PLANE & SPHERICAL

Trigonometry

Engr. Marvin Y. Villorente, ECE, ECT

Trigonometry
1.1 Plane Angle & Angle Measurements
1.2 Solution to Right Triangles
1.3 The Six Trigonometric Functions
1.4 Solution to Oblique Triangles
1.5 Area of Triangles
1.6 Trigonometric Identities
1.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1.8 Spherical Trigonometry
Plane Angle & Angle Measurements

A plane angle is determined by rotating a ray (half-

line) about its endpoint called vertex.

Conversion Factors:
1 revolution = 360 degrees
= 2π radians
= 400 gradians
= 6400 mils
Types of Angles
Q-1 The measure of 2.25 revolutions
counterclockwise is

A. -835º C. -810º
B. 805º D. 810º
Q-2 4800 mils is equivalent to
__________degrees.

A. 135 C. 235
B. 270 D. 142
Q-3 An angular unit equivalent to 1/400
of the circumference of a circle is
called:

A. degree C. radian
B. mil D. grad
Q-4 Find the complement of the angle
whose supplement is 152º.

A. 28º C. 118º
B. 62º D. 38º
Q-5 A certain angle has an
explement 5 times the supplement.
Find the angle. [ECE Board Nov.2002]

A. 67.5 degrees
B. 108 degrees
C. 135 degrees
D. 58.5 degrees
Q-6 What is the reference angle and
one coterminal angle , respectively of
135º.
RELATED ANGLES –
A. -45º, -225º angles that have the
same absolute values for
B. -45º, 225º their trigonometric
functions. The acute
C. 45º, 225º angle is the reference
angle.
D. 45º, -225º
Ex. 20, 160, 200, 340
Right Triangles

The Pythagorean Theorem:

“In a right triangle, the square of the length of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the
lengths of the legs”

c2 = a2 + b2
Note:
In any triangle, the sum of any two sides must
be greater than the third side; otherwise no
triangle can be formed.
c 2  a2  b2  The triangle is right
If, c 2  a2  b2  The triangle is obtuse
c 2  a2  b2  The triangle is acute
The Six Trigonometric Functions

opposite o adjacent a
sin    c ot   
hypotenuse h opposite o
adjacent a hypotenuse h
cos    sec   
hypotenuse h adjacent a
opposite o hypotenuse h
tan    csc   
adjacent a opposite o
Q-7 The sides of a triangular lot are130 m,
180 m and 190 m. This lot is to be divided
by a line bisecting the longest side and
drawn from the opposite vertex. Find the
length of this line.

A. 120 m C. 122 m
B. 130 m D. 125 m
Q-8 The angle of elevation of the top of
the tower from a point 40 m. from its
base is the complement of the angle of
elevation of the same tower at a point
120 m. from it. What is the height of
the tower?
A. 59.7 C. 69.3
B. 28.5 D. 47.6
Q-9 One leg of a right triangle is 20 cm
and the hypotenuse is 10 cm longer
that the other leg. Find the length of
the hypotenuse.

A. 10 C. 25
B. 15 D. 20
Q-10 A man finds the angle of
elevation of the top of a tower to be 30
degrees. He walks 85 m nearer the
tower and finds its angle of elevation
to be 60 degrees. What is the height
of the tower ? [ECE Board Apr. 1998]

A. 76.31 m C. 73.16 m
B. 73.31 m D. 73.61 m
Oblique Triangles

The Sine Law

a b c
 
sin A sinB sinC
When to use Sine Law:
• Given two angles and any side.
• Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them .
The Cosine Law
S tandard Form : Alternative Form :
b2  c 2  a 2
F a  b  c  2bc CosA
2 2 2
cos A 
2bc
a2  c 2  b2
F b2  a2  c 2  2ac CosB cosB 
2ac
a2  b2  c 2
F c 2  b2  c 2  2bc cosC cosC 
2ab

Use the Laws of Cosine if:

Given three sides
Given two sides and their included angle
Q-11 In a triangle, find the side c if
angle C = 100 , side b = 20 and
side a = 15

A. 28 C. 29
B. 27 D. 26
Q-12 Points A and B 1000 m apart are
plotted on a straight highway running east
and west. From A , the bearing of a tower
C is 32 degrees W of N and from B the
bearing of C is 26 degrees N of E .
Approximate the shortest distance of tower
C to the highway. [ECE Board Apr. 1998:]

