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Cables and Arches

The document discusses cables and arches subjected to different types of loads. It describes how cables take on straight line segments when subjected to concentrated loads and assume a parabolic shape under uniform distributed loads. The maximum tension in a cable under a uniform load is derived. Examples are provided to calculate tensions at different points of a loaded cable. Arches are able to resist both axial forces and bending depending on their shape and loading. A three-hinged arch is analyzed and it is shown that under uniform loading, a parabolic arch experiences only axial compression at intermediate points. Methods to determine reactions and joint locations for statically determinate arches are outlined.

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35 views32 pages

Cables and Arches

The document discusses cables and arches subjected to different types of loads. It describes how cables take on straight line segments when subjected to concentrated loads and assume a parabolic shape under uniform distributed loads. The maximum tension in a cable under a uniform load is derived. Examples are provided to calculate tensions at different points of a loaded cable. Arches are able to resist both axial forces and bending depending on their shape and loading. A three-hinged arch is analyzed and it is shown that under uniform loading, a parabolic arch experiences only axial compression at intermediate points. Methods to determine reactions and joint locations for statically determinate arches are outlined.

Uploaded by

nurfathirahrosman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CABLES AND ARCHES

Outline
• Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads
• Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed Loads
• Arches
• Three-Hinged Arch
Cables
• Assumptions when deriving the relations between
force in cable & its slope

– Cable is perfectly flexible & inextensible


• Due to its flexibility, cable offers no resistance to
shear or bending
• The force acting the cable is always tangent to the
cable at points along its length
Cable subjected to concentrated loads
• When a cable of negligible weight supports several
concentrated loads, the cable takes the form of
several straight line segments
• Each of the segment is subjected to a constant
tensile force
• θ specifies the angle
of the chord AB
• L = cable length
Cable subjected to concentrated loads
• If L1, L2 & L3 and loads P1 & P2 are known, determine
the 9 unknowns consisting of the tension of in each
of the 3 segments, the 4 components of reactions at
A & B and the sags yC & yD
• For solutions, we write 2 eqns of equilibrium at
each of 4 points A, B, C & D
• Total 8 eqns
• The last eqn comes from the geometry of the cable
Example 5.1
Determine the tension in each segment of the cable. Also, what is the
dimension h?
Solution
By inspection, there are
4 unknown external reactions (Ax, Ay, Dx and Dy)
3 unknown cable tensions

These unknowns and sag, h can be determined from available


equilibrium eqn applied to points A through D.

A more direct approach to the solution is to recognize that the slope of


cable CD is specified.
Solution
Solution

Chapter 5: Cables and Arches


Structural Analysis 7th Edition
© 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• The x,y axes have their origin located at the lowest


point on the cable such that the slope is zero at this
point
• Since the tensile force
in the cable changes
continuously
in both magnitude & direction
along the cable’s length,
this load is denoted by ΔT
Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• The distributed load is represented by its resultant


force ωoΔx which acts at Δx/2 from point O
• Applying eqn of equilibrium yields:
Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• Dividing each of these eqn by Δx and taking the


limit as Δx →0, hence, Δy →0 , Δθ →0 and ΔT →0 ,
we obtain:
Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• Integrating Eqn 1 where T = FH at x = 0, we have:

• Which indicates the horizontal component of force


at any point along the cable remains constant

• Integrating Eqn 2 realizing that Tsinθ = 0 at x = 0, we


have:
Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• Dividing Eqn 5 by Eqn 4 eliminates T


• Then using Eqn 3, we can obtain the slope at any
point

• Performing a second integration with y = 0 at x = 0


yields
Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• This is the eqn of parabola


• The constant FH may be obtained by using the
boundary condition y = h at x = L
• Thus

• Substituting into Eqn 7


Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• From Eqn 4, the max tension in the cable occurs


when θ is max
• From Eqn 4 and 5

• Using Eqn 8 we can express Tmax in terms of wo


Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• We have neglected the weight of the cable which is


uniform along the length
• A cable subjected to its own weight will take the
form of a catenary curve
• If the sag-to-span ratio is small, this curve closely
approximates a parabolic shape
Example 5.2
The cable supports a girder which weighs 12kN/m. Determine the
tension in the cable at points A, B & C.
Solution
The origin of the coordinate axes is established at point B, the lowest
point on the cable where slope is zero,

Assuming point C is located x’


from B we have:
Solution
For point A,

Thus from eqn 2 and 1, we have:


Solution
At point A,

We have,
Solution
At point B, x = 0

At point C, x = 12.43m
Arches
• An arch acts as inverted cable so it receives loading
in compression
• Because of its rigidity, it must also resist some
bending and shear depending upon how it is loaded
& shaped
Arches
• Depending on its uses, several types of arches can
be selected to support a loading
Three-Hinged Arch
• The third hinge is located at the crown & the
supports are located at different elevations
• To determine the reactions at the supports, the
arch is disassembled
Example 5.4
The three-hinged open-spandrel arch bridge has a parabolic shape and
supports the uniform load. Show that the parabolic arch is subjected
only to axial compression at an intermediate point such as point D.
Assume the load is uniformly transmitted to the arch ribs.
Solution
•Applying the eqn of equilibrium, we have:
Solution
Solution
A section of the arch taken through point D
Solution
Example 5.6
The three-hinged trussed arch supports the symmetric loading.
Determine the required height of the joints B and D, so that the arch
takes a funicular shape. Member HG is intended to carry no force.
Solution
For a symmetric loading, the funicular shape for the arch must be
parabolic as indicated by the dashed line. Here we must find the eqn
which fits this shape.

With the x, y axes having an origin at C, the eqn is of the form of y = -cx2.
To obtain the constant c, we require:

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