Experiment Writeups
Experiment Writeups
Apparatus:
1. Stalagmometer, 2. Pyknometer, 3. Beakers 4. Weight Box (with fractional weight box) or
Electronic Weighing balance
Chemicals:
Supplied solutions
Theory:
Surface tension is a result of imbalance force of attraction on the surface molecules towards
the bulk of liquid and towards the vapour in contact with the liquid. Since the surface is in a
state of tension, an attempt to make a penetration along any line in the surface will require
an application of force to hold the separate portion of the surface together. This fore is called
surface tension and is defined as force per unit length acting at right angles to the line along
the surface of the liquid.
The measurement of surface tension (γ) of a liquid is based on the fact that the drop of a liquid
at the lower end of capillary falls down when weight of drop becomes just equal to the surface
tension. The force of gravity (weight of drop) to pull the drop downward v.d.g (where v is
the volume and d is the density of the drop of liquid) is balanced by the force 2πγr (r is the
radius of capillary) tending to uphold the drop:
2"#$ = &'(
If n is the number of drops in volume of V of the liquid, then the volume of each drop,
!
&="
Measurement of relative surface tension:
If )# and )$ are the number of drops counted in the same volume (V) of unknown liquid and
water, respectively, using the same capillary, then we have
'
2"#$! = )*
(! !
'
2"#$" = ) *
(" "
Procedure:
Note: The stalagmometer should be fitted vertically upright and there should not be in air
bubbles in the liquid capillary
1. The stalagmometer was cleaned and filled up with distilled water up to the upper mark
by sucking through a rubber tube fitted with the stalagmometer.
2. Water was then allowed to come down to the lower mark of the stalagmometer at a
moderate rate such that the number of drops falling from the capillary end of the
stalagmometer was made to be 15 to 20 drops per minute.
3. Total number of drops was counted and repeated for 4 times.
4. Then the stalagmometer was rinsed with provided liquid and the total number of falling
drops was counted without changing the setup. The process was repeated 4 times.
5. To determine the relative density of the liquid, weight of an empty Pyknometer was
taken. Then weight of the pyknometer filled with distilled water and supplied liquid were
taken separately.
Observations:
o
Laboratory temperature = ………. C.
Table 1: Counting the number of drops for distilled water
Sl. No. Number of drops for distilled Average number of drops of distilled
water water
1
2
3
4
Table 3: Wight of empty pyknometer, with distilled water and supplied liquid
Weight of empty Weight of pyknometer with Weight of pyknometer with
pyknometer (m1 gram) distilled water (m2 gram) supplied liquid (m3 gram)
Calculations:
#% $$
"$ = "
#$ $% %
Apparatus:
1. Ostwald viscometer, 2. Pyknometer, 3. Beakers 4. Weight Box (with fractional weight box)
or Electronic weighing balance
Chemicals:
Supplied solution
Theory:
The determination of relative viscosity of a liquid is based on Poiseuille’s equation
related to the flow of a liquid through a capillary tube:
",# # - "ℎ)*# # -
+= =
8/0 8/0
If we like to determine the viscosity of a liquid with respect to water then we have:
+! )! -!
=
+" )" -"
Procedure:
Note: The viscometer should be fitted vertically upright and there should not be any air bubbles
in the liquid.
1. The Ostwald viscometer was cleaned and filled up with distilled water up to the upper
mark by sucking through a rubber tube fitted with the viscometer.
2. Water was then allowed to come down to the lower mark of the viscometer at a moderate
rate and time was noted for a fixed volume of liquid.
3. Step 2 was repeated for 4 times.
4. Then the viscometer was rinsed with provided liquid and time of flow of unknown liquid
was noted without changing the setup. The process was repeated for 4 times.
5. To determine the relative density of the liquid, weight of an empty Pyknometer was taken.
Then weight of the pyknometer filled with distilled water and supplied liquid were taken
separately.
Observations:
o
Laboratory temperature = ………. C.
Table 3: Weight of empty pyknometer, with distilled water and supplied liquid
Weight of empty Weight of pyknometer with Weight of pyknometer with
pyknometer (m1 gram) distilled water (m2 gram) supplied liquid (m3 gram)
Calculations:
Given ,$ = 1.005 cP at 20oC
The relative density of the liquid :
'# *% − *&
=
'$ *' − *&
Result: The relative viscosity of supplied liquid at laboratory temperature …..oC was found to be
…………. cP