A. 364 m C. 394 m
B. 374 m D. 384 m
Q-13 A PLDT tower and a monument
stand on a level plane . The angles of
depression of the top and bottom of the
monument viewed from the top of the
PLDT tower are 13 and 35 respectively.
The height of the tower is 50 m. Find the
height of the monument.
A. 33.51 m C. 47.30 m

B. 7.58 m D. 30.57 m
Area of Triangles
Q-14 Given a right triangle ABC.
Angle C is the right angle. BC = 4 and
the altitude to the hypotenuse is 1
unit. Find the area of the triangle.
ECE Board Apr.2001:

A. 2.0654 sq. u. C.1.0654 sq. u.

B. 3.0654 sq. u. D.4.0654 sq. u.
Q-15 In a given triangle ABC, the angle
C is 34°, side a is 29 cm, and side b is
40 cm. Solve for the area of the
triangle.

A. 324.332 cm2
B. 344.146 cm2
C. 317.15 cm2
D. 343.44 cm2
Q-16 A right triangle is inscribed in a circle
such that one side of the triangle is the
diameter of a circle. If one of the acute
angles of the triangle measures 60 degrees
and the side opposite that angle has length
15, what is the area of the circle? ECE
Board Nov. 2002

A. 175.15 C. 235.62
B. 223.73 D. 228.61
Q-17 The sides of a triangle are 8
cm , 10 cm, and 14 cm. Determine
the radius of the inscribed and
circumscribing circle.

A. 3.45, 7.14 C. 2.45, 8.14

B. 2.45, 7.14 D. 3.45, 8.14
Q-18 Two triangles have equal bases.
The altitude of one triangle is 3 cm more
than its base while the altitude of the
other is 3 cm less than its base. Find the
length of the longer altitude if the areas of
the triangle differ by 21 square
centimeters.

A. 10 C. 14
B. 20 D. 15
Reciprocal relation :
1 1 1
? sin u  ? cos u  ? tan u 
csc u sec u cot u
Trigonometric Identities
Quotient relation
sin u
? tanu 
cos u

Pythagorean relation
? sin2 u  cos2 u  1

Addition & subtraction formula

? sin  u  v   sinu cos v  cos u sin v
? cos  u  v   cos u cos v sin u sin v
tan u  tan v
? tan  u  v  
1 tanu tan v
Double Angle formula :
? sin 2u  2 sinu cos u
? cos 2u  2 cos2 u  1
2 tanu
? tan 2u 
1  tan2 u
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The Inverse Sine Function

y = arc sin x iff sin y = x
The Inverse Cosine Function
y = arc cos x iff cos y = x
The Inverse Tangent Function
y = arc tan x iff tan y = x
Q-19 If sec 2A = 1 / sin 13A,
determine the angle A in degrees

A. 5 degrees C. 3 degrees
B. 6 degrees D. 7 degrees
 COFUNCTION SOLUTION:
RELATIONS:
1
sin   cos  90   

sec 2 A 
sin13 A
cos   sin(90   )
1 1
tan   cot  90    
cos 2 A sin13 A
sec  csc  90   
sin13 A  cos 2 A
csc  sec  90   
cofunction
sin13 A  sin  90  2 A 
13 A  90  2 A
A6
Q-20 ECE Board Nov.2003
Simplify the expression
4 cos y sin y (1 – 2 sin2y).

A. sec 2y C. tan 4y
B. cos 2y D. sin 4y
sin 2  2sin  cos 
2 tan 
tan 2 
1  tan 
2

cos 2  cos 2   sin 2   1  2sin 2   2 cos 2   1

4 cos y sin y  1  2sin y 

2

 2  2sin y cos y   1  2sin y  2

 2sin 2 y cos 2 y
 sin 4 y
Q-21 ECE Board Nov. 1996:
If sin A = 2.511x , cos A = 3.06x and
sin 2A = 3.939x , find the value of
x?
A. 0.265 C. 0.562
B. 0.256 D. 0.625
Q-22
Solve for x if tan 3x = 5 tanx

A. 20.705 C. 15.705
B. 30.705 D. 35.705
 3 tan   tan 
3
tan 3 
1  3 tan 
2

tan 3 x  5 tan x
3 tan x  tan x
3
 5 tan x
1  3 tan x
2

3 tan x  tan x  5 tan x  15 tan x

3 3

14 tan x  2 tan x
2

2
tan x 
2

14
x  20.705
Q-23 If arctan2x + arctan3x = 45
degrees, what is the value of x?
ECE Nov. 2003

