Published by

Aga Khan University Examination Board

Block - C, IED - PDC, 1-5/B-VII
Federal B. Area, Karimabad, Karachi, Pakistan

Latest revision: August 2022

(This syllabus has been periodically revised in 2012 and 2017)

© The Aga Khan University Examination Board, 2022

All rights and entitlements reserved.

This syllabus is developed by Aga Khan University Examination Board for distribution to
all its affiliated schools only. No part of this syllabus may be copied, reproduced or used for
any other purpose whatsoever without prior written permission of the
Aga Khan University Examination Board.
Higher Secondary School Certificate
Examination Syllabus

MATHEMATICS
GRADES XI-XII

This syllabus will be examined in both

Annual and Re-sit Examination sessions from
Annual Examinations 2023
 Table of Contents Page No.

Preface 5

Understanding of AKU-EB Syllabi 7

Subject Rationale 8

Concept Map 10

Student Learning Outcomes 11

Scheme of Assessment 58

Acknowledgements 63

For queries and feedback

Address: Aga Khan University Examination Board

Block - C, IED - PDC, 1-5/B-VII
Federal B. Area, Karimabad, Karachi, Pakistan.
Phone: (92-21) 3682-7011
Fax: (92-21) 3682-7019
E-mail: examination.board@aku.edu
Website: http://examinationboard.aku.edu
Facebook: www.facebook.com/akueb

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 4

Preface
Established in 2002 through the Pakistan government’s ordinance, the Aga Khan University
Examination Board (AKU-EB) is country’s first private autonomous qualification awarding
body for secondary (SSC) and higher secondary (HSSC) school certifications. Its vision is to
be a model of excellence and innovation in education in Pakistan and the developing world.

AKU-EB achieves its vision by developing examination syllabi which inculcate conceptual
thinking and higher order learning and are aligned with National/ trans-provincial curricula
and international standards. AKU-EB revises its syllabi periodically to support the needs of
students, teachers and examiners.

The aims of the syllabus review of SSC and HSSC are to:

• Ensure continued compatibility with the goals of the trans-provincial curricula of

Pakistan.

• Review the content for inclusion of new knowledge and deletion of obsolete knowledge.

• Review the content for clarity and relevance as per the changing needs of students,
teachers and examiners.

• Enhance and strengthen continuation and progression of content both within and across
grades IX - XII (SCC and HSSC).

• Ensure the readiness of students for higher education.

During the syllabus review, the needs of all the stakeholders were identified through a needs-
assessment survey. Students and teachers of AKU-EB affiliated schools from across Pakistan
participated in the survey. Thereafter, a revision panel, which consisted of examiners,
teachers of affiliated and non-affiliated schools, teacher trainers and university academicians,
reviewed and revised the syllabus following a planned, meticulous and standardised syllabi
review process.

The syllabus is organised into topics and subtopics. Each subtopic is further divided into
achievable student learning outcomes (SLOs). The SLOs of the cognitive domain are each
assigned a cognitive level on which they have to be achieved. These cognitive levels are
‘knowledge’, ‘understanding’ and ‘application’, the latter also including other higher order
skills. This is followed by the Exam Specification which gives clear guidance about the
weightage of each topic and how the syllabus will be assessed.

The development of the revised syllabus has been made possible by the creativity and
relentless hard work of Curriculum and Examination Development unit and the constant
support provided by all the other units of AKU-EB. We are particularly thankful to
Dr Sohail Qureshi for his very useful feedback on revising the syllabus review process, to
Dr Naveed Yousuf for his continued guidance and support throughout the syllabus revision
process and to Raabia Hirani for leading the syllabi revision. We are also thankful to all the
students and teachers who took part in the needs-assessment survey and to the principals of
AKU-EB affiliated schools who made this endeavour possible by facilitating and
encouraging their teachers to be a part of the survey and the syllabus revision panel.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 5

With your support and collective hard work, AKU-EB has been able to take the necessary
steps to ensure effective implementation of the best international and trans-provincial
standards through this syllabus. We are confident that this syllabus will continue to provide
the support that is needed by students to progress to the next level of education and we wish
the very best to our students and teachers in implementing this syllabus.

