CH-4th

Moving Charges and

Magnetism Class 12 Physics

Magnetic Field : -The magnetic field is the space around a current carrying conductor
->
or

can be felt Denotec by B

space around a
magnet in which its effect magnetic .
and
SI unit is Tesla (T) .

force
Magnetic moving charge
·
on a

The magnetic force (Em) on a

charge q moving with
velocity i'in a
magnetic field B is
given ,
both in
magnitude and direction by ⑭
F (4x5) Fm
-

9 In magnitude Bqvsino
=
=

if 5
Em =o -
0
B
=

->

Note : O is the and

where
angle between x e
.
->
if 9 =
0
↳ if I
Force is Maximum when =90'
B YMB
0
in
=

minimum when O 0' =

or 180 or

Direction of Fm: I is perpendicular

-
to both and 5 ,
and given by Right hand rule .

if a is
⑧
positive then Fm'44YX5
if 9 is Em ↓TXB
neg all "Ve then
-

Rules to Find direction of Magnetic I

Field
unilHand
SRight Direction of
and

Ja Rule
Force
·
Right Hand Thumb Rule

Right-hand rule

ng
Ea "En ** 5

ra P ysics
B
,
I
h
Yat
L

Hand Palm Rule

Gu
Right
·
Convention the direction of Magnetic
Fleming left Hand Rule By
·
·
ruji
Field i perpendicular to the paper

going inwards is shown by and

direction perpendicular to the paper
coming out is shown by ⑧ .

/Directionor E perpendicular /Directio t Been man

Definition of B
if v 1 q 1 and sinc=1 0 90 then from ① F /XXB B
= = =

=
,
=
or eq
i e
.
the
magnetic field induction or
magnell- flux density at a point in the magnetic field is
equal to the force experienced by a unit
charge moving with a unit velocity perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field at that point .

unit of unit of Magnetic field is Tesla (T) weber/metre Walm NSC m!

2
: SI or i .
e or

we know that F =

qxBsino

=
and Tesla
B
asino
= =

SMAY
Dimension of B
#T >
=
·
path of a
charged Particle in Uniform Magnetic field .

· When 1 3 then Here centripetal force =

Magnetic force
F
=

qvB , This magnetic Force my =

9 VB
instant I
is Perpendicular to the velocity at
every
·

Hence Path is circle 1

mp my so r
r
=
=
·
=

qB
and P-momentum =
12km K =

kindlic energy

Em Kia
so r= and

time Period of Circular path T

2 or T
2
=
=

angular speed w 2x B9
= =

agre I m

and frequency of rotation +

1
+ Ba
= =

&
Gitm
$
@
8@

B Suvelocity
nil J
· When is makes an angle o with .
In this case
a can be resolved in two components
Lie along 5 and perpendicular to 5 )
.

ng
Yy
=
vcoso &
= vsino
straight

ra P ysics
NOTE : YI gives a circular path and yy gives
line path The resultant path is a helix
.
as shown in
figure .

The radius of this helical path is

h
r
=

my =

mo
5q 19
and
Time Period T 2Im Gu
= and f =

ba
913 21m
ruji
pitch :-Pitch is defined as the distance travelled along
magnetic field in one complete cycle .

i P x T
=

4 (xcoSO) 2
In a
e
=
- =

,, -

·
Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Conductor
Suppose a
conducting wire
carrying a currenti ,
is placed in
field 5 The
a
magnetic .
of wire is (and area of Cross
length
section is A The free electrons drift with a speed I opposite
.

to the direct-on of current The ·

magnetic force exerted on the

electron is dEm e (4xB) = -

total force on wire is E-e(nAxis where n number of free electron per unit volume
=

and Fm=i ([x5) where neAva=i of the wire .

Biot Savart Law : This law gives the

magnetic field due to an

Sumilgangen
infinitesimally small current
carrying wire at a some point .

the
magnetic field d5 at point p associated with element d[
J length
a
1
of a wire
carrying a
steady current .

d5
Mildixl where I and
10*
=
=

-2 I
d5 is Id51= AT which points
Magnitude of
Mino [NOTE
direction of Current ] .
in the
 ->8
Direction of dB 5'44(dTX) , So dB is along dix
and dB=0 , if dT is in the plane of Paper .

Here v= Fx
·
Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop .

Acc .
to Biot Savart's Law .