A. 1/6 C.1/5
B. 1/3 D.1/4
arctan 2 x  arctan 3 x  45
let , tan A  2 x; tan B  3 x
SUBSTITUTE
arctan  tan A   arctan  tan B   45
A  B  45
tan  A  B  45 
tan  A  B   tan 45
tan A  tan B
 tan 45
1  tan A tan B
SUBSTITUTE
2 x  3x
1
1   2 x   3x 
6x2  5x  1  0
x  0.1666 & 1
Spherical Trigonometry
The study of properties of spherical triangles
and their measurements.

The Terrestrial
Conversion Factors Sphere
1 minute of arc  1 nautical mile
1 nautical mile  6080 ft.
1 nautical mile  1.1516 statue mile
1 statue mile  5280 ft.
1 knot  1 nautical mile per hour
Spherical Triangle
A spherical triangle is the triangle enclosed by arcs of
three great circles of a sphere.
① Sum of Three vertex angle :
A  B  C  180
A  B  C  540
② Sum of any two sides :
bc a
ac b
ab c
③ Sum of three sides :
0  a  b  c  360
④ Spherical Excess :
E   A  B  C   180
⑤ Spherical Defect :
D  360   a  b  c 
SPHERICAL TRIANGLES:

sin a sin b sin c

Law of sines:  
sin A sin B sin C

Law of cosines (FOR SIDES):

cos a  cos b cos c  sin b sin c cos A
cos b  cos a cos c  sin a sin c cos B
cos c  cos a cos b  sin a sin b cos C
Q-24 A spherical triangle ABC has
sides a = 50°, c = 80°, and an angle
C = 90°. Find the third side “b” of the
triangle in degrees.
A. 75.33 degrees
B. 77.25 degrees
C. 74.33 degrees
D. 73.44 degrees
cos c  cos a cos b  sin a sin b cos C
cos  80   cos  50  cos b  sin  50  sin b cos  90 
0.1736  0.6428cos b  0
b  74.33
Q-25 Calculate the area of a spherical
triangle whose radius is 5 m and whose
angles are 40°, 65° and 110°.
A. 12.34 sq. m. C. 15.45 sq. m.
B. 14.89 sq. m. D. 15.27 sq. m.
 
Q-27 If the same plane is 8:00
a.m. GMT, what is the time in the
Philippine, which is located at
120° East Longitude?
A. 6 p.m. C. 4 p.m.
B. 4 a.m. D. 6 a.m.
 Review

Questions
1. An urn contains white and black balls. If the
probability to pick a white ball is equal to log x
and the probability that it will be black is equal
to log 2x, what is the value of x?

A. 1.515
B. 2.236
C. 1.732
D. 1.414
2. Find the mean proportional of 4 and 36.

A. 72

B. 24
C. 12
D. 20
3. It is a measure of the relationship between two
variables.

A. Function
B. Relation
C. Correlation
D. Equation
4. The altitude of the sides of a triangle intersect
at the point known as

A. Incenter
B. Circumcenter
C. Orthocenter
D. Centroid
5. A triangle inscribed in a given triangle whose
vertices are the feet of the three
perpendiculars to the sides from the same
point inside the given triangle.

A. Pedal triangle
B. Scalene triangle
C. Escribed triangle
D. Egyptian triangle
6. The angle of inclination of ascend of a road
having 8.25 % grade is ____ degrees.

A. 4.72
B. 4.27
C. 5.12
D. 1.86
7. The sides of a triangle are 8, 10, and 14.
Determine the radius of the inscribed
circle.

A. 18.9

B. 19.8
C. 17.9
D. 16.9
8. If x + y = 5, x2 + y2 = 13, 2xy =?

A. 25 C. 8
B. 130 D. 12
9. How many sons and daughters
does Pedro have if each son has as
many brothers as sisters, and each
of the daughter has two times as
many brothers as she has sisters?
A. 3 & 4 C. 2 & 4
B. 4 &3 D. 4 & 2
10. If z varies directly as x and
inversely as y, find the percentage
change in z if x increases by 20%
and y increases by 25%.
A. z decreases by 5%
B. z decreases by 80%
C. z decreases by 4%
D. z decreases by 6.25%
Answers:
1. B 6. A
2. C 7. A
3. C 8. D
4. C 9. B
5. A 10. C