Unit IV

Synthesis of LC, RL & RC Network

Hurwitz polynomial:-

A polynomial is said to be Hurwitz polynomial, if its zeros lie on the left hand side of S-plane or on jω
axis provided on the jω axis, zeros are simple.

Conditions:

The conditions for the polynomial

P(S) = ansn + an–1sn–1 + ··· + a1s + a0 to be Hurwitz are

i) P(S) is real, when ‘s’ is real

ii) The roots of polynomial P(S) must have zero or negative real parts.

Properties:-

Let P(S) = ansn + an–1sn–1 + ··· + a1s + a0 be a Hurwitz polynomial where a0, a1, … an are the coefficients

i) All the coefficients of the polynomial a i where i = 0, 1 … n are positive.

ii) All the terms starting from highest power of S to lowest power of S must be present.
P(S) = S4 + 2S2 + 8 ⟹ evenpolynomial
P(S) = S5 + 2S3 + 5 ⟹ evenpolynomial
iii) If the polynomial is even or odd then all the roots must be on imaginary jω axis.
iv) Given Hurwitz polynomial can be separated into even and odd parts. Odd part is denoted by
O(S) & even part denoted by E(S).P(S) = E(S) + O(S)
v) If the ratio of odd to even parts of P(S) or even to odd parts of P(S) is expressed in the
continued fraction expansion then all the quotient terms must be positive.

O(S) E(S)
P(S)= or
E(S) O(S)
1
=q (S)+
1
1
q2 (S)+ 1
q 3 (S)+
+ 1
qn (S)

1
 E(S)  O(S)  q1 (S)
---

R 1 (S) E(S)  q 2 (S)
---

R 2 (S) R 1 (S)  q 3 (S)
---
R 3 (S)

vi) If P(S) is either odd or even function then the continued fraction expansion is obtained from
the ratio of polynomial P(S) to its derivativeP ′ (S).
Eg: P(S) = S 4 + 3S 2 + 2. ThenP′ (S) = 4S 4 + 6S
vii) If the continued fraction expansion terminates prematurely, then that indicates the functions
E(S) & O(S) contain a common factor X(S).In that case, P(S) = X(S)Y(S).If X(S) & Y(S) are
Hurwitz, then P(S) is Hurwitz.

1) Examine whether the given polynomials are Hurwitz or not

a) S 5 + 4S 4 + 7S 2 + 6S + 2 ⇒ S 3 term is missing. So not Hurwitz.
b) S 6 + 7S 5 + 5S 4 − 3S 3 + 2S 2 + S + 4 ⇒ S 3 term is negative. So not hurwitz.

2) Test whether the following polynomials are Hurwitz.

a) P(S) = S3 + 2S2 + 4S + 2
O(S) = S3 + 4S; E(S) = 2S2 + 2.

2S2  2  S3  4S S  2
S S
3

3S  2S2  2 2 S
3 
2
2S

2  3S 3 S
2 
3S
0

𝑠 1
C(s) = + 2𝑠 1 .All quotient terms are positive. So P(s) is a Hurwitz polynomial.
2 + 3𝑠
3
2

2
 (b) P  S  S3  2S2  3S  6
O  S  S3  3S
E  S  2S2  6
2S2  6  S3  3S S  2
S  3S
3

Continued fraction expansion is terminated abruptly. There exists a common factor.

2
P(S)=(S3+3S)(1+ ). Here(1+2𝑆) is Hurwitz. All quotients are positive.
𝑆
S3+3s is odd polynomial and be m(S) and m/ (s) = 3S2+3.

3S2  3 S3  3S S 3
S S
3

2S 3S2  3 3S  2
2
3S

3 2S 2S  3
2S
0

5 1
Continued fraction expansion, C(S)  
3 3S  1
2 2S
3
All quotient terms are positive. Hence P(S) is Hurwitz.

3) Test whether the polynomial is Hurwitz or not.

P  S  S4 +S3  5S2  3S  4
E  S  S4 +5S2  4
O  S  S3  3S

3
 E(S)
C(S) 
O(S)
S3  3S  S4  5S2  4  S
S4  3S2

2S2  4  S3  3S S 2
S  2S
3

S  2S2 +4  2S
2S2

4 S S  4
S
0
1
C(S)  S 
S 1

2 2S 1

S
All quotient terms are.
4

All the quotient terms are positive. So P(S) is Hurwitz.

.
4) Prove that the polynomial P(S) = S4 + S3 + 2S2 + 3S +2 is not Hurwitz.
C  S  S4 +2S2  2
S3  3S S4  2S2  2  S
O  S  S +3S
3

E(S) S4  3S2
C  S 
O(S) S2  2  S3  3S  S
S3  2S


5S  S2 +2 S
5
 S2


2  5S 5
2
5S
0

4
 1
C(S)  S 
S 1

S  1
5 5 S
2
Two quotient terms are negative. So, P(S) is not Hurwitz.

5) Test whether the polynomial P(S) = S5 + S3 + S is Hurwitz.

Given polynomial contains odd function only,
P(S)
C  S 
P(S)

P1 (S)  5S4  3S2  1

S
5S4  3S2  1 S5  S3  S 
5
3 S
S5  S3 
5 5
2 3 4S  4  25
S   5S  3S2 +1 S
5 5   2
5S4  10S2
4S  2
7S2  1 S3   S3
2
5 5  35
2 3 2S
S 
5 35
26   269S
 S   7S2 +1
35   35
7S2
26S  26
1  S
35  35
26S
35
0

5
 S 1
C(S)  
5 25 S  1
2 2 3 1
S 
35 269S 1
+
35 26
S
35
All the quotient terms are not positive. P(S) is not Hurwitz.

6) Test whether the polynomials are Hurwitz or not

Y(S)  S7  2S6  2S5  S4  4S3  8S2  8S  4

O(S)  S7  2S5  4S3  8S

E(S)  2S6  S4  8S2  4

O(S)
P1 (S) 
E(S)


2S6  S4  8S2  4  S7  2S5  4S3  8S S
2
5
S
S7   4S3  2S
2
3 5
2
S
3
+6S 2S6  S4  8S2  4 4 S

2S6  O  8S2

S4 +2 
3S5
2

 6S 3S
2
5
3S
 6S
2
0
Continued fraction expansion is terminated abruptly. So there is a common factor in the
function Y(S).

Y(S)  S7  2S6  2S5  S4  4S3  8S2  8S  4

Taking S4 as common in the 1st 4 terms & 4 as common in the last 4 terms.

Y(S)  S4 S3  2S2  2S  1  4 S3  2S2  2S  1

Y(S)  S4  4 S3  2S2  2S  1

Y(S)  F1 (S)  F2 (S)

6
 F1 (S)  S4  4
Missing terms are there. So F1 (S) is not Hurwitz.
F2 (S)  S3  2S2  2S  1
O(S)  S3  2S
E(S)  2S2  1

Continued fraction expansion is,

2S6  1 S3  2S S  2
S
S3 
2
3  2

S  2S  1 4 S
2  3
2S2
3

1  S 3 S
2 2
3
S
2
0

5 1
P1 (S)  
2 4S  1
3 3S
2
Since all the quotient terms are positive. F2(S) is Hurwitz.
F1 (S) is not Hurwitz & F2 (S) is Hurwitz, the polynomial Y(S) is not Hurwitz.

Routh Hurwitz array method:

 In this method, an array is constructed using the coefficients of given polynomial in a specific
way. By the inspection of such an array formed, the polynomial can be decided to be Hurwitz or
not.

Let

7
Routh Hurwitz array is

Sn an a n 2 a n 4

Sn 1 a n 1 a n 3 a n 5

Sn 2 bn b n 1 b n 2

cn cn 1 c n 2
⁞
⁞
S0 a0
 1st row consists of all the coefficients of alternate power of S starting from n.
 Next row consists of all the coefficients of alternate power of S starting from n–1.
 A row corresponding to sn-2 is generated from first two rows as

a n 1a n 2  a n a n 3 a a a a
bn  , bn 1  n 1 n 4 n n 5
a n 1 a n 1

 Row corresponding to Sh 3 is generated from the two previous rows

bn a n 3  a n 1bn 1 b a a a
cn  ; cn 1  n n 5 n 1 n 2
an an

 Procedure is continued until the row corresponding to S0 is obtained.

 Last row a0 = constant term of the polynomial.
 For the given polynomial P(S) to be Hurwitz
1) All the elements in the 1st column should be non zero
2) There should not be any sign change in the 1st column.

Special case:

Sn a1 a2 a3

Sn 1 b1 b2 b3

Sn 2 c1 c2 c3

Sn 3 0 0 0 ← Rows of zeros

8
If there occur a complete row as row of zeros while generating an array, an equation is formed using the
coefficients of a row which is just above the row of zeros. Such an equation is called the auxiliary
equation A(S). A(S) is always odd or even polynomial in S.

A(S)  c1Sn2  c2Sn4  c2Sn6 

dA(S) dA(S)
Find and replace the row of zeros by the coefficients of equation
dS dS

The special case is of repeated roots of P(S) on imaginary axis. Such case can be identified by solving the
equation A(S) = 0. This is because the roots of A(S) = 0 are some of the roots of P(S) = 0, which decide
whether polynomial is Hurwitz or not. If there is any sign change in the 1st column of the completed
array, then the given polynomial is not Hurwitz or else it is Hurwitz.

(1) Test whether P(S)  S  8S  24S  28S  23S  6 is Hurwitz or not using Routh array method.
5 4 3 2

Routh array can be obtained as

S5 1 24 23
S4 8 28 6
20.5 22.25 No sign change in the 1st column,
S3 8  24  1 28 8  23  1 6 0 all coefficients are positive.
8 8 So P(S) is Hurwitz.
2
S 19.32 6
S1 15.88 0
S0 6

(2) Test whether F(S)  2S +S  13S  6S  56S  26S  25 is Hurwitz or not using Routh array
6 5 4 3 2

method.

S6 2 13 56 25

S5 1 6 25 0

S4 1 6 25

S3 0 0 0 ← Rows of zeros

A(S)  S4  6S2  25

9
 dA
 4S3  12S
dS
S3 4 12 0

S2 3 25

S1 –21.33 0

S0 25
There is sign change in the 1st column. So, P(S) is not Hurwitz.

Positive Real Function:-

Significance of positive real function is that if the driving point imitance (i.e.) [admittance or impedance]
is a positive real function, then only it is physically realizable using passive R, L & C components. Hence
imitance function must be checked for positive realness before synthesizing.

For a function to be positive real function it has to satisfy the following basic properties.

i) Given function F(S) is real for real S.

ii) Real part of F(S) is greater than or equal to zero, when the real part of S is greater than or
equal to zero
Re  F(S)  0 for Re | S |  0.

P(S) a 0Sn  a1Sn 1   an

Let F(S)  
Q(S) b 0Sm  b1Sm1   am
a 0  S  Z1  S  Z2   S  Zn 

b0  S  P1  S  P2  S  Pm 
Where Z1, Z2, … Zn are zeros & P1, P2, … Pm are poles.
iii) F(S) must not have any poles on the right half of S plane.
iv) F(S) may have simple poles on the jω axis with real & positive residues
v) Real part of H(jω) is greater than or equal to zero for all ω values
(ie) Re  H(jω)  0 ω

Properties:-

1) Coefficients of Numerator & Denominator polynomials P(S) & Q(S) are real and positive.
2) Poles & zeros of F(S) have zero or negative real parts.

10
 1
3) Poles of F(S) or lying on the imaginary axis must be simple & their residues must be real
F(S)
& positive.
4) Poles & zeros are real or they occur in complex conjugate pairs.
5) Highest degree of F(S) & Q(S) differ almost by 1.
6) Lowest degree of F(S) & Q(S) differ almost by 1.
1
7) IF F(S) is positive real, then is also positive real function
F(S)
8) Sum of positive real function is also positive real.
9) Difference of positive real function is not necessarily positive real.

1. Derive the condition for positive realness?

P(S)
Let F(S) 
Q(S)
E1 (S)  O1 (S)
F(S) 
E 2 (S)  O 2 (S) Where E1(S) & O1 (S) are even & odd functions of P(S)
& E2(S) & O2(S) are even & odd functions of Q(S).
E1  O1
F(S)  For simplicity let us drop S.
E 2 +O 2

By dividing& multiplying by E2 – O2.

F(S) 
 E1  O1  E 2  O2 
 E 2  O2  E 2  O2 
E1E 2  O1O2 E 2O1  E1O2
F(S)  
E 2 2  O2 2 E 2 2  O2 2
E1E2 & O1O2 are even functions, while E2O1 & E1O2 are odd functions
E1E 2  O2 E O  E1O2
Where Even F(S)  , odd F(S)  2 21
E 2  O2
2 2
E 2  O2 2
 F(S)  Even  F(S)  odd F(S)

Let S = jω,

F( jω)  Even  F( jω)  odd  F( jω)

Even function of F(jω) gives real value, as even power of jω removes j. odd function of F(jω) gives
imaginary value. F( jω)  Re  F( jω)  j Im  F( jω)

11
Where Re  F( jω)  Even  F( jω) & Im  F( jω)  odd  F( jω)

Conditions for positive realness, is Re  F( jω)  0 ω

Even  F( jω)  0 for all values of ω

E1E 2  O1O2
0
E 2 2  O2 2

The condition to be satisfied is E1E 2  O1O2  0

2. Find the condition for the given function to be a positive real function.

S a
a) H(S) 
S  bS+c
2

E1 (S)  a, O1 (S)  S

E2 (S)  S2  c, O2 (S)  bS

For positive realness, the condition to be satisfied is E1E2  O1O2  0

a S2  c   S(bS)  0

a S2  c   bS2  0

Let S = jω,

a  (jω)2  c   b(jω)2  0

a  ω2  c   bω2  0

ω2  b  a   ca  0

ω lies between 0 to infinity,

a, b, c ≥ 0 & b – a ≥ 0 (i.e) b ≥ a.

S2  a1S  a 0
b) H(S)  2
S  b1S  b0

E1 (S)  S2 +a 0 , O1 (S)  a1S

12
 E2 (S)  S2 +b0 , O2 (S)  b1S

E1E2  O1O2  0

S 2
 a 0 S2  b0   (a1S)(b1S)  0

S4  a 0S2  b0S2  a 0b0  a1b1S2  0

S4   a 0  b0  a1b1  S2  a 0b0  0

Let S = jω, Therefore  jω   a 0  b0  a1b1  jω  a 0b0  0

4 2

ω4     a 0  b0  a1b1  ω   a 0b0  0

2

→ should be either zero or

 a 0  b0  a1b1      a 0  b0   a1b1 
2
 4a 0b 0 negative
ω2 
2
(ie) a1b1   a 0 +b0   4a 0b0  0
2

a1b1   a 0 +b0   4a 0b0

2

Taking square root on both sides,

a1b1   a 0 +b0   2 a 0b0

As –ve value is lesser than +ve value,

a1b1   a 0 +b0   2 a 0b0

a1b1  a 0 +b0  2 a 0b0

 
2
a1b1  a 0  b0

So condition for positive realness is,

 
2
a1b1  a 0  b0

S 4
N(S) 
(3). Check the positive realness of the function, S  2S  1
2

Sa
This is of the form, S  bS  c
2

13
a = 4, b = 2, c = 1.

For +ve realness, a,b,c  0 & b  a

But a > b, the function is not a p.r.f. (or)

S 4 S 4
N(S)  
S  2S  1 (S  1)2
2

(S  1)2  0

S  1.
There are multiple poles at S = –1. Hence the function is not a p.r.f.

(4). Prove that the given function is a p.r.f.

S 2
N(S) 
S  3S  2
2

a = 2, b = 3, c = 2.

a, b, c ≥ 0, b > a, the given function is a p.r.f.

S2  S  6
(5). Check the positive realness of N(S)  2
S  S 1

S2  a1S  a 0
The given function is of the form, S2  b S  b
1 0

Condition for p.r.f. is

 
2
a1b1  a 0  b0

a 0  6, b0  6, a1  1, b1  1

a1b1  1

   
2 2
a 0  b0 6  1  2.1

≥ .
2
a1b1 a 0  b0

So it is not a p.r.f.

14
 (S  2)(S  4)
(6) Prove that the function Z(S)  is +ve real.
(S  1)(S  3)
(S  2)(S  4) S2  6S  8
Z(S)  
(S  1)(S  3) S2  4S  3
S2  a1S  a 0
This function is of the form,
S2  b1S  b0
a 0  8, a1  6; b0  3, b1  4.

   
2 2
a 0  b0 8 3  1.2
a1b1  (6)(4)  24

 
2
a1b1  a 0  b0 , the given function is a p.r.f.

3S  5
(7) Find whether the given function is +ve real or not Z(S) 
S(S2  1)
3S2  5 A BS+C
Z(S)   
S(S2  1) S S2  1
3S2  5  A(S2  1)  BS2 +CS

3S2  5  (A  B)S2  CS  A
Equating constant terms, A  5
Equating S terms, C0
Equating S2 terms, AB3
B  3  A  3  5  2
Residue value B is –ve, given function is not a p.r.f.

(8) Check the positive realness of the following function

S3  5S
H(S) 
S4 +2S2  1
S3  5S S  S2  5 
H(S)  
S4 +2S2  1  S2  12

S  1  0
2 2

S  1S  1  0
2 2

S2  1
S  j &  j Multiple poles, not a p.r.f.

15
Elementary Synthesis Procedure:

Properties of LC driving point functions:

1) LC imitance function is the ratio of odd to even or even to odd polynomials.

2) Poles and zeros are simple & on the imaginary axis.
3) Poles & zeros are alternating.
4) At origin (i.e.) at S = 0, there is a pole or zero
5) At infinity (i.e.) at S   , there is a pole or zero
6) Re  F(jω)  0 ω

7) The residues of imaginary axis poles are positive & real

8) Highest power of Numerator & Denominator differ by unity. The lowest powers also differ by
unity.

The main methods for realizing a reactance function as a network are

1) Foster form I
2) Foster form II
3) Cauer form I
4) Cauer form II

H S2  ω12 S2  ω32 S2  ω5 2 

Foster form I: Z(S) 
S S2  ω2 2  S2  ω4 2 S2  ω0 2 

 Used to realize impedance function. If admittance function is given, the reciprocal of the function
is realized.
By partial fraction
K0 2K S 2K S
Z(S)   2 2 2 2 4 2  K S
S S  ω2 S  ω 4
K0 2K S
Z(S)    2 i 2  K S
S i 2,4 S  ωi
K 0 ,Ki , K  are the residues of Z(S) at origin, ω and ∞ respectively.
K0 1
represent a capacitor of farads
S 𝐾0
K S represent an inductor of K  Henrys

16
 2K iS 1 2K
represent a parallel combination of a capacitor of F & inductance of 2i H
S  ωi
2 2
2K i ωi

Foster form II:-

 Used to realize admittance function.

 If impedance function is given, reciprocal of the function which gives admittance is realized.

H  S2  ω12 S2  ω32 

Y(S) 
S  S2  ω32  S2  ω4 2 

K0 2K S 2K S
Y(S)   2 2 2 2 4 2 K S.
S S  ω2 S  ω 4
K0 2K S
Y(S)    2 i 2  K S.
S i2,4 S  ωi

Where K 0 , Ki & K  are the residues of Y(S) at origin, ωi and ∞ respectively.

K0 1
represent a inductor of Henrys
S 𝐾0
K S represent an inductor of K  farads

2K iS 1 2K
represent a series combination of a inductor of H &capacitor of 2i F.
S  ωi
2 2
2K i ωi
Y(S) is the parallel combination of elemental admittance.

17
 1) The driving point impedance of a one-port reactive network is given by
5  S2  4  S2  25 
Z(S)  Obtain the 1st& 2nd Foster networks.
S  S  16 
2

Foster 1:
5  S2  4 S2  25  5 S4 +4S2  25S2  100 
Z(S)  
S  S2  1b  S3  16S
5S4  145S2  500

S3  16S

S3  16S 5S4  145S2  500  5S

5S4  80S2
65S2  500

65S2  500 65S2  500

Z(S)  5S   5S 
S3  16S S S2  16 

65S2  500 A BS+C

 
S S2  16  S S2  16

135S
125
Z(S)  5S+  24
4S S  16
K0 2K S
Z(S)   2 i 2   K S.
S S  ωi

1 4
C0   F
K 0 125
135
2K 2 4  135  H
L1  2 
ω2 16 64
1 1 4
C2   = F
2K 2 135 135
4
L  K   2H

18
Foster form 2:

S  S2  16 
Y(S) 
5  S2  4  S2  25 

S S2  16  AS  B CS  D
Y(S)   
5 S  4 S  25 
2 2
S2  4 S2  25

4 S 3 S
Y(S)  235  2 35
S  4 S  25

2K iS
Y(S)  K 0S    K S
i 2,4 S  ωi
2 2

1 35
L1   H
2K i 4
2K 1
C1  2i  F
ωi 35
1 35
L2   H
2K i 3
3
2K i 3
C2  2  35 = F
ωi 25 875

Cauer form I:-

 Network is realized in Cauer I form by continuous fraction expansion. Highest power of

numerator & denominator differ by unity.
 Nr &Dr are arranged in the form of descending power of S.

19
 1
Z(S)  Z1 (S)
1
(series)
Y2 (S)
1
(shunt )
Z3 (S)
(series) 1
Y4 (S) +
(shunt ) Z5 (S)
1
Z(S)  4(S) 
1
C1S 
L 2S  C2

 It gives a ladder network with series arm as inductors & shunt arm as capacitors
 If Numerator power is less than its denominator power, then driving point function is inverted.
 In that case, continued fraction will give capacitive admittance as 1stshunt element and a series
inductance.

Cauer II form:

Here Numerator &Denominator are arranged in the ascending power of S.

1
Z(S)  Z1 (S)
1
(series)
Y2 (S)
1
(shunt )
Z3 (S)
(series) Y4 (S)
(shunt )

Here the series arms are capacitors and shunt arm are inductors.

20
 1 1
Z(S)  
C1 (S) 1
1
4S 
1
2S 
1

L 2 (S)

S  S2  4 
1) Realise the network in both Cauer forms. Z(S) 
S 2
 1S2  9 

Cauer I:
Given Numerator degree should be higher than Denominator.

Y(S) 
S2
 1S2  9 

S4  10S2  9
S S2  4  S3  4S

S3  4S S2  10S2  9  S Y
S4  4S2

6S2  9  S3  4S S  6
Z

3S
S3 
2
5  2  12
S  6S  9  Y
2   5
6S2
5 5
9 S  S Z
2  18
5
S
2
0

1
Y(S)  S 
S
1
6
12S  1
5 5S
18

21
 Cauer II:

S4  10S2  9 9  10S2  S4
Y(S)  
S3  4S 4S  S3

 9
4S  S3  9  10S2  S2  Y
 4S
9
9  S2
4
31 2
4



S  S4  4S  S3 16
31S
Z

16
4S  S
31
15 3  31 2  961
S  S  S4  Y
31  4  60S
31 2
S
4
15 3  15
S4  S  Z
31  31S
15 3
S
31
0

9 1
Y(S)  
4S 16  1
31S 961  1
60S 15
31S

22
 10S4  12S2  1
(2) Find the two Cauer realisations of driving point function given by Z(S) 
2S3  2S

Cauer 1:

2S3  2S10S4  12S2  1 5S

10S4  10S2
2S2  1 2S3  2S  S
2S3  S
S 2S2  1 2S
2S2
1 S  S
S
0

1
Z(S)  5S 
1
S+
1
2S 
S

Cauer II

10S4  12S2  1 1  12S2 +10S4

Z(S)  
2S3  2S 2S  2S3

23
  1
2S+2S3 1  12S2  10S4 
 2S
1 S 2

 2
11S2  10S4  2S  2S3 
 11S
20S3
2S 
11
2S3  2 4  121
11S  10S 
11   2S
11S2
2 3 2
10S4  S 
11  110S
2 3
S
11
0

1 1
Z(S)  
2S 2 1

11S 121 1

2S 2
110S

Properties of RC Driving point function

 RC network consists of R & C components.

 Driving point impedance of RC network is denoted as ZRC (S) .

 Properties of driving point admittance of RL network are identical.

24
 (S  1)(S  4) Poles are S  0, 2
eg:  z RC (S) 
S(S  2) Zeros are S  1, 4

Properties of RC Driving point Impedance fns:

1) Poles and zeros are simple, no multiple poles & zeros.

2) Poles & zeros are located on negative real axis & alternating.
3) Critical frequency nearest to the origin is a pole (located at origin).
4) Critical frequency farthest from the origin is a zero (located at  ).
5) The partial fraction expansion gives the residues values which are real & positive.
6) If ZRC (0)  ZRC ().

7) There is no zero at the origin & no pole located at infinity.

Synthesis of RC network:

Foster form I:
H  S  σ1  S  σ3 
Driving point impedance RC n/w, Z(S) is given by Z(S) 
S  S  σ 2  S  σ 4 
K0 K1 K2 Ki
ZRC (S)        K
S S  σ1 S  σ 2 S  σi
Where K 0 , K  , K i are the residues at origin, infinity & σ i respectively.
K0 1
represents a capacitor of F.
S K0
K  represents a capacitor of K  ohms.
Ki 1 K
represents a parallel combination of capacitor of & resistance of i
S  σi Ki σi

25
Foster Form II:
1
It is used to realize YRC (S)  [negative residues at poles]
ZRC (S)
YRC (S) K 0 K1 K2 Ki
       K
S S S  σ1 S  σ 2 S  σi
Y (S)
Residues of the expansion Ki will be negative, to make positive RC .
S
KS KS KS
 YRC (S)  K 0  1  2   i   K S
S  σ1 S  σ 2 S  σi
1
K 0 represents a resistance of .
K0
K iS 1 K
represents a series combination of resistance of ohms & a capacitance of i .F
S  σi Ki σi
K
K  represents a capacitance of i .F
σi