B is very
eising
dB
=

Because small ,
22 therefore between diGr is 90
angle
dB=ietnthis
so
OS
dis is perpendicular to plane
formed by d4and I .
e (dTX)
is resolved in two component dB dBr =
dBCOSO
di and dB1
Here summallOn of dB1 over the Complete cycle is
-

zero ·

field is due to only dBu Component

so
magnetic .

i B / dBLOSO=/ Here COSO 1

nycoso
=

e
=
-

(R+Y"2 For N Turn

2

it") Rint" Myd unil J B=

S(R+hY12 MNIR
B = =>
B =

B =
MoRx CITR = B =

4 It
a e 2 (R+22312

ng
·
magnetic Field at the centre of a current loop .

M. NiR=>
not

ra P ysics
SO K =
O B =
B =

2 R3

h
Ampere's Circuital Law : The line integral of field magnetic
induction 5 around
any closed path in vacuum is equal to
Mo times the total current the closed path i e
threading .

65 . dY =

Mo I At every
closed path
point of the
Gu
'lld4.

ruji
·
Ampere's circuital Law holds
good for a closed path of
any size
and shape around a current carrying conductor because the relation
is independent of distance from conductor .

Application of Ampere's Circuital law

solenoid : A solenoid is a
closely wound helix of insulated
copper wire
:

All the magnetic field

-

· lies within the core of solenoid

i .
e (uniform) .
· Outside the solenoid there is no magnetic
Field .

Magnetic
Field due to solenoid
Figure A shows a longitudinal cross-section of part of such a
solenoid carrying current i Since solenoid is Ideal 5 in the .

interior is uniform and parallel to axis and B in the exterior is 0 ·

consider the rectangular

path of length (and width k .

Now apply Ampere's circuital law to this path Fig (A)

SB d .
0 : B=o /B dcordato. B1dI
.

and /B dYan=
.
B1 =
MoN N total
=

no ·
of Turns
n =
no of turns per * 1 -
>

B
No i unit length
=

A
n
=

B =

Moni
 Tovoid : A toroidal solenoid is an anchor ring around which
is large number of turns of a copper wire are wrapped .

A toroid is an endless solenoid in the form of a

ring .

·
Magnetic Field due to Toroid
dashed lines are Figure shows a cross-sectional
view of torol dal solenoid
·

Amperian loop . .

·
Amperian loop I encloses no Current i .
e inet=0 so B = 0
· For the current Coming out of the plane of the paper
Amperian loop 3 ,
is

exactly by the current going into it .

· Now consider the Amperian loop 2 , then

055 d .
=

M. inet=> B12,r) =

MoNY or B= Mi
RITr

* =
n (number of turns per unit
length of torus) . B =

Moni
21tV

Force Between Parallel Current

Carrying wires
Sunil J at
consider two long wire a and b

in
kept parallel to each other a
the same directions
a

distance d and carrying currents in resp In

and .

ng
Magnetic field on wire b due to Current In is
Moia (In & direction)

ra P ysics
Ba
2xd
Magnetic force on a small element Lof wire b due to this

h
magnetic field is F ipLBa F= ibL Mola
2 iTch

Fra Force on b due to a

Force per unit length

Molain
of wireb due to wire a is
Ea= Molain
Gu
Similarly
Eb=
2STV
ruji
2ITU

NOTE :+ The wires attracts each other if currents in the wires are flowing in same direction and they repel
each other if the currents are in opposite directions .

Magnetic Dipole : ->

Every current carrying loop in a
magnetic dipole . It has two poles
South (S) and North (N) This is similar to .
a bar Magnet .
It is denoted by M .

[ >
-> Magnetic dipole moment is a vector
Y
aI
R
↑
0

I = i A
L V
quantity .
It's direction from
v ↑
-

7 S South to North Pole .

·
Torque on a current loop placed in Uniform Magnetic Field .

case-1 when 15
There are no force on arm Ap and CB : Length of arm Parallel to B .

And force on arm AB and DC are equal and opposite Hence .

Go
net force on the loop is zero So Torque is there . .

Torque=leither Forcelx 1 distance between Forces .

i
.
e
=

IbBXa=> I =
LAB

Sunil jaym
A ba
A Area of
rectangular loop i e
=
:
.

· Case-2 : When I makes an angle o with B

The Forces on arm AB and I2D are equal and opposite · i e Net Force
.
is zero
 Torque= / either force/x 1 distance between them .

