MATHEMATICS

With CASIO fx-991ES PLUS Calculator Techniques

PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Identities (sum and difference , double angle, co-function,
even-odd function, half-angle, etc), angles (radian, degrees,
mils, grad), angle of elevation, angle of depression, triangle,
law of cosine, law of sine, area of triangle, spherical triangle,
Napier’s rule
ENGR. KRISTUFFER DARCYTH TAN PRING,
CE, MP , ME1 , S03 , PE , EnP , CHRA, CPM, LPT
2JP REVIEW CENTER
Bicol University
ANGLE MEASUREMENTS
1. Sexagesimal System – measurement in degrees
2. Centesimal System – measurement in grade (grad)
3. Circular/Natural System – measurement in radians
4. Military System – in terms of mils
 ANGLE MEASUREMENTS
1. Sexagesimal System – measurement in degrees
2. Centesimal System – measurement in grade
(grad)
3. Circular/Natural System – measurement in
radians
4. Military System – in terms of mils
SITUATION 1. What is the equivalent of 120⁰ in the:
1. Centesimal system
2. Circular System
3. Natural System
4. Military System
SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR ANGLE

Counterclockwise – positive (+)

Clockwise – negative (-)
COMPLEMENTARY – sum is 90⁰
SUPPLEMENTARY – sum is 180⁰
EXPLEMENTARY/CONJUGATE – sum is 360⁰
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLE

Basic Formula

sinθ=opp/hyp cscθ=hyp/opp

cosθ=adj/hyp secθ=hyp/adj

tanθ=opp/adj cotθ=adj/opp

Reciprocal Identities

cscθ=1/sinθ
secθ=1/cosθ
cotθ=1/tanθ

Quotient Identities
tanθ=sinθ/cosθ
cotθ=cosθ/sinθ
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLE
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

sinθ=opp/hyp cscθ=hyp/opp

cosθ=adj/hyp secθ=hyp/adj

tanθ=opp/adj cotθ=adj/opp
If the sin γ = -24/25 and the tan γ < 0, what quadrant is the
angle γ located?
Find the value of sinøcosø if the value of tan ø = -3/5.
If cos θ = 7/25 and tan θ > 0, what quadrant is θ located?
Evaluate (sin θ + cot θ) / (sec θ + csc θ) when cos θ = 4/5
and θ is in the 4th quadrant?
Simplify (1/sinθ- 1/tanθ)(1+cosθ).
A. sin θ + cos θ C. cos θ
B. cos θ + 1 D. sin θ
 Simplify (sin^2 θ + cos^2 θ) /tan θ
A. cot θ B. sin θ C. cos θ D. tan θ
Find the values of the other functions if tan A = 4/3 and is in Q III.
 Resolve as a sum :
2sin 40° cos 15° . Ans. sin 55° + sin 25°
Express the product as sum: sin 3A cos A
6Reduce the following using cofuntions: sin (6.5)
The interior angles of a triangle are A , B and C. If tan A tan B
tan C = 15 , and tan B + tan C = 10 , find tan A.
If sin 3A = cos 6B , then _______ . Ans. A + 2B = 30
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎cos𝑏𝑥+𝑐,
where 𝑎>0 and 𝑏>0. If the period of 𝑓(𝑥) is 2𝜋/5, the maximum value of
𝑓(𝑥) is 13 and𝑓(𝜋)=−11, what is the value of 𝑎𝑏𝑐?
THE SINUSOIDAL WAVE

AMPLITUDE – vertical height from center to the peak of the

graph
PERIOD – length from one peak to another.
PHASE SHIFT – distance of the horizontal or vertical position
moved
FREQUENCY - reciprocal of period
THE SINUSOIDAL WAVE
 ODD FUNCTIONS
A function f(x) is ODD if the graph of f(x) is symmetric with
respect to the origin. Algebraically, f(x) is ODD if and only if
f(x) = -f(x) for all x in the domain of the function.

