Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Examples of hydraulic installations with piping networks

Pipes networks

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Head losses in pipes : Darcy-Weisbach Categories of problems encountered in pipe flow:
Major head loss: in a pipe with length L, hydraulic diameter Dh and roughness e
Category Given Calculation Comment
L V 2  f the friction factor : f  f (Re, / D )  Colbrook , Moody , etc. I V , L , D , , Head loss : H Direct
H L  f V.Dh
D 2.g 
Re is the Reynolds number : Re  II H , L , D , , Flow rate : V Iterative
 
III H ,V , L , , Diameter : D Iterative

K : minor loss factor

V2 Leq V 2  SWAMEE and JAIN empirical relationships:
Minor head loss: H m  K  f D 
2.g Dh 2.g  Leq   h .K : equivalent length • avoiding tedious iterations
  f  • accuracy < 2 % (acceptable)
2   6  2

L g V 2  g
D 
L  L  Leq  L   h .K I  : H  1.07 V L ln    4.62  D 0.9  
2
 
gD 5   3.7 D V     10  D  10
,
 f   3000  Re  3.108
H g  f
Dh 2.g  Lg
Global head loss  Kg  f 5 0 .5  0.5
 
II  : V  0.965 gDLH   2
ln     3.173 L   , Re  2000
(Major + Minor): Kg  Dh  H  C V m
g    3.7 D  gD H  
 
V2  Kg   2 m  2 : DARCY  WEISBACH 0.04
H g  K g   V  4.75 5.2   10  6    10  2
2.g  2.g S 2  III  : D  0.66 1.25  LgVH 
2
  V 9.4  L 

, D

   gH  5000  Re  3.108
V : flow rate, Kg : global head loss factor  
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Other empirical friction head loss models for water Detailed Hazen-Williams coefficients :
Objective : find directly the pipe diameter for a given flow rate and head loss

V  0.849 C HW

L 
S Rh0.63 H
0.54

HazenWilliams
HAZEN-WILLIAMS (SI units): roughness coefficien t

where : Rh the hydraulic radius  S

Pwetted

For circular pipe with diameter D, 10.67 L

 C  C1,852
H  C.V m , with : 
4.87
HW . D
we get as exponential formula for
the friction head loss: m  1.852

Hazen-Williams roughness
coefficient:

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Equivalence between roughness, Hazen-Williams and Manning coefficients:
1
V  1
n
2
S .Rh H
3 L 2

MANNING / open channel/ ( SI units): n:Manning roughness

coefficient

where : Rh the hydraulic radius  S

Pwetted

2
For circular pipe with diameter D,  C  10.29 n L

we get as exponential formula for H  C.V m , with :  D5.33

m  2
the friction head loss:

Manning roughness coefficient: Roughness e

Inner diameter Flow
D

Length L
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Head losses in compound pipes Substitution in the total head loss equation for all pipes in series, we get :
Case of pipes in series : K eq V 2


K g i  V 2
H tot  2
S eq
  .
2.g  pipes S i2  2.g
,
 
K eq and Seq : parameters of the equivalent pipe E

Equivalent pipe diameter (case of circular duct) :

Global head loss (Major + Minor) in pipe i (duct + fittings): Lg i

Vi2 Lg   K g i Lg i
 i
  
H g  K g
i 2.g
, with : K g  fi
i
  i
Dh i , for i  1,2,3,......
K eq
2
S eq
  S i2
 f eq
Leq
5
Deq
  fi Di5
pipes pipes
Total head loss between inlet (a) and exit (d) Flow rate in each pipe i :
1
of the whole pipes in series : In case of all friction factors are 5
V1  V2  V3  .......  V 
  Lg  
equals, we get as equivalent
V2  S1 .V1  S 2 .V2  ....  V
i
diameter Deq for pipes in series: Deq   
H tot   K g i 2.g
i , for i  1,2,3,......
   Lg i
 pipes D5


pipes  Vi  V , for : i  1,2 ,3....  i 
Si

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Flow rate in each pipe i in terms of heal loss :
Case of pipes in parallel :
i  i V2.gi  KS  V2.g
i
2 2