2
=

IbB X asino
= 1ABSinO A ab Carea)
=

= MBSinO · M= 1A
-> --
I =

M XB
it is a vector quantity , is in th direction
of NTX 5 .

Galvanometer : The moving coil galvanometer is a device used to measure

an electric current .

principle : -> Action of a moving coll galvanometer is based upon

the principle that when a current coll is placed in a
carrying
magnetic field it experiences a torque whose
magnitude depends
on the magnitude of current .

construction : the main parts of a

moving coil Suni l Jaare
galvanometer
shown in e. the of a coil , with many consists
figure galvanometer

ng
turns free to rotate about a fixed vertical axis in a uniform
field. There is a cylindrical soft Iron core , which
magnetic

ra P ysics
radial
not only makes the field radial but also increases the strength of

magnetic field .

Theory · -> The Current to be measured is passed through the galvanometer h .

As the coll is in the magnetic Field (of constant magnitude) it experiences a

torque given by = MB sinc M NIA
=

N Gu
=
total no .
of Turns in the coil .

I =

NABsinO ruji
the poles pieces are made cylindrical , the magnetic field alwayS remains parallel to the plane of the coil .

swid jayne
(or angle between 5 and it always remains 90%
.

Therefore I NAB =

This forque rotates the coil The spring shown in figure

·
provides a counter torque ad that balance
above torque NAB In equilibrium .

i i GG
( )4 G A
R4 NiAB
= =
= =

where N= total number of turns of the voil .

NAB
i Current i eix p
passing through the coil
=
. .

A :
Area of cross-section of the coil .

6 = equilibrium deflection .

B =

magnitude of radial magnetic field .

R Torsional constant of the

=

spring .

G Galvanometer Constant
:
·

SENSITIVITY OF GALYANOMETER
Current Sensitivity Voltage Sensitivity

I
Deflection per unit current is called Sensitivity · Deflection per unit voltage is called Voltage
of galvanometer denoted by is Sensitivity of Galvanometer It is denoted by Vs · .

is
is
I is NB G =
NAB -> Y, NAB
Ys
=
=
Ys
=
= = =
=

kR
Resistance of the wire of coil
R
=

NOTE : sensitivity may not necessarily increase the voltage

Increasing the current sensitivity ·

Because if we increase current sensitivity by making N -> 2N then current sensitivity becomes
double but Voltage sensitivity remain same because by making N-2N R also Yes i e RTCR
.
 Conversion of Galvanometer
Into Ammeter Into Voltmeter

I
ig
O

L
A galvanometer can be A Galvanometer be
S 7
can
ig
converted into an ammeter converted into a voltmeter 7 7 7

(i-ig)
by connectinga low resistance
7 by connecting a high
into its parallel .
resistance into its series ·

what is Ammeter.? what is voltmeter ?

An ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer A voltmeter is a high resistance
galvanometer
used for measuring current in a circuit It is always used for measuring potential difference between two
.

connected in series points .

from fig in Parallel voltage remain same

. From figure .

il igRG =
Vs (i-ig) Acc to OHM's Law = igRa +R)
RG
=

Galvanometer Resistance R =
↓ -

Ra

See R ig R Resistance in
vs Shant resistance series

wil
=
=

ig Galvanometer current
=

Sujau
.

3
niresistance
↑

i Total Current
l Ja of
=

The resistance of an ideal ammeter is ZERO NOTE The an ideal voltmeter is infinity
:

NOTE :- · .

⑦ Explain why a galvanometer cannot be used to measure the value of current in a given circuit
:
-

ng
Answer : -> Because a) all the Currents to be measured passes through coil and it gets
damaged easily "
.

ra P ysics
b) its coil has considerable resistance because of length and it may affect original current .

q :
What is the importance of radial magnetic field and how is it produced ?

h
Answer : The uniform radial magnetic field keeps the plane of the coil always parallel to the direction
of the magnetic field ,
is the angle between the plane of the coil and the magnetic field is zero for
all the orientation of the coil .

Swit Gu
9 Why it is necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a galvanometer
:

ruji .

Answer : Because it increases it magnetic field Thus its sensitivity increases and magnetic field .

Smil
become radial -

·
Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron .

An electron being a charged particle , constitutes a current while moving in its circular
orbit around the nucleus .
The magnetic dipole moment .

M =

2
nh where me- mass of electron h =
planck's constant
4 I Me n
=

1, 2 3
, -----

swil
For n=1 , M will be minimum

Magneton
Eme
% Mmin= known as Bohr's .

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