EVEN FUNCTIONS
A function f(x) is EVEN if the graph of f(x) is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis. Algebraically, f(x) is EVEN if and only if
f(-x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of the function.
SITUATION 2. Determine if the ff. functions are odd or
even:
1. y = sin x
2. y = cos x
4 2
3. y = 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3
4. y = 3𝑥 3 – 4x
SITUATION 3. Identify the ff. given the function
y = 2sin (4x - 5) +6
Amplitude Phase Shift
Period Vertical Shift
Frequency Ymax and Ymin
SITUATION 4. Identify the ff. given the function
y = 2 tan (3x – π/4) + 1
Amplitude Phase Shift
Period Vertical Shift
Frequency Asymptote
 TRIANGLES – polygons that have three sides and angles summing
up to 180˚

TYPES:
1. Isosceles – two sides equal and do not have obtuse angle
2. Scalene – three different sides and can have three acute or at
most an obtuse angle
3. Equilateral – three equal sides and at 60˚ each
4. Right – having 90˚ angle with the longest part known as
hypotenuse
5. Oblique – Not having 90˚ angle
 OBLIQUE TRIANGLES
Triangle Inequality
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY – the sum of two other sides must be
bigger than the largest side of any triangle.
a-b<c<a+b
What are the possible perimeters of a triangle if the two
sides are 12 and 6 m in length?
 The measure of the largest angle of a triangle is 80⁰ more
than the measure of the smallest angle, and the measure
of the remaining angle is 10⁰ more than the smallest angle.
Find the smallest angle. 30⁰
Find the smaller angle. 40⁰
Find the biggest angle. 110⁰
APPLICATIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

1Elevations and Depressions

ANGLE OF ELEVATION – made with horizontal by the line of sight from an observer to
the object higher than the observer

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION – made with horizontal by the line of sight from an observer to
the object lower than the observer
APPLICATIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

2. BEARINGS – designates the direction of the line by an

angle and quadrant letters

3. AZIMUTH – angles measured clockwise from any

reference meridian
Solve the possible values of x: sin x cos x = 0
The sides of a triangle are 45 m and 55 m long. If its area is 785.48 m2, find the perimeter. Ans. 135 m
The top of the tower is sighted from point A is found to have an angle of elevation of
26⁰. When sighted at point B that is 300 m closer to the tower, the angle of elevation is
56⁰. Points A and B are on the same horizontal plane with the base of the tower. What is
the height of the tower? 218 m
From the top of the lighthouse 29.5 m high, the angle of depression of an observer is
28° 30’ How far is the boat from the lighthouse?
The angle of elevation of the top of the vertical tower from points A and B are 25⁰ and
50⁰, respectively. The points A and B are 300 m apart and on the same horizontal plane
with the foot of the tower. The horizontal angle subtended by A and B at the foot of the
tower is 90⁰. Find the height of the tower. 130.27
A flagpole and a tower stands 36 m apart from a horizontal plane. A person standing
successively at their bases observes that the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is
twice that of the pole, but at a point midway between their bases, the angles of
elevation are complementary. Find the height of the tower. 27 m
The angles of a triangle are A = 35⁰ 20’, B = 65⁰ 36’ and C = 79⁰ 04’. The area is 1200 sq. meters.

What is the length of the side opposing A?

A. 66.89 C. 62.04
B. 39.40 D. 56.11
What is the length of the side opposing B?
A. 66.89 C. 62.04
B. 39.40 D. 56.11
What is the length of the side opposing C?
A. 66.89 C. 62.04
B. 39.40 D. 56.11
Given the sides of a triangle ABC: a = 36.3 cm, and b = 23.9 cm. The angle opposite side a is 102.7⁰. Compute the value
of side c.
A. 15.25 C. 25.78
B. 22.57 D. 20.45
The perimeter of a triangle is 271 cm. The interior angles measure 50⁰, 60⁰ and 70⁰ respectively. What is the length of
the longest side of the triangle?
A. 80.72 C. 99.02
B. 91.26 D. 93.65
Solve for x: cos 6x = 1 / csc (3x + 9)
A. 9⁰ B. 8⁰ C. 12⁰ D. 12⁰
The angles of elevation of the top of a tower at two points 30 m and 80 m from the foot of the tower, on a horizontal
line, are complimentary. What is the height of the tower?
A. 49 m C. 46 m
B. 47 m D. 48 m
The sum of two angles is 1600 mils and their difference is 40 grads. Find the value of the bigger angle in degrees.
A. 27⁰ C. 65⁰
B. 63⁰ D. 29⁰
If the supplement of an angle A is 5/2 of its complement, find the value of angle A.
A. 30⁰ C. 90⁰
B. 60⁰ D. 180⁰
Two sides of a triangle are 10 cm and 25 cm. The perimeter may be:
A. 72 cm C. 39 cm
B. 69 cm D. 50 cm
If Arcsin (2x) = 30⁰, find x.
A. 0.20 C. 0.30
B. 0.25 D. 0.35
If sin40⁰ + sin 20⁰ = sin θ, find the value of θ.
A. 20⁰ C. 80⁰
B. 40⁰ D. 120⁰
A tree 30 m long casts a shadow 36 m long. Find the angle of elevation of the sun.
A. 39.41⁰ C. 39.81⁰
B. 39.51⁰ D. 39.61⁰
Solve for x: Arctan (1 – x) + Arctan (1 + x) = Arctan 1/8
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Find the height of the tree if the angle of elevation of its top
changes from 20⁰ to 40⁰ as the observer advances 23 m toward
its base.
A. 138.5 m C. 158.5 m
B. 148.5 m D. 159.5 m
If the cosine of an angle θ is 3/5, then the value of the sine of
θ/2 is:
A. 0.50 C. 0.215
B. 0.361 D. 0.447
Which of the following angles in standard position is a
quadrantal angle?
A. 540⁰ C. -135⁰
B. 480⁰ D. -390⁰
Coversine A is equal to
A. 1 – cos A C. 1 + cos A
B. 1 – sin A D. 1 + sin A
The angles of triangle ABC are in the ratio 5:10:21 and the side
opposite the smallest angle is 5. Find the side opposite the
largest angle.
Three circles of radii 115, 150 and 225 are tangent to each other externally. Angles are formed by joining the
centers of the circles.

