the fluid motion is caused by
buoyancy forces induced by
over a surface by external
means such as a fan, pump, density differences due to the
variation of temperature in
or the wind the fluid

9
Radiation
Transfer of energy due to the
emission of electromagnetic waves
(or photons) (Do not require any
medium, can also pass through
vacuum)

Rate of radiation heat transfer (W)

between a surface body and its
surroundings

A=Surface area (m2),

=Stefan-Boltzmann constant
=5.67x10-8 W/m2K4,    A(T 4  T 4 )
Qrad s surr
=Emissivity of the surface
Ts= Absolute temperature of the
surface (K)
Tsurr = Absolute temperature of the
surroundings (K) 10
3.3

Work is the energy

transfer associated with a
force acting through a
distance

Work is also a form of W  F  s  F  s cos 

energy transferred like
heat  kJ = kNm If the angle () between
force and displacement = 0

W12  W  F  s
Work done per unit time
 power, W (kJ/s or kW)
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 Both are energy transfer
mechanisms
Systems possess energy, but
- recognized at the boundaries not heat or work
of a system as they cross the
boundaries

SIMILARITIES
OF HEAT AND
WORK

Both are associated with a Both are path functions 

process, not a state their magnitudes depend on
- Unlike properties, heat or the path followed during a
work has no meaning at a process as well as the end
state states
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3.3.1

Path Functions P-v diagram Point Functions

• W and Q are path • Properties (v, h, s, u,
functions  its P, T) are point
magnitude depend functions  depend
on the path followed on the state only,
during a process as and not on how a
well as the end system reaches that
states. state.
• Inexact differentials : • Exact differentials
2 and for eg. a small
 W  W
1
12
change in volume:
2

• Total work obtained 

1
dV  V2  V1  V
by adding the
differential amounts • The volume change is
of work done along the same regardless
the way or can the path followed.
represented by the
area under the
followed path.
13
3.3.2

Mechanical Types of
works? mechanical works
• Associated with the • Gravitational work
movement of the • Accelerational work
boundary of a system or • Shaft work
with the movement of • Spring work
the entire system as a
whole. • Boundary work

14
Definition:
* Work done against the gravitational force.
* Also known as the change of potential energy of the body.

Force due gravitational:

F  mg

Work done to raise a body from z1 to z2:

2 2
Wg   Fdz  mg  dz  mg(z2  z1 )
1 1

15
Associated with the velocity Also known as the change
of a system in the kinetic energy of the
body

Force:
dv
a dv
F  ma 
 F  mdt
dt

Velocity: v
ds
dt
 ds  vdt

Work: W a
2
  Fds  
1 1
2  dv  2 1
 m (vdt)  m1 vdv  m( v2  v1 )
 dt  2
2 2

16
Associated with the
rotating shaft

Torque T applied to the shaft

is constant  Force F
applied is also constant

T
Torque T  Fr  F 
r

Distance (r=radius, s  2r n

n=no. of revolutions)

T 
Shaft work Wsh  Fs   (2πrn)  2πnT
r
17
 For linear elastic springs, the
displacement x is proportional to the
force applied
(k = spring constant (kN/m))

F  kx
When force is
applied on spring 
the length of spring
changes
2
Wspring   Fdx  
1 1
2

2

kxdx  k x2  x1
1 2 2

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 Associated with work done by work done on
the expansion or Expansion work Compression
compression of a
gas in a piston–  W=+ve work  W=-ve
cylinder device

2 2 2 F 2
Boundary work Wb   δWb   Fds  Ads   PdV
1 1 1 A 1

P=f(V)
P  f (V )
Can only be evaluated if
the relationship between P
and V during the process is
known:

19
 Area under P-V P = abs. pressure Work is path Net work for a
diagram (always +ve) function cycle

• = Work done • When dV=+ve, • Each path with • = Difference of

during a Wb=+ve  a different area work between
expansion or Expansion work underneath  two processes
compression • When dV=-ve, the work done in a cycle
process of a Wb=-ve  will be different • = Net work
closed system. Compression for each process done during the
2
• 𝑊𝑏 = 1 𝑃𝑑𝑉 work although the cycle (the pink
initial and final area)
states are the • =Wnet
same.

20
3.4

BOUNDARY WORK Can be determined through:

(1) Mathematical formula 
2
Wb   PdV Integration, or
1 (2) Graphical method Area
under P-v diagram

Constant Volume Constant Pressure Constant

temperature Linear process Polytropic
(Isochoric/ (Isobaric Process process
Isometric (Isothermal (P=a+bV)
(P=0)) (PVn=C)
Process (V=0)) Process (T=0))

V Wb  Pgas V2  V1  Wb 
P2V2  P1V1
, for n  1
Wb  Po (V2  V1 ) Wb  mRTo ln 2 1 n
Wb  0 V1 1

 k x22  x12  V
 PV ln 2 , for n  1
2 V1

21
 2
Boundary work : Wb   PdV
1


V  constant dV  0

Wb  0

22
 2
Boundary work : Wb   PdV
1


P  constant

2
Wb  Po  dV  Po (V2  V1 )  mPo (v2  v1 )
1

Wb = area under the

curve of P-V diagram
(rectangular region)

23
 2
Boundary work : Wb   PdV
1


mRT
For ideal gas, P 
V

2 mRTo V2
Wb   dV  mRTo ln
1 V V1

24
 2
A gas in a piston–
Boundary work : Wb   PdV cylinder device
1
equipped with a linear

spring (F=kx) expands
Both gas and spring contribute to P as a result of heating

2 Fspring 
Wb    Pgas  dV
1
 A 
2 2 kx *Reg 1: (rectangular)
Wb   PgasdV   dV W done against piston
weight and atmosphere
1 1 A *Reg 2: (triangular)
W done against spring

Wb  Pgas V2  V1   
2 kx

1 A
1
2

Adx  Pgas V2  V1   k x22  x12  Total W = Reg 1+ Reg 2
= Trapezoid

25
 2
Process n value
Boundary work: Wb  1
PdV

 Constant P 0
Polytropic : PV n  C

Constant V 
2

C
Wb  dV Isothermal and ideal gas 1
1 Vn

Adiabatic and ideal gas k=CP/CV (k=specific
 P2V2  PV heat ratio)
 for n  1
1 1
,
 1 n
Wb 
 PV ln V2 , for n  1
 V1

Ideal gas  PV  mRT 

 mR(T2  T1 )
 
, for n  1
 1 n
Wb 
 mRT ln V2 , for n  1
 V1
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 Some work is required to push
Only applicable to control the mass into or out of the
volumes since mass flow
across their boundaries control volume  flow work
or flow energy
To push the
entire fluid
element into the
control volume,
the force (F=PA)
must act
through a
distance L Flow work
done on the
mass unit in
A pushing the
W flow  FdL  FdL  PdV  Pvm
A fluid element
W flow across the
w flow   Pv boundary
m
27
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
 ENERGY TRANSFER THROUGH A
SYSTEM BOUNDARY

HEAT, Q WORK, W MASS

FLOW
Heat Transfer Mechanical forms of
Mechanisms work Flow work
w flow  Pv

Conduction Acceleration work Shaft work Gravitational work

Wsh  2πnτ
1

Wa  m v22  v12
2
 Wg  mg( z2  z1 )
Convection

Radiation
Spring work Boundary work
 
2
1
Wspring  k x22  x12 Wb   PdV
2 1
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GUIDELINES FOR DATA
ACQUISATION OF A
SUBSTANCE

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