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Eee Lab 3.00

The experiment aims to calculate, compare, draw, and measure the DC output voltages of half-wave rectifier circuits. Key aspects covered include the theory of half-wave rectification producing a DC level of 31.8% of the peak input voltage. Experimental procedures are outlined to construct half-wave rectifier circuits using diodes, measure output waveforms and voltages, and calculate voltage differences. Potential errors like incorrect diode polarity and failures are discussed alongside lessons on diode applications, filtering ripple voltage, and unregulated voltage outputs.

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27 views6 pages

Eee Lab 3.00

The experiment aims to calculate, compare, draw, and measure the DC output voltages of half-wave rectifier circuits. Key aspects covered include the theory of half-wave rectification producing a DC level of 31.8% of the peak input voltage. Experimental procedures are outlined to construct half-wave rectifier circuits using diodes, measure output waveforms and voltages, and calculate voltage differences. Potential errors like incorrect diode polarity and failures are discussed alongside lessons on diode applications, filtering ripple voltage, and unregulated voltage outputs.

Uploaded by

lucifesk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

03:

Experiment Name: Study of Half-Wave Rectifiers.

Objective: The objective of this experiment is to calculate, compare, draw, and measure
the DC output voltages of half-wave rectifier circuits.

Theory: The primary function of half-wave and full-wave rectification systems is to


establish a DC level from a sinusoidal input signal that has zero average (DC) level.

The half-wave voltage signal of Fig 1, normally established by a network with a single diode,
has an average or equivalent DC voltage level equal to 31.8% of the peak voltage Vm. That
is Vdc = 0.318 .Vpeak volts (half-wave) eq.2.1

The full-wave rectifier signal of Fig.2.1 has twice the average or DC level of the half-wave
signal, or 63.6% of the peak value Vm.

That is Vdc = 0.636 .Vpeak volts (full-wave) eq.2.2

For large sinusoidal inputs (Vm>> VT) the forward-biased transition voltage VT of a diode
can be ignored. However, for situations when the peak value of the sinusoidal signal is not
that much greater than VT, VT can have a noticeable effect on VDC.

In rectification systems the peak inverse voltage (PIV) must be considered carefully. The PIV
voltage is the maximum reverse-bias voltage that a diode can handle before entering the
Zener breakdown region. For typical single diode half-wave rectification systems, the
required PIV level is equal to the peak value of the applied sinusoidal signal. For the four
diodes full wave bridge rectification system, the required PIV level is again the peak value,
but for a two diode center tapped configuration, it is twice the peak value of the applied
signal.
Half-wave Rectifiers with Smoothing Capacitor:

In the process of rectification from an AC current to DC current, the amount of ripples


present in the DC output will be greatly reduced by placing a capacitor in parallel with the
resistive load. The capacitance of the capacitor should be very high in order to eliminate
great amounts of AC harmonic frequencies in DC output, but the cost and size of the
capacitor should be less.

Equipment List:

1. BreadBoard
2. Multimeter
3. Diodes.
4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
5. Resistor-0.970 kOhm (measured value)
6. Capacitor
7. DC Power Supply.
8. Signal Generator.

Circuit Diagram:
Experimental Procedure:
1. Construct the circuits of Fig.3 using diodes. Record the measured value of the resistance
R. set the function generator to 50 Hz, 10 Vp-p sinusoidal voltages using the oscilloscope.

2. Using the oscilloscope with the DC position, obtain the voltage V(out) and sketch the
waveform. Before viewing V(out) be sure to set the V(out) = 0 V line using the GND position
of the coupling switch.

3. Calculate the DC level of the half-wave rectifier signal using eq.2.1 (for half wave) and eq.
2.2 (for full wave).

4. Measure the DC level of V0 using the DC scale of the DMM and find the percent
difference between the measured value and the calculated value of part 2(e) using the
following equation:

Data Structure:

Voltage(avg) Voltage(dc)= .318 x V(avg) Dif = |(V(dc) - V(avg) / V(dc)| x 100%

1.089 v 1.272 v 14.38%

1.47 v 1.272 v 15.57%

2.058 v 1.272 v 61.79%

3.37 v 1.272 v 164.93%

4.87 v 1.272 v 282.86%

Report Writing:
1. Using the threshold voltage VT,the theoretical output voltage V0 for the circuit of fig 1.
V0 = 1.47 v ,R = 0.970 k Ohm (measured value)
2. Peak voltage,Vm = 4 v
Vdc = ( 0.318*4 ) v = 1.272 v
3.
Discussion:
The Error

1. Incorrect Diode Polarity: The most common component used in


half-wave rectifiers is a diode. Diodes have polarity, and if they are
connected in the wrong direction (reverse-biased), the rectifier circuit
will not work correctly. Ensure that the diode is connected with its
cathode connected to the positive side of the AC input.
2. Diode Failure: Diodes are electronic components that can fail due to
various reasons, such as exceeding their maximum ratings,
overheating, or physical damage. A failed diode in the rectifier circuit
will prevent it from functioning properly.
3. Inadequate Diode Current Rating: Half-wave rectifiers pass a large
current through the diode during the conducting period. If the diode's
current rating is not sufficient, it may get damaged due to excessive
current flow.
4. AC Input Frequency: The half-wave rectifier's performance depends on
the input AC frequency. If the frequency is too low or too high, it might
affect the output waveform and ripple voltage.

What we learn from the experiment

1. Half-Wave Rectifiers: Understanding the working principle of half-wave


rectifiers, which convert AC voltage into pulsating DC voltage by allowing only
one half of the AC waveform to pass through.

2. Diodes: Learning about diodes as semiconductor devices that allow current


to flow in one direction only and their application in rectifier circuits.

3. Polarity and Direction of Diodes: Understanding the importance of


connecting diodes correctly with their cathode and anode polarities to ensure
proper operation.

4. Filtering and Ripple Voltage: Exploring the need for filtering components
like capacitors to reduce the ripple voltage in the rectified output.

5. Voltage Regulation: Recognizing that half-wave rectifiers do not provide


voltage regulation, and any fluctuations in the input voltage will directly affect
the output voltage.

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