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Energy of a System
 Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause change.
 Energy can exist in numerous forms such as
CHAPTER 3 

Thermal,
Mechanical,
 Kinetic,

Energy Transport by 

Potential,
Electric,
 Magnetic,

Heat, Work and Mass 


Chemical, And
Nuclear

 Their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.

 The total energy of a system on a unit mass:

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Energy of a System Energy of a System

 In thermodynamic analysis, energy can be group in to two forms:  Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a
 Macroscopic whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic
 Microscopic and potential energies.
 Microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular
structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity, and
they are independent of outside reference frames.
 The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the  The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some
internal energy of a system and is denoted by U. Example:- reference frame is called kinetic energy (KE) and is expressed as
V2
 Latent energy KE  m
V2
(kJ ) ke  (kJ / kg )
2 2
 Chemical energy  The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational
 Nuclear energy field is called potential energy (PE) and is expressed as
 Sensible energy 3 PE  mgz (kJ ) pe  gz (kJ / kg ) 4

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Energy of a System Energy transport by heat and work

 The total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and  Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in two distinct
internal energies and is expressed as forms: heat and work.
V2
E U  KE  PE E  U  m  mgz
2
V2
euke pe e  u   gz
2
 Most closed systems remain stationary during a process and thus
experience no change in their kinetic and potential energies.
 Closed systems whose velocity and elevation of the center of
gravity remain constant during a process are frequently referred to
as stationary systems.
 The change in the total energy E of a stationary system is identical
to the change in its internal energy U.
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Energy transport by heat Energy transport by heat

 Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between  As a form of energy, heat has energy units, Kj.
two systems (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of a
temperature difference.  The amount of heat transferred during the process between two states
(states 1 and 2) is denoted by Q12, or just Q.

 Sometimes it is desirable to know the rate of heat transfer (the amount

of heat transferred per unit time).
 A process during which there is no heat transfer is called an
adiabatic process.  Heat is transferred by three mechanisms: conduction, convection, and
 There are two ways a process can be adiabatic:
radiation.
 Well insulated
 Both the system and the surroundings are  Heat transfer per unit mass of a system is denoted q and is determined
from. Q
at the same temperature q (kJ / kg )
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Energy Transport by Work Sign convention for energy transported by heat and work
 Work is also a form of energy transferred like heat and,  Heat and work are directional quantities, and thus the
therefore, has energy units kJ. complete description of a heat or work interaction requires the
 The work done during a process between states 1 and 2 is specification of both the magnitude and direction.
denoted by W12, or simply W.  The generally accepted formal sign convention for heat and
 The work done per unit time is called power and is denoted by work interactions is as follows:
The unit of power is kJ/s, or kW.  Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are
positive;
 The work done per unit mass of a system is denoted by w and
is expressed as  Heat transfer from a system and work
Example:- done on a system are negative.
W A rising piston
w (kJ / kg )
m A rotating shaft
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Boundary work Some Typical Process

 The work associated with a moving boundary is called boundary
work.  Boundary work at constant volume process
 The expansion and compression work is often called boundary
work.
 The area under the process curve on a P-V diagram is equal, in If the volume is held constant,
magnitude, to the work done during a quasi-equilibrium expansion =0
or compression process of a closed system. and the boundary work
equation becomes
2
2 Wb   PdV  0
Wb    Wb 1
1
F
 Wb  Fd s  Ads  PdV
2
A
Wb   PdV
1
2 2
Area  A   dA   PdV
1 1 11 12

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 Boundary work at constant temperature (Isothermal)

 Boundary work at constant pressure If the temperature of an ideal gas system held constant, then the
equation of state provides the pressure volume relation.
m RT
P 
V
2 2 mRT
If the pressure is held constant Wb   PdV Wb   dV
1 1 V
the boundary work equation
becomes
mRT  C  PV
2 2 2 dv Wb  Cln
V2
Wb   PdV  P  dV  P (V2  V1 ) Wb  C 
1 1 1 V V1

V2 V2
Wb  mRTln  PV
1 1 ln
V1 V1
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Polytropic Process Spring Work

 During actual expansion and compression processes of gases,  When the length of the spring changes by a differential amount dx
pressure and volume are often related by PVn = C. where n and C under the influence of a force F, the work done is
are constants
2
Wb   PdV 2
1
 Wspring   Fdx
1
2 V2 n 1  V1 n 1  PV2 2  PV
1 1
Wb   CV  n dV  C    1 n
1  n  1 
F  kx
mR (T2  T1 )
Wb 
1 n
1
Wspring  k ( x22  x12 )
2
 For the special case of n = 1 the system is isothermal process and
the boundary work becomes
2 2 V2
Wb   PdV   CV  n dV  PV ln
1 1 V1 15 16

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Energy transferred by Mass

 When mass enters a control volume, the energy of the control
volume increase because the entering mass carries some energy
with it.

 When some mass leaves the control volume, the energy contained
within the control volume decreases because some leaving mass
Example
takeout some energy within it.

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1. A gas is contained with in a piston cylinder device 2.A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 2 kg of
initially at 20MPa and 0.02m3. if expands to a final nitrogen at 100 kPa and 300 K. Nitrogen is now
volume of 0.06m3 under the following process compressed slowly according to the relation
a) constant pressure PV1.4=constant until it reaches a final temperature of 360
b) PV=const K. Calculate the work input during this process.
c) PV1.4=const
Determine the total work done in each process

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3.A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m3 to a 4.A piston–cylinder device contains 50 kg of water at 250 kPa and
final volume of 0.12 m3. During the quasi-equilibrium 25°C. The cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.1 m2. Heat is now
transferred to the water, causing part of it to evaporate and expand.
process, the pressure changes with volume according to the
When the volume reaches 0.2 m3, the piston reaches a linear spring
relation P=aV+b, where a=-1200kPa/m3 and b=600kPa.
whose spring constant is 100 kN/m. More heat is transferred to the
Calculate the work done during this process (a) by plotting the water until the piston rises 20 cm more. Determine (a) the final
process on a P-V diagram and finding the area under the pressure and temperature and (b) the work done during this
process curve and (b)by performing the necessary process. Also, show the process on a P-V diagram.
integrations. Ans: (a) 450 kPa,147.9°C, (b) 44.5 kJ
Ans: - 82.8 KJ

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5.1kg of water that is initially at 90oC with a quality of 10

percent occupies a spring-loaded piston–cylinder device,
such as that in Fig. below. This device is now heated until
the pressure rises to 800 kPa and the temperature is 250oC.

Thank You!!!
Determine the total work produced during this process, in
kJ.
Answer: 24.5 kJ

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