Find the smallest angle.

A. 43.15⁰ C. 75.47⁰
B. 61.35⁰ D. 59.98⁰

Find the smaller angle.

A. 43.15⁰ C. 75.47⁰
B. 61.35⁰ D. 59.98⁰

Find the biggest angle.

A. 43.15⁰ C. 75.47⁰
B. 61.35⁰ D. 59.98⁰
Three circles of radii 115, 150 and 225 are tangent to each other externally. Angles are formed by joining the
centers of the circles.

Find the smallest angle.

A. 43.15⁰ C. 75.47⁰
B. 61.35⁰ D. 59.98⁰

Find the smaller angle.

A. 43.15⁰ C. 75.47⁰
B. 61.35⁰ D. 59.98⁰

Find the biggest angle.

A. 43.15⁰ C. 75.47⁰
B. 61.35⁰ D. 59.98⁰
SPHERICAL TRIANGLES – triangle enclosed by the three great
circles of a sphere

PROPERTIES:

1. If two sides are equal, then the corresponding

opposite angles are also equal.
2. If two angles of a spherical triangle are equal, then
the sides opposite them are also equal.
3. If two angles of a spherical triangle are equal, the
side opposites they are also unequal, and the greater side lies
opposite the greater angle.
4. The sum of two sides must be higher than the largest
side.
5. The sum of the sides is less than 360˚ while the sum
of angles is 181˚ to 549˚
6. The sum of two angles is less than the sum of 180˚
and the other ones.
The spherical triangle has the following parts: B = 42⁰ 30.2’, C =
128⁰ 46.6’, a = 64⁰ 26.4’.
Find the value of side b.
A. 57.24⁰ C. 46.47⁰
B. 63.25⁰ D. 103.99⁰
Find the value of side c.
A. 57.24⁰ C. 46.47⁰
B. 63.25⁰ D. 103.99⁰
Find the value of angle A.
A. 122.76⁰ C. 43.476⁰
B. 46.467⁰ D. 127.26⁰
Solve this oblique spherical triangle : a = 126° , b = 54° , c = 99°
A spherical triangle has angles 63⁰, 85⁰ and 54⁰.Find the area of
the triangle if the sphere has a surface area of 16 286 cm2.
A. 365.8 C. 563.1
B. 287.4 D. 497.6
A triangle on the surface of a sphere has interior angles 82⁰,
68⁰ and 105⁰. The volume of the sphere is 145 124.72 cm3.
Find the area of the triangle.
A. 1874 C. 1563
B. 1224 D. 1391
Back Substitution
Multiple choice strategies
388: ECE Board April 1999
𝟒 𝟒
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨) −(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨) is equal
to _____.

a. cos 4A
b.cos 2A
c. sin 2A
d.sin 4A
397: EE Board April 1992
Find the value of A bet-
ween 270° and 360° if
𝟐
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 = 𝟏.

a. -30°
b.320°
c. 310°
d.330°
409: ECE March 1996
Solve for x in the given
equation: 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝐱 +
𝝅
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 =
𝟒

a. 0.149 rad
b.0.281 rad
c. 0.421 rad
d.0.316 rad
Solve for x:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟏

a. 0°
b.30°
𝝅
c.
𝟐
𝝅
d. 0°,
𝟐
412: ECE Board April 1991 Evaluate the following:

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟎° + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏° + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐° + ⋯ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟖𝟗° + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟗𝟎°

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎° + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏° + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐° + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟖𝟗° + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟗𝟎°

a. 1
b.0
c. undefined
d.-1