Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 3 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 3

Conservation equations of mass and energy in open systems

 2
nL  
Control surface (S) n2 V1 : velocity at 1
Qext(>0)   p1 : pression at 1
V2 V2 : velocity at 2
 p2 : pression at 2
n1 : unit vector normal at 1
Impeller  z1 : elevation at 1
V z2 Pressure p n2 : unit vector normal at 2
2  z 2 : elevation at 2
1 nL : unit vector normal at S Lateral
  Control volumeV
n1
Energy analysis in piping V1
Mass equation :
 
Wsh (>0) 
systems t V
 dv     V .n  ds  0     V .n  ds  0 (steady case)
S S

z1 Pressure p1
Energy equation :
  
Qext  Wsh    edv  2
 (e  pv)( V .n) ds with: e  u  12 V  g.z: total internal energy
t V S

 
Qext  Wsh   (e  pv)( V .n ) ds   S ( u pv  1 V 2  g.z)( V .n ) ds (steady case)
S  2
h (enthalpy)

Q ext : rate of heat exchanged on S (Watt) (> 0: Heating or < 0: Cooling or = 0: Insulated)
W :rate of work on shaft (Watt) (< 0:Pump / Fan / Compressor and  0:Turbine)
sh

u: specific internal energy (J/kg) - V : velocity (m/s) - v: specific volume (m3 /kg) =  1
 : density (kg/m3 )- p : pressure (Pa) and z : elevation (m)

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Kinetic energy correction factor a: Velocity profile:
3
Steady case: S V ds
= ∪ ∪ 2 1 2   i
; i  1,2  Turbulent
Equation of mass conservation: Si 12 V Vds   2 V (

VSi) V Si 3
 
2 : laminar
Qext(>0) 2 n m 3
S V ds 1: turbulent
2
     (in case of   cst )
i
V : mean velocity on Si (i  1, 2)
V 3Si Laminar

SL: Lateral V2   V .nds  
S
 V .nds    V .nds    V .nds  0

S1
    
SL S2

nL Inlet Lateal  0  Exit
Energy equation with uniform and average parameters:
S2: Exit Equation of mass conservation between 1 and 2:
 1 
n1 Q ext  W sh    pv  12 V 2  g.z) ( V ) ds   (u  pv  12 V 2  g .z) ( V ) ds
(u
V1   S2    S  1  
Wsh (>0) V
S  .nds     V .nds  m  cst h
  dm  
h  dm
2  S 
1 
dm dm

m h  1 V 2  gz
2
 2

m h  1 V 2  gz
2
1
 
S1: Inlet
 2V2 S2  1V1S1  cst (case of uniform  and V ) Case of uniform h at 2 Case of uniform h at 1

Equation of energy conservation:  Q   W 

ext sh 

Q  W  (e  pv)( V .n ) ds 
     
S (e  pv)( V .n ) ds  S (e  pv)( V .n ) ds  S (e  pv)( V .n ) ds  m    m   2 
 ext    sh   h  1 V 2  gz  h  1 V 2  gz
2 2 1
  
S

1

L

2 
  
 
Inlet Lateral ( 0) Exit q : specific external heat in J/kg
q ( J / kg ) w ( J / kg) ext
ext sh
w : specific shaft work in J/kg
sh
Equation of energy conservation between 1 and 2 :
1
Q ext  W sh   (u  pv  1 V 2  g .z) ( V ) ds   (u  pv  1 V 2  g.z) ( V ) ds
S2  2   S1  2  
 
2 
qext  wsh  h2  h1   V22  V12  g z2  z1    
h dm h dm
 
with : V / / n at pipe inlet (1) and exit (2)
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Energy equation in terms of friction losses:
From: Tds  dh  vdp  In terms of liquid head H(m), the energy equation becomes:
 By dividing the terms of energy equation by g :
and : Tds   q  q 
 ext  fr   dh   qext   q fr  vdp p p
External heat Heat due  ( 1  1 1V12  z1 )  1w  ( 2  1  2V22  z2 )  H
to friction  g 2g g sh  g 2g  fr
exchanged
(J/kg) (J/kg)     
Head at 1: H1 in m Head at 2: H 2 in m Head loss between 1 and 2
2 H sh

2 1 
 h  h  q  q   vdp
ext fr 1 Energetic Head in m P2
0 V2
By substitution in the equation : Case of a Pump : used to increase liquids energy z2

qext  wsh   h2  h1   1  V22  V12  g  z2  z1 

  2 1
we get :  wsh   vdp   
V22  V12  g  z2  z1    q fr  w  0   1 w  0   1 w  H : The Pump Head in m 2
2 1 2 12
sh g sh g sh P
Loss
Case of liquids : INCOMPRESSIBLE fluid with CONSTANT DENSITY r We get for energy equation between 1 and 2 : HP
2 p2  p1 1
1 vdp  v  p2  p1    H  H  H  H
1 P 2 12
Pump
The energy equation for a pipe between 1 and 2 becomes in case of incompressible fluid : P1
V1
p p  Major losses Viscous flow in a pipe  z1
( 1  12 V1 2  gz1 )  wsh  ( 2  12 V22  gz2 )  q fr H12 
      