Dr Shehzad Jeeva
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Aga Khan University Examination Board
Associate Professor of Practice, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aga Khan University

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 6

Understanding of AKU-EB Syllabi
1. The AKU-EB syllabi guide the students, teachers, parents and other stakeholders
regarding the topics that will be taught and examined in each grade (IX, X, XI and XII).
In each syllabus document, the content progresses from simple to complex, thereby,
facilitating a gradual, conceptual learning of the content.

2. The topics of the syllabi are divided into subtopics and student learning outcomes
(SLOs). The subtopics and the SLOs define the depth and the breadth at which each
topic will be taught, learnt and examined. The syllabi also provide enabling SLOs
where needed to scaffold student learning.

3. Each SLO starts with an achievable and assessable command word such as describe,
relate, evaluate, etc. The purpose of the command words is to direct the attention of
teachers and students to specific tasks that the students are expected to undertake in the
course of their studies. The examination questions are framed using the same command
words or their connotations to elicit evidence of these competencies in students’
responses.

4. The topics of the syllabi are grouped into themes derived from the National/ trans-
provincial curricula. The connection between various themes and topics is highlighted
in the ‘concept map’ provided at the beginning of each syllabus. This ensures that
students begin to understand the interconnectedness of knowledge, learn conceptually
and think critically.

5. The SLOs are classified under three cognitive levels: knowledge (K), understanding
(U) and application and other higher order skills (A) for effective planning during
teaching and learning. Furthermore, it will help to derive multiple choice questions
(MCQs), constructed response questions (CRQs) and extended response questions
(ERQs) on a rational basis from the subject syllabi.

6. By focusing on the achievement of the SLOs, these syllabi aim to counter the culture of
rote memorisation as the preferred method of examination preparation. While
suggesting relevant, locally available textbooks for achieving these outcomes, AKU-EB
recommends that teachers and students use multiple teaching and learning resources for
achieving these outcomes.

7. The syllabi follow a uniform layout for all subjects to make them easier for students and
teachers to follow. They act as a bridge between students, teachers and assessment
specialists by providing a common framework of student learning outcomes and exam
specifications.

8. On the whole, the AKU-EB syllabi for Secondary School Certificate (SSC) provide a
framework that helps students to acquire conceptual understanding and learn to
critically engage with it. This lays a solid foundation for HSSC and beyond.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 7

Subject Rationale of AKU-EB Mathematics
What will you learn in AKU-EB Mathematics?

Mathematics is not only the language of science, engineering and technology but also of
Economics, Psychology and many other fields of study. Mathematics teaches the core skills
required to function in today’s world.

Most school going students understand the use of basic math in daily life. What they fail to
understand is why they should learn advanced mathematics since they cannot see how
concepts like algebra, matrices, imaginary numbers, and calculus can help them later on in
life.

What you are actually supposed to be learning in mathematics class is the art of problem
reduction by systematic and critical thinking, i.e. starting with a problem and reducing it to a
simpler problem in a way that it becomes easy to solve. Any real life problem can be
accessed and solved through similar mathematical/ logical thinking approach.

The current National Curriculum of Pakistan covers a wide array of topics that provide a
deep conceptual understanding of Mathematics. The AKU-EB syllabus of Mathematics has
enhanced it further by making conceptual connections between topics and improving the
logical flow of concepts.

The AKU-EB Mathematics syllabus focuses on mathematical skills and logical thinking to
help students develop their mathematical skills and understanding. It helps improve students’
ability to apply their content knowledge in new and unexpected situations, rather than on
rote learning. This is significantly evident in application of theorems where students are not
required to reproduce theorems, but to apply them.

Where will it take you?

The AKUEB syllabus of Mathematics will provide conceptual basis for higher studies in
many subjects. For those who pursue mathematics in higher studies, wide career
opportunities are available such as:

• Actuary
• Banker
• Architect
• Musician
• Fashion Designer
• Pharmacologist
• Physical Scientist
• Astronomer, astrologist and navigational scientist
• Graphic designer (Creating 2D and 3D animations)

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 8

How to approach the syllabus?

The concept map of the syllabus gives an overview of the entire syllabus. The topics and the
student learning outcomes (SLOs) guide regarding the details about what has to be achieved.
And finally, the exam specification guides regarding what will be expected in the
examination.

What is the concept map telling you?

BLOSSMING FLOWER OF MATHEMATICS

How many of us know that when we praise the magnificent Pakistan Monument1, we are
actually appreciating mathematics at work? Do you notice the curvatures and symmetry of
the structure? Perhaps, when one realises that mathematics is essentially the study of patterns,
its connection with architecture becomes clearer. Hence, it has been used here to map the
concepts of AKU-EB HSSC Mathematics.

The metallic crescent that runs along the structure represents Reasoning and Logical
Thinking which is the basic competency needed for mathematics. The four petals represent
the four core standards of mathematics. The inner walls of the petals depict the progression of
concepts (from the base to the tip). The three small petals show the conceptual linkage
between all the competencies. Hence, the blooming flower represents the progression of
topics in mathematics. The heart (centre) of the monument is a pentagram, i.e., a five-pointed
star formed by drawing a continuous line in five straight segments, which represents
excellence in principles of the nature/ universe. The destiny of every mathematician!

1
The Pakistan Monument is located in Islamabad and was designed by Arif Masoud and constructed by
Ministry of Culture, Pakistan. The original structure has a specific cultural interpretation and significance.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 9

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 10
 Student Learning Outcomes of AKU-EB HSSC Mathematics Syllabus
Part I (Grade XI)

Cognitive Level2
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
1. Complex Numbers Students should be able to:
1.1 Complex Numbers 1.1.1 describe the complex number z represented by an expression of *
the form z = a + ib into the form (a, b) and vice versa, where
a and b are real numbers and i = − 1 ;
1.1.2 mention a as real part and b as imaginary part of z = a + ib; *
1.1.3 apply the condition of equality of complex numbers to solve *
problems;
1.1.4 apply four basic operations (addition, subtraction, *
multiplication and division) on complex numbers;
1.1.5 state z = a − ib , the complex conjugate of z = a + ib; *
1.1.6 calculate z = a + b , the absolute value or modulus of a
2 2
*
complex number z = a + ib;

1.2 Properties of Complex 1.2.1 describe the properties of complex numbers (commutative, *
Numbers associative and distributive with respect to addition and
multiplication);
1.2.2 find the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse of a
*
complex number;

2
K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A = Application and other higher-order cognitive skills CA = Class Activity

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 11

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
1.2.3 prove the following properties of complex numbers: *
a. z = − z = z = − z

b. z = z , z z = z , z1  z2 = z1  z2
2

z  z
c. z1 z2 = z1 z2 ,  1  = 1 , z 2  0
 z2  z2
1.2.4 solve problems related to SLO 1.2.3; *
1.2.5 find the real and imaginary parts of the following types of *
complex numbers:
a. (x + iy )n
n
 x1 + iy1
b.   ; x + iy  0
 x2 + iy2 2 2
 
where n = ±1 and n = ± 2;

1.3 Solution of Equations 1.3.1 solve the simultaneous linear equations with complex *
coefficients;
1.3.2 factorise the polynomial P(x), for example: *
a. x 2 + y 2 = (x + iy)( x − iy)
b. x 3 − 3x 2 + x + 5 = (x + 1)(x − 2 − i )(x − 2 + i ) ;
1.3.3 solve quadratic equation pz 2 + qz + r = 0 ; p  0 by completing *
square method, where p, q, r are real numbers and z is a
complex number.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 12

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
2. Matrices and Determinants Students should be able to:
2.1 Matrices 2.1.1 define: *
a. a matrix and its notation
b. order of a matrix
c. equality of two matrices;
2.1.2 describe row matrix, column matrix, square matrix, rectangular *
matrix, zero/ null matrix, identity matrix, scalar matrix and
diagonal matrix;
2.1.3 describe upper triangular matrix, lower triangular matrix, *
transpose of a matrix, symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric
matrix;

2.2 Algebra of Matrices 2.2.1 apply scalar multiplication, addition and subtraction of *
matrices;
2.2.2 apply multiplication of two or more matrices having real and *
complex entries;
2.2.3 verify that the commutative property in matrices *
a. holds under addition
b. does not hold under multiplication, in general;
2.2.4 verify that (AB) t = B t A t *
(Note: For matrices up to order 3 by 3);

2.3 Determinants and Inverse 2.3.1 find the determinant of a square matrix; *
Matrices 2.3.2 find the minor and cofactor of elements of a square matrix of *
order 3 by 3;
2.3.3 define singular and non-singular matrices; *
2.3.4 solve problems related to singular and non-singular matrices; *
2.3.5 find the adjoint of a square matrix of order 3 by 3; *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 13

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
2.3.6 find the inverse of a square matrix by using adjoint method; *
−1 −1 −1 *
2.3.7 verify that (AB) = B A
(Note: For matrices of order 3 by 3);

2.4 Properties of Determinants 2.4.1 explain the properties of determinants; *

2.4.2 evaluate the determinant without expansion (using properties of *
determinants);

2.5 System of Linear Equations 2.5.1 distinguish between homogeneous and non-homogeneous *
linear equations in two and three unknowns;
2.5.2 solve a system of three homogeneous linear equations in three *
unknowns;
2.5.3 solve a system of 3 by 3 non-homogeneous linear equations *
using:
a. matrix inversion method
b. Cramer’s rule.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 14

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
3. Sequence and Series Students should be able to:
3.1 Sequence (progression) 3.1.1 describe sequence (progression) and related terms; *
3.1.2 find the general term when a sequence is given; *
3.1.3 find a particular term of a sequence using the general term; *

3.2 Arithmetic Sequence 3.2.1 describe an arithmetic sequence; *

3.2.2 derive the formula of nth or general term of an arithmetic *
sequence;
3.2.3 solve problems involving arithmetic sequence; *

3.3 Arithmetic Mean 3.3.1 find the arithmetic mean between two numbers; *
3.3.2 find n arithmetic means between two numbers; *

3.4 Arithmetic Series 3.4.1 describe arithmetic series; *

3.4.2 derive the formula of sum of an arithmetic series up to n terms; *
3.4.3 solve problems involving arithmetic series; *
3.5 Geometric Sequence 3.5.1 describe geometric sequence; *
3.5.2 derive the formula of nth or general term of a geometric *
sequence;
3.5.3 solve problems involving geometric sequence; *

3.6 Geometric Mean 3.6.1 find the geometric mean between two numbers; *
3.6.2 find ‘n’ geometric means between two numbers; *

3.7 Geometric Series 3.7.1 describe geometric series; *

3.7.2 find the sum to n terms of a geometric series; *
3.7.3 find the sum of an infinite geometric series; *
3.7.4 convert the recurring decimal into an equivalent common *
fraction;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 15

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
3.7.5 solve problems involving geometric series; *

3.8 Harmonic Sequence 3.8.1 describe harmonic sequence; *

3.8.2 find the nth term of harmonic sequence; *
3.8.3 solve problems involving harmonic sequence; *

3.9 Harmonic Mean 3.9.1 find harmonic mean between two numbers; *
3.9.2 find n harmonic means between two numbers; *
3.9.3 find the relationship between arithmetic, geometric and *
harmonic means.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 16

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
4. Miscellaneous Series Students should be able to:
4.1 Evaluation of 4.1.1 identify sigma notation (∑ ) used to give a concise expression *
 n,  n 2 and n3 4.1.2
for a sum of the values of a variable;
find the sum of the: *
a. first n natural numbers (  n )
b. squares of the first n natural numbers (n ) 2

c. cubes of the first n natural numbers (  n ); 3

solve problems involving (  n ),(  n ),(  n ).

2 3
*
4.1.3

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 17

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
5. Permutation, Combination and
Students should be able to:
Probability
5.1 Factorial of a Natural Number 5.1.1 explain the concept of the product of the first n natural *
numbers as n! (Kramp’s factorial) and the fact that 0! = 1;

5.2 Counting Techniques 5.2.1 apply the fundamental principle of counting in different *
(Fundamental Principle of situations;
Counting, Permutation and 5.2.2 construct tree diagram using the fundamental principle of *
Combination) counting;
5.2.3 explain the meaning of permutation ( n Pr ) of n different *
objects taken r at a time;
5.2.4 solve problems related to n Pr ; *
5.2.5 find the arrangement of different objects around a circle; *
5.2.6 explain the meaning of combination ( nCr ) of n different *
objects taken r at a time;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 18