from : H g  K g ,( since : V  Vi .Si )
g i
2
i

S2
we get : Vi  2 g H g  i
i (K g )i

 2 gH g . i
(K g )i
 2 gH g .
S Si
( Lg )i
fi
( Dh )i
Global head loss in each pipe i (the same head loss between inlet (a) and exit (b):
Si Si
H g 1  H g 2  .........  H g , for each pipe (i  1,2,3,....) Vg  V1  V2  V3  ....  2 gH g .   2 gH g . 
pipes (K g )i pipes fi
( Lg )i
Lg i Di
H g i  K g i V2.gi  KS  V2.g
i2
2
, with : K g   fi
g i

i
2 i D  ,
h i For equivalent duct E : Vg  2 gH g .
S eq
 2 gH g .
S eq
K eq Leq
f eq
Deq
Global flow rate between a and Vg  V1  V2  V3  .......   Vi
b (the global flow rate is the pipes
2
In case of all friction factors are equals,  5
sum of each single flow rate : Leq 5
mass conservation) : with : V  Vi .Si , for each pipe (i  1,2 ,3....) we get as equivalent diameter Deq for Deq    .Di2 
pipes in parallel :  pipes ( Lg )i 
 
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Graphic determination of the global equivalent head for pipes in series and in parallel : Pipe networks
Example :
Pipes in series Pipes in parallel SOURCE : point of input/output flow LOOP : series of pipes forming a closed path

En parallèle BRANCH : pipe or series of pipes

Xxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxx
Head loss

Head loss
Global 1
2
3
3 Global
2
1

Flow rate Flow rate Xxxxxxxxx

SOURCE NODE / JUNCTION :
xxxxxxxxx
Adding head losses at Adding flow rates at Point where two or more pipes
constant flow rate constant head loss are joined

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Example of pipe nodes connectivity: Looped networks: Hardy-Cross method
Similar to Kirchhoff’s law applied to electric circuits

iL: number of pipes Single pipe network

Mass conservation : the sum of inflow and outflow at a node should
jL: number of nodes Three pipes network be equal.
kL: number of loops
 Vi  v j , for each node : j  1,2,3,......, jL
iL=JL+kL-1 pipes

v j : nodal source flow at node j

Branched pipe network Single looped network

Energy conservation : the algebraic sum of head loss in a loop must be

equal to zero.

 ΔH i  0 , for each loop : k  1,2,3,......, k L

pipes
(of loop k)
Branched & looped network
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Head loss (exponential formula): Hardy-Cross method is an iterative method that need an initial guess
  m2 solution of flow rate at some branches. All flow rate in each branch
 Darcy  Weisbach will be calculated as the mass conservation equation is enforced at
 C   8 . f Lg
 

  i  g 2   D 5 i all nodes. But, the energy conservation equation is not necessary

 satisfied in loops, consequently correction of flow rate should be
  m  1.852
 determined for each loop and added to all flow rates of branches in a
H i  Vim  H i  Ci Vim  Hazen  Williams C  10.67 L
  i C 1HW ,852
.D 4.87 loop.
 m2 Flow rate correction in loop k:
 
2
 Manning Ci  10.295.n33 L  H i ( Vi  Vk

)  0 , for each loop : k  1,2,3,......, k L
 
 D pipes flow rate correction
 ( of loop k) in loop k
Taylor series give :
General algebraic head loss relationship in a pipe i:
d ( H i )
H i ( Vi  Vk )  H i ( Vi )  Vk  ......
C .V m ,if : V  0 dV
m 1 

i

H i   i i m
i  H i  Ci .Vi Vi mCi . Vi
m1

 
 Ci . Vi  ,if : Vi  0 m 1 m 1
H i ( Vi  Vk )  Ci .Vi Vi  mCi .Vi .Vk , (second power neglegted)

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Relationship for flow rate correction in a loop k:
m 1 m 1
Example of a pipe network with two loops:
 H i ( Vi  Vk )   Ci .Vi Vi  mVk  Ci .Vi 0
pipes pipes i
( of loop k) ( of loop k) ( on loop k)

m1 V
 Ci .Vi Vi
pipes
 Vk  
( of loop k)
m1
, for each loop : k  1,2,3,......, k L V
m  Ci . Vi
pipes
( of loop k)

Hardy-Cross method procedure:

• Number all nodes, pipes and loops
• Adopt a sign convention : positive value to each branch flow rate that flows ITER 0
counterclockwise or clockwise Pipes fi Li (m) Di (mm) Ci Flow rate Vi Remark
m mm s2/m5 m3/s
• Choose flow direction in each branch to satisfy mass conservation at each node 1 0,02 300 150 6528,54 0,1 assumed
• Use best engineering judgment to allocate initial flow distribution to each loop 2 0,02 200 100 33050,74 0,1 calculated
• Estimate constant Ci 3 0,02 300 100 49576,11 0,4 calculated
4 0,02 200 150 4352,36 0,4 calculated
• Calculate the flow rate correction for each loop
5 0,02 360 100 59491,34 0,1 assumed
• Update flow rates for each pipe of a loop    fi L 
• Repeat flow rate correction until the corrections become small Ci   8 2 . 5 

 g   Di i
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
ITER 1 ITER 3 ITER 5 ITER 6
LOOP 1 LOOP 1 LOOP 1 LOOP 1
Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk
m3/s s2/m5 m3/s m3/s s2/m5 m3/s m3/s s2/m5 m3/s m3/s s2/m5 m3/s
3 -0,400 49576,11 -7932,18 39660,89 -0,254 3 -0,212 49576,11 -2223,74 20999,48 -0,198 3 -0,194 49576,11 -1865,04 19231,38 -0,193 3 -0,193 49576,11 -1842,87 19116,74 -0,192
4 -0,400 4352,36 -696,38 3481,89 -0,254 4 -0,212 4352,36 -195,23 1843,58 -0,198 4 -0,194 4352,36 -163,73 1688,35 -0,193 4 -0,193 4352,36 -161,79 1678,29 -0,192
5 0,100 59491,34 594,91 11898,27 0,246 5 0,175 59491,34 1817,56 20797,02 0,189 5 0,182 59491,34 1979,50 21703,72 0,184 5 0,183 59491,34 1990,73 21765,24 0,183
Sums -8033,64 55041,05 Sums -601,41 43640,07 Sums -49,28 42623,46 Sums -13,93 42560,27
DV1 0,1459573 DV3 0,013781133
DV5 0,001156188 DV6 0,000327264

LOOP 2 LOOP 2 LOOP 2 LOOP 2

Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk
m3/s s2/m5 m3/s m3/s s2/m5 m3/s m3/s s2/m5 m3/s m3/s s2/m5 m3/s
1 0,100 6528,54 65,29 1305,71 0,186 1 0,213 6528,54 297,36 2786,64 0,221 1 0,224 6528,54 326,50 2919,97 0,224 1 0,224 6528,54 328,37 2928,32 0,224
2 0,100 33050,74 330,51 6610,15 0,186 2 0,213 33050,74 1505,39 14107,34 0,221 2 0,224 33050,74 1652,90 14782,35 0,224 2 0,224 33050,74 1662,36 14824,60 0,224
5 -0,246 59491,34 -3598,93 29264,66 -0,160 5 -0,189 59491,34 -2115,46 22436,73 -0,181 5 -0,184 59491,34 -2004,67 21841,29 -0,183 5 -0,183 59491,34 -1997,86 21804,18 -0,183
Sums -3203,14 37180,51 Sums -312,71 39330,71 Sums -25,27 39543,60 Sums -7,14 39557,09
DV1 0,086150912 DV3 0,007950812
DV5 0,000639165 DV6 0,000180435

ITER 2 ITER 4
LOOP 1 LOOP 1
Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk
m3/s s2/m5 m3/s m3/s s2/m5 m3/s Solution
0.224
3
4
-0,254
-0,254
49576,11
4352,36
-3199,53
-280,89
25188,90
2211,37
-0,212
-0,212
3
4
-0,198
-0,198
49576,11
4352,36
-1943,76
-170,65
19633,05
1723,61
-0,194
-0,194
Pipes Flow rate Vi
5 0,160 59491,34 1519,29 19014,19 0,202 5 0,181 59491,34 1940,83 21490,72 0,185 m3/s
Sums -1961,12 46414,46 Sums -173,57 42847,38 V
DV2 0,042252451 DV4 0,004050959 1 0,224
LOOP 2 LOOP 2
2 0,224
3 0,192 V

0.224
Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk Pipes Flow rate Vi Ci Ci Vi |Vi| 2Ci |Vi| Vi+dVk

0.192
m3/s s2/m5 m3/s m3/s s2/m5 m3/s
1 0,186 6528,54 226,23 2430,59 0,213 1 0,221 6528,54 319,93 2890,45 0,224 4 0,192
2 0,186 33050,74 1145,28 12304,85 0,213 2 0,221 33050,74 1619,65 14632,90 0,224 0.192
5 -0,202 59491,34 -2428,90 24041,50 -0,175 5 -0,185 59491,34 -2028,87 21972,72 -0,182
5 0,183
Sums -1057,39 38776,94 Sums -89,29 39496,07
DV2 0,027268554 DV4 0,002260808

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Newton-Raphson method for solving the network systems: Example:

Mass and energy conservation applied in Hardy-Cross method to looped pipe

networks result in a system of non-linear equations such as:
 F1 V1  V1 ,V2  V2 ,......... ..,Vn  Vn   0

 F2 V1  V1 ,V2  V2 ,......... ..,Vn  Vn   0

.................... .......... .................... .................... ......
 Fn V1  V1 ,V2  V2 ,......... ..,Vn  Vn   0


By expanding in Taylor’s series, we get :

 F1   F1 Vi  0  F1 F1

 Vi
V2
...... VF1   Pipes fi Li (m) Di (mm) Ci


i
 V1 n   V 
1  F1  m mm s2/m5

 F2   Vi Vi  0 ...... VF2   V2 

F2  2
F F F  1 0,02 300 150 6528,54
2 1

 i   V1 V2 n    2    Vi     VFi   Fj  2 0,02 200 150 4352,36

   ......  ......   j 
 3 0,02 300 150 6528,54
................................. ...... ...... ......      4 0,02 200 150 4352,36
  Fn 
 Fn   FVn Vi  0  Fn Fn
...... VFn   Vn 
 
 V1 V2 n    fi L 
 i
i   Vj   Fi  Ci   8 2 . 5 

 Fi 
  
 g   Di i
 V j 
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
ITER 0
Pipes Flow rate Vi Remark
m3/s
 F1  V1  V4  0,6  0 1 0,5 assumed
 2 0,5 calculated
 F2  V1  V2  0 3 0,1 calculated
   4 0,1 calculated
 F3  V2  V3  0 ,6  0
 F4  6528,54V1 V1  4352,36V2 V2  6528,54V3 V3  4352,36V4 V4  0 ITER 1

 1 0 0 1   V1   0 
    
 1 1 0 0   V2   0 

 0 1 1 0   
V3  0 
 1 0 0 1      

6528,54 4352,36 1305,7 870,5  V4    2611,42

  
 Fi   1 1 0 0 
 V j   
 Fi 
0 1 1 0   
 V j


 
 26528,54V1 24352,36V2  26528,54V3  24352,36V4   V1    0 ,2 V1  0 ,5 0 ,2  0 ,3
        
V  0 ,2 V2   0 ,5 0 ,2  0 ,3
  2    
V 0 ,2   V   0 ,1 0 ,2  0 ,3 
 3    3  

 V4   0 ,2  
V4   0 ,1 0 ,2  0 ,3 

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

ITER 2 Pipes with different devices :
Devices :
 1 0 0 1   V1  0 1 / Fitting : H a  H b   H   KV 2 (  0 )

 1 1 0

0   V2  0
   V
 a b
 0 1 1 0   V3  0 DEVICE
2 / Heat exchanger : H a  H b   H   KV 2 (  0 )
    
3917 ,1 2611,4 3917 ,1  2611,4  V4  0
 Loop

 Fi  3 / Pump : H a  H b   H Pump (  0 )
  
 V j 

 V1  0  V1  0 ,3 4 / Turbine : H a  H b   H Turbine (  0 )

         0.3 m3/s
V 0 V 0 ,3
  2       2     0.3 m3/s
V3 0 V3 0 ,3 0.3 m3/s (2)
        Pump
 V4  0  V4  0 ,3
Energy equation :

H1  H 2  H 3  H 4  H 5  H pump  H turbine  H H .Exch  0

(1)
0.3 m3/s   (3)
Head loss
(5)
Heat
exchanger (4) Turbine
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Circuit with reservoirs : Example :
RESERVOIR B
HA HA HB
RESERVOIR A RESERVOIR A

HB (2)
(1) Pump RESERVOIR B (1) Pump

Pseudo Loop I
(n) RESERVOIR C
HC
(3)
Reference (Datum / Ground) Reference (Datum / Ground)

Bernoulli from A to B : Pseudo loop I :

H A  H pump  H1  .......  H n  H B H1  H 2  H pump  H A  H B  0

 H1  .......  H n  H pump  H A  H B  0 Pseudo loop II :

H1  H 3  H pump  H A  H C  0