Wsh Dissipated Energy by  Minor losses  Pipes Fitting 
Specific energy at 1 Specific energy at 2

(
L
O
S
S
o
f
E
N
E
R
G
Y
)
friction between 1 and 2
m
Specific shaft work J/kg
The Major losses depend on the flow regime in the pipe : Laminar or Turbulent

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Flow regimes Major loss 2

Dh in m , Energy equation for incompressible flow in a pipe :

REYNOLDS number:
 .V .Dh V .Dh n in m2 / sec,
Re   p1 p2
  m in Pa.sec (Poiseuille), (  12 1V12  gz1 )  (  12  2V22  gz2 )  q fr 1
Re < 2300 : laminar r in Kg / m3 ,
 

Energy loss (J/kg)
2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000: transitional V in m / sec ,
Re > 4000 : turbulent Or in terms of the HEAD H, by dividing by g:
Reynolds’ experience: p p
4.S flow ( 1
 1  V2z )( 2  1  V2z )  
 H
Hydraulic diameter:  g 2g 1 1

1  g 2g 2 2

2
Dh  Head Loss(m)
Pwetted Colorant (dye) injection Head ( m) : H1 Head (m) : H 2
Turbulent (high flow rate) r
 .D 2 For a horizontal pipe of constant area: = and z1=z2 :
1- Circular pipe : 4
4
Dh  D p1  p2 p p1 p2
 .D H  
Water Laminar : organized flow g g
L
2- Rectangular pipe : 2a .b
b Dh  V R 2  p   64  L L 1
ab In a laminar flow : V      p   VD  . .  2 V   f . .  2 V 
1 2 2

a
S 8  L     D

    D
HEAD LOSS
3- Square pipe : Dh  a RELATIONSHIP : f
a VD
where :   Re (Reynolds number) f : FRICTION FACTOR DEPENDS
a ON FLOW REGIME
Streamlines for turbulent flow : disorganized flow
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Friction factor f determination: Input : Re and  / D  f Moody’ chart
2
Head loss in m of liquid column (m LC) : H L  f ( L ) V
D 2g

64
1- Laminar flow : f 
Re

f  f (Re,  / D)
2- Turbulent flow :
 / D : relative roughness Typical values of roughness

Roughness e :

Roughness e
Inner Flow
diameter D

Length L

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Common used pipes:
Empirical relations for the friction factor f for turbulent flow:
(  )  Universal
1  2 ,51 
Colbrook  White formula :  2 log10  D   relationship
f  3,7 Re . f
 

1    1.11 6.9 
Haaland formula:  1.8log10   D   
f   3, 7  Re 


1.325
Churchill formula: f  2
  D 
5.74  
 Ln   0.9  
  3, 7 Re  

  0.333 
  106  
Moody formula : f  0.0055.1   2.10 4  
 D Re 
   
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 3 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 3
Pipes fittings (Minor losses) Minor head loss:
V2
The fluid in a typical piping system passes through various fittings such as : H  K ,
2.g
valves, bends, elbows, tees, entrance, exits, contraction, expansion, etc. in
addition to the pipes. These fittings modify the flow streamlines and cause K : minor loss factor
minor losses. V :average velocity

Orifice Equivalent length : DLeq

Fittings: valve, bend, etc.
Valve
Sudden expansion Divergent

Sudden contraction
V2 Leq V 2
H  K  f
L 2.g D 2.g
Miter bend / Elbow Convergent
Rounded bend Pipe of diameter D D
 Leq    .K
 f 
Valve f : friction factor
Vaned bend L DLeq

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Minor loss factor for frequent fittings:
Pipe flow entrance / inlet :
Sudden expansion: Miter bend:
 K  ( 1   2 )2
 1
 K  sin 2   2 sin 4 
  2  S 1 / S 2 Area of 2
separation
Sudden contraction: Rounded bend:
S1 . Short radius : R/D=1
 K  0 . 5( 1   2 )
 2 . Long radius : R/D=1.5

  2  S 2 / S1  
 7 
 D 2 
Pipe flow exit :
K  2 0 ,131  1 ,847   
   2R  
 
Divergent: Convergent:    : K  0.8(1  2 ) sin
 8 2
S1   2
  8 : K2  0.5(1  ) sin
   : K  2.6(1   2 )2 sin 
 8 1  2  S2 / S1
  : K  ( 1   2 )2 
  1 Sharp-edged

8 Well-rounded
Entrance
 2  S1 / S2
 in a pipe: K=1
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Tees: Tees:
Diverging Tee
Diverging Tee
Kh Ks Kh Ks Kh Ks

Converging Tee Converging Tee

Kh Ks
Kh Ks Kh Ks

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 3

Valves: