Anatomy Practical

OSPE
Foundation Block

- the information in this file is based on the things that was given during
practical sessions along with doctors’ notes
“We recommend you to read the theoretical lectures before
studying this file”

To ensure your grade on each question :

1-Make sure your SPELLING is correct
2-Make sure you write the FULL name or location of the object
precisely

• Red : important
• Green : notes, Extra
• Pink: Girls notes
Good luck and
have a nice OSPE :)
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Brief recap What you need to mention in bones :
- Name Eg:Ulna
Types of bones: - Type of each bone long bone
1) Flat: sternum, skull bones, scapula, ribs
- Anatomical position medial bone of the forearm
2) Irregular: vertebrae, hip bone
3) Long: humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula
4) Short: carpals, tarsals
5) Sesamoid: patella

The skeleton is divided into :

- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton: skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

1) skull Note: Not all the skull is flat. It’s separated into skull cap -cranial bone (flat bones) and facial bones (irregular bones).

Cranium bones:

Frontal bone Occipital Parietal bones (pair) Temporal bones

Facial bones:

Zygomatic bones ( Maxilla (pair) Nasal bone (pair) Mandible

pair)

2) Sternum 3) Ribs
Manubrium enclose and protect the chest cavity
12 pairs
Body True ribs are 1-7
False ribs are 8-10
Xiphoid Floating ribs are 11&12
process Flat bone
Located in the center of the chest
Type of bone : Flat bone
 Bones of Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle:

Clavicle Scapula
(in the pectoral girdle) Type: flat bone.
-Type: long bone. - part of the pectoral
girdle
- ‘S’ shaped
-triangular in shape

Bone of the upper limb:

Humerus:(in the arm)

- Long bone because the length is greater than the width
and has two ends.
How can I differentiate?
It has a semi-ball at one of its ends (without neck)

Radius:
Ulna: (in the forearm)
( in the forearm)

Long bone Long bone

-shaped curve -Has a circle at the
-medial bone of the bottom (cap)
forearm
How can I differentiate? (‫)ﺗﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﻛرﻣﻠّﮫ‬
-Has a (U) - lateral bone of the
forearm

Hand:
-Carpals: short bones (8)
-Metacarpals:long bones (5)
-phalanges: long bones (14)
Counting starts from lateral to medial ( starting from the thumb).
‫اﻟﻌد ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺑﻠوك اﻟﺟﺎي‬
Bone of the lower limb

Femur:(in the thigh)

- type long bone
How can I differentiate?
- it has a ball and a clear ‘’neck’’ at one
its ends.
Patella:
- in front of the knee.
- protect the knee.
Sesamoid bone

Fibula :(in the leg)

lateral
- Long bone
How can I differentiate?
-Doesn’t have ball
- very thin.

Tibia :(in the leg)

- medial
- Long bone
How can I differentiate?
- it has a triangular shape at one end
 Foot:
tarsals: there are (7)
- found in the foot.
- short bones
- metatarsals: long bone (5)
-phalanges: long bones (14)

Hip bone: Vertebra

irregular bones
Type: irregular -found in the vertebral column
-part of the axial skeletal system

Femur Humerus
Radius Ulna Fibula Tibia
 SKELETAL MUSCLES
BRIEF RECAP

Muscle attachment Types of attachment

Origin: Insertion: Tendons

- Mostly fleshy - Mostly fibrous

- Least movable - Most movable Aponeurosis
- The Proximal - The Distal end
end Raphe

DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS

 Skeletal Muscles of Chest

Pectoralis Major
● The pectoralis major muscle is
a large muscle located in the
upper chest
● Directions of muscle fibers
(type):
Triangular - Convergent
● Named based on:
size and position
 Skeletal Muscles of upper limb

Deltoid
● a muscle in the upper limb
located on the uppermost part
of the arm and the top of the
shoulder
● Directions of muscle fibers
(type):
Multipennate

● Named based on: Shape

(Deltoid = Triangular)
 Skeletal muscles of upper limb
Biceps Brachii

- located in the upper arm

- Named based on:
Number
of heads (biceps = two heads)
FUSIFORM

- Located along the humerus

bone (from the front) between
the shoulder and the elbow

Triceps brachii
● The triceps brachii is a muscle located
in the upper arm.

● Located along the humerus bone (from

the back) between the shoulder and the
elbow.

● Named due to having three muscle

heads (tri means three).

● Directions of muscle fibers

Fusiform
 Skeletal muscles of upper limb

Quadriceps Femoris
Rectus femoris

● Quadriceps Femoris is a large

fleshy muscle group located in front
of the thigh covering the front and
sides of the thigh.

● Name is based on number of

heads (four).

● Directions of muscle fibers:

BIPENNATE

Hamstring

● The Hamstring any of three

muscles at the back of the thigh
that function to flex and rotate
the leg and extend the thigh.

● The three muscles are

A: Semimembranosus
B : Semitendinosus
C : Biceps femoris
 Skeletal muscles of upper limb

Sartorius

● Sartorius a muscle that

crosses the front of the thigh
obliquely, assists in rotating the
leg to the cross-legged position.

● Located in the proximal

(upper) anterior part of the
thigh.

● it's the longest

muscle in the
human body.

● Directions of muscle fibers:

Parallel

Calf muscle

● Calf muscles is 2 muscles in

the posterior aspect of the leg

1-gastrocnemius ( Largest)
2-soleus ( smallest)

● Directions of muscle fibers:

Bipennate
 Skeletal muscles of upper limb

‫ﻣن ﺟزﺋﯾﺔ اﻷوﻻد‬

Trapezius
● It is an Upper back
muscle that extends
from occipital bone
to the lower thoracic
vertebrae of the
spine

1 2
Gluteus
● The gluteal muscles are
a group of three
muscles which make up
the buttocks:

1- Gluteus maximus

2- Gluteus medius

3- Gluteus minimus
3
 Nervous system

Organization of nervous tissue:

(G.M)

- Grey matter(G.M)
- White matter(W.M) (W.M)

Brain
-located in the cranial cavity -Consist of 4 parts:

● Cerebrum (‫)اﻟﻣﺦ‬
- it has 4 lobes: ● Cerebellum (‫)اﻟﻣﺧﯾﺦ‬
● frontal ● Diencephalon ( you need to know the
● parietal thalamus and hypothalamus)
● temporal ● Brain stem (its called stem(‫ )ﺟذع‬because
● occipital it carries the whole brain )
-these lobes are part of ***The question will come as the following:
the cerebrum
Identify the structure? (Ex:The pointer is on
Explanation: how to determine the front and the the frontal lobe)
back of the brain?
The front of the brain has 2 poles(‫ )ﻗطﺑﯾن‬while the The awnser
back has only one You will name the structure and the origin

Ex: The frontal lobe of the cerebral

hemisphere
 Cerebrum Cerebellum
- It has two hemispheres: - Posterior
right and left
- It has two hemisphere:
- Outer part is the cortex
(consist of grey matter)
right and left
- Inner core is the White matter - outer cortex (‫ )اﻟﻘﺷرة‬of grey
- It has 2 types of folds matter and inner region of
Gyri: folds on the surface white matter
Sulci: inner folds (deeper than than
the gyri)

Corpus callosum

Sulci

Gyri

These are the two cerebral hemispheres that

are connected by a thick bundle of fibers
known as corpus callosum

Located Deep within the white

matter masses of grey matter
Called basal nuclei

All you need to see is the grey and

white matter other info is NOT
IMPORTANT
 Diencephalon Brain stem
● Thalamus Consist of:
● Hypothalamus
● Midbrain
● Subthalamus ● Pons
● Epithalamus ● Medulla oblongata

The part that will help

you determine the
brainstem is the Pons
Superior to the pons is
the midbrain

Inferior to the pons is

the medulla
oblongata

-Thalamus is(the egg shape or ball

shape structure)
-Hypothalamus (it is like a triangle
in the upper part of the thalamus

The C shaped structure is the

corpus callosum

Cerebellum Thalamus

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Foramen magnum(large hole /opening)

Cylindrical in shape lies

within the vertebral canal
Spinal cord
-Extends from foramen
magnum to L2 vertebra
L2

-Gives rise to 31 pairs of

spinal nerves
Cauda equina: is a
group of spinal
nerves at the end
of the spinal
cord(‫)ﻣﺛل ذﯾل اﻟﺣﺻﺎن‬

Cross section of the spinal cord *

B A
White matter D Dorsal root
1 2 A
of spinal cord C ganglion(DRG)
1 3
4
Dorsal horn Dorsal root of
2 B
of spinal cord spinal nerve

Lateral horn A* Ventral root of

3 C
of spinal cord spinal nerve

Ventral horn Trunk of spinal

4 D
of spinal cord nerve

It is important to 438*

mention if it’s in the Anterior median fissure( ventral) ‫ﻓﺗﺣﮫ واﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ارﺑطوھﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل اﻟﻔراﺷﺔ داﺋم‬
spinal cord or nerve (Dorsal) ‫اﻷذرع اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺔ‬
Posterior median septum (dorsal) ‫ﻓﺗﺣﮫ ﺿﯾﻘﮫ‬ ‫*وداﺋم ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻘدة‬
 ‫‪Good luck,‬‬
‫‪DONE BY:‬‬

‫ﻣﺣﻣد اﻟﺳﻧﯾدي‬ ‫اﻻء اﻟﺳﻠﻣﻲ‬

‫ﻋﺑداﻟﻌزﯾز اﻟﻐﻠﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺟد اﻟزھراﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺑدر اﻟرﯾس‬ ‫ﺳدﯾم اﻟزاﯾد‬

‫راﻛﺎن اﻟدوھﺎن‬ ‫ﻧوره اﻟدھش‬

‫رﯾﻣﺎ اﻟﮭدﻟق‬

‫ھﺗون اﻟﻧﻌﻣﻲ‬

‫‪TEAM LEADERS:‬‬
‫ﻣﯾﺎﺳم اﻟﺣﺎزﻣﻲ ‪ -‬ﻓﮭد اﻟﻌﺟﻣﻲ‬

‫‪SPECIAL THANKS TO ANATOMY TEAM 438‬‬