3  S  2  S  4 
1) Find the Foster I & II form for the function Z(S) 
S  1S  3
Numerator degree>denominator degree

3 S2 +2S+4S  8 
3S2 +18S+24
Z(S)  2  2
S  S  3S  3 S  4S  3
S2  4S+3 3S2  18S  24  3
S2  12S  9
6S  15
6S+15 6S+15
Z(S)  3   3
S  4S  3
2
(S  1)(S  3)

26
 A B
Z(S)  3  
S 1 S  3
9 3
Z(S)  3  2  2
S 1 S  3
K0 Ki
Z(S)    K
S S  σi
R  3

Ki 9
9 Ri   
2  σi 2
S 1 1 2
Ci   F
Ki 9

Ki 1
3 Ri   
2  σi 2
S3 1 2
Ci   F
Ki 3

Foster II:

S2  4S+3
Y(S) 
3S2  18S  24
1
3S2  18S  24  S2  4S  3 
3
S  6S  8
2

 2S  5
Negative terms appear.

27
Y(S) (S  1)(S  3) A B C
   
S 3S(S  2)(S  4) S S+2 S+4
1 1 1
Y(S) 8
  12  8
S S S+2 S+4
1 S
1 112 S
Y(S)    8
8 S+2 S+4
1 1 1
  
8 12 (S+2) 8 (S+4)
S S
1 1 1
  
8 12  24 8  32
S S

K iS
Y(S)  K 0   K S
S  σi
1
K0 =  R 0  8
8

1 K 1
Ki   Ci  i  F
K iS 12 σi 24

S  σi 1
σi  2 Ri   12
Ki

1 K 1
1 S K i  ,  Ci  i  F
8  K iS  8 σi 32
S 4 S  σi 1
σi  4, Ri   8
Ki

28
Synthesis of RC network by Cauer method:

Cauer I method:-

1
F(S)  q1 
1
q 2S+
1 1
q3   
q 4S q nS
1
 R1 
1
C1S+
1
R2  
C 2S

Cauer II method:-

1 1
F(S)  
C1S 1 + 1
R1 1  1 
C 2S 1
R2

(S  2)(S  4)
(1)Find the 1st& 2nd Cauer form of Z(S) 
S(S  3)

Foster 1:

S2  6S  8
Z(S) 
S2  3S

29
S2  3S  S2  6S  18 1 Z
S2  3S

3S  18  S3  3S S  3
Y

S2  8S
3
S
3  3S  8 9 Z
3S

8 S
3  S 24 Y
S
3
0

1
Z(S)  1 
S 1
+
3 9 1 
S
24

Cauer II:

3S  S2  8+8S  S2 8  35
Z

8  8S
3

3 
10S  S2 3S+S2 9
10  Y
2
3S  9S
10
S2
10 10S 3  S 100 3S
2
Z
10S
3
S2  S
2

10  110 Y
S2
10
0

30
 8 1
Z(S)  
3S 9 1
+
10 100 1

3S 1
10

Synthesis of Driving point Impedance functions of RL Network’s:-

 Driving point impedance is denoted as ZRL (S) .

 ZRL (S) & YRC (S) are identical

Properties:-

1) Poles & zeros are on the negative real axis of S-plane and are simple.
(S  1)(S  3)
Z(S) 
(S  2)(S  4)
Poles at S  2, 4
Zeros at S  1, 3
2) Poles & zeros are alternating.
3) Poles & zeros are the critical frequencies.
4) Critical frequency nearest to the origin is a zero.
5) Critical frequency farthest from the origin is a pole.
6) There cannot be a pole at the origin and cannot be a zero at infinity.
7) ZRL ()  ZRL (0)

ZRC (S)
8) Residues of ZRL (S) at its poles are real & negative and those of are real and positive.
S

Synthesis:-Foster form I:-

K1S KS K iS
ZRL (S)  K 0   2     K S
S  σ1 S  σ 2 S  σi

31
ZRL (S) K 0 K1 Ki
      K
S S S  σ1 S  σi

K1S KS K iS
ZRL (S)  K 0   2     K S.
S  σ1 S  σ 2 S  σi

Foster form II:-

K0 K1 K2 Ki
YRL (S)        K
S S  σ1 S  σ 2 S  σi

1) Find the 1st foster form of the driving point function:-

S(S  1)(S  4) S(S2 +S  4S  4)(S  4) S2 +25S  20

Z(S)    2
(S  3)(S  5) S2  3S  5S  15 S  8S  15

S2  8S  15  5S2 +25S  20  5
(–) (–)
5S2 +40S  75
 15S  55
Z(S) 5(S  1)(S  4) A B C
   
S S(S  3)(S  5) S S+3 S+5

5(S  1)(S  4) 5(1)(4) 4

A  
S(S  3)(S  5) S0 (3)(5) 3

32
 5(S  1)(S  4) 5(2)(1) 5
B  
(S  3)(S  5) S3 (3)(2) 3

5(S  1)(S  4) 5(4)(1)

C  2
S(S  3) S5 (5)(2)

4 5
Z(S) 3 2
  3 
S S S+3 S+5
5 S
4 2S
Z(S)   3 
3 S+3 S+5
4 1 1 4 1 1
     
3 3 (S+3) 1 (S+5) 3 3  9 1 5
5S 2S 5 5S 2 2S

2) Find the 2nd foster form of the driving point function:-

2S2 +16S  30
Y(S) 
S2  6S  8
S2  6S  8  2S2 +16S  30  2
2S2 +12S  16
4S  14

2S2 +16S  30 4S  14 4S  14
Y(S)   2 2  2
S  6S  8
2
S  6S  8 (S+4)(S  2)
4S  14 A B
 
(S+4)(S  2) S+4 S+2
4S  14 16  14
A  1
S  2 S4 2

4S  14 8  14
B  3
S  4 S2 2

33
 1 3
Y(S)  2  
S+4 S+2
1 1
 2 
S+4 S +2
3 3

Cauer I:-
Descending power of S.
1 1
F(S)  q1 (S)  L1S 
1 1
(series)
Y2 (S) R2 +
1 1 1
(shunt )
Z2 (S) L3 (S)   
(series) Y2 (S) R4 R
(shunt )

Cauer II:-

Ascending power of S.

1
Z(S)  R1 
1
SL1 +
1
R2 
1
SL 2  
R3

34
 (S+4)(S+8)
1) Find the 1st Cauer form of Y(S) 
(S+2)(S+6)

S2 +12S  32
Y(S) 
S2 +8S+12

S2  8S+12  S2  12S  32 1 Y
S2  8S+12


4S  20  S2  8S+12 S
4
Z
S2  5S

3S  12  4S  20 4 3
Y
4S+16


4  3S  12 3 S
4
Z
3S

12  4 1  3
Y
4
0

1
Y(S)  1 
S 1
+
4 4 1
3 3S  1
4 3

35
 2S2 +8S+6
(2)Find the 2 Cauer form for Z(S)  2
nd
S +8S+12

6+8S  2S2
Z(S) 
12  8S  S2

1
12+8S+S2  6+8S  2S2  Z
2
1
6  4S+ S2
2
3 
2 

4S  S2 12  8S+S2 3
S
Y

12+ 9 S
2

2 
7 S  S2 4S  3 S2 8
2 7  Z

4S+ 8 S2
7
5
14  2 
S2 7 S  S2 49
5S
7 S
2
S2  5
14 
S2 5
14
Z
5 S2
14
0

36
 1 1
Z(S)  
2 3+ 1
S 8 1
7 49  1
5S 5
14

Synthesis of RLC networks:-

S2  7S  70
1) Synthesize the impedance function Z(S)  .
S(S  10)

S2  7S  70
Z(S)  has a pole at origin.
S(S  10)

10S  S2  70+7S  S2 7  S
70  7S
S2

7 S2
Z(S)   2
S S  10S
7 S 1
Z1 (S)  , Z2 (S)  
S S  10 1  10
S

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 2) Synthesize a network having impedance function,

6S  3S2  3S  1
Z(S) 
6S3  3S
6S3  3S 6S3  3S2 +3S  11  Z
6S3  3S
3S2 1

3S2  1
Z(S)  1 
6S3  3S
Z(S)  Z1 (S)  Z1 (S)

3S2  1
Z2 (S) 
6S3  3S
6S3  3S
Y2 (S) 
3S3  1

3S2  1 6S3  3S  2S Y
S3  2S
S 3S2  1 3S Z
3S2
1 S  S Y
S
0

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