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
5.2.7 prove that, for any positive integers n and r, where n  r : *
n n
a.   =   = 1
n 0
n  n  n  n 
b.   =  ,   =   = n
 r   n − r   1   n − 1
 n   n   n + 1
c.   +   =   ;
 r   r − 1  r 
5.2.8 solve problems involving combination; *

5.3 Probability 5.3.1 describe the following terms: *

a. statistical experiment
b. sample space and event
c. mutually exclusive and mutually inclusive
(non-exclusive) events
d. equally likely events
e. dependent and independent events
f. simple and compound events;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 19

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
5.3.2 apply the formula to find the probability of an event E, *
n( E )
i.e. P( E ) = , 0  P( E )  1 ;
n( S )
5.3.3 find probability in simple cases; *
5.3.4 find the probability of the occurrence of an event using Venn *
diagram, tree diagram and probability tree diagram (with and
without replacement);
5.3.5 define the conditional probability; *
5.3.6 describe the law of addition of probability *
P( A  B ) = P( A) + P(B ) − P( A  B ), where A and B are two
non-exclusive events;
5.3.7 describe that P( A  B ) = P( A) + P(B ), where A and B are *
mutually exclusive events;
5.3.8 describe the law of multiplication of probability *
P( A  B) = P( A)  P( B | A) or P( A  B) = P( B)  P( A | B) ,
where P(B | A) and P(A | B) are conditional probabilities and A
and B are dependent events;
5.3.9 describe the law of multiplication of probability *
P( A  B) = P( A)  P( B) , where A and B are independent
events;
5.3.10 solve problems related to SLOs from 5.3.3 to 5.3.9. *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 20

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
6. Mathematical Induction and
Students should be able to:
Binomial Theorem
6.1 Mathematical Induction 6.1.1 describe the principle of mathematical induction; *
6.1.2 prove the statements, identities and formulae using the *
principle of mathematical induction;
(Note: Questions involving inequalities are not included
for example: n 2 > n + 3 for integral values of n ≥ 3);

6.2 Binomial Theorem 6.2.1 find the expansion of (x + y ) n using Pascal’s triangle for *
positive integral values of n  5 ;
6.2.2 derive binomial theorem for positive integral index; *
6.2.3 expand (x + y ) n , where x + y is any binomial expression, *
using binomial theorem and find its general term;
6.2.4 find the specified term in the expansion of (x + y ) n ; *

6.3 Binomial Series 6.3.1 expand (x + y ) n where n is a positive integer and extend this *
result for all rational values of n;
6.3.2 expand (x + y ) n in ascending powers of x where n is a *
negative integer or a fraction;
6.3.3 explain the convergence of (x + y ) n for x  1 where n is a *
rational number;
6.3.4 determine the approximate values of the binomial expansions *
having indices as fractions.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 21

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
7. Quadratic Equations Students should be able to:
7.1 Solution of Quadratic Equation 7.1.1 describe quadratic equation in standard form; *
(Revision of the work done in 7.1.2 solve a quadratic equation in one variable by: *
previous classes) a. factorisation method
b. completing square method
c. using quadratic formula;

7.2 Solution of Equation Reducible 7.2.1 solve equations reducible to quadratic equation in one variable *
to Quadratic Equation in one of the following forms:
Variable a. ax 2n + bx n + c = 0, a  0
b. ( x + a) ( x + b) ( x + c) ( x + d ) = k , where a + b = c + d
c. exponential equations (e.g. a 2 x − b.a x+2 + k = 0 )
d. reciprocal equations (e.g. ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + bx + a = 0 )
e.
i. l (ax 2 + bx ) + m ax 2 + bx + c = 0
ii. x+a + x+b = x+c ;
(check extraneous roots if any by substitution)
(Note: a, b, c and d are real numbers);

7.3 Nature of the Roots of a 7.3.1 define discriminant ( b2 − 4ac ) of the quadratic equation *
Quadratic Equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0; a  0 ;
7.3.2 determine the nature of roots of a given quadratic equation; *

7.4 Cube and Fourth Roots of Unity 7.4.1 identify complex cube roots of unity, i.e.  and  2 ; *
and their Properties

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 22

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
7.4.2 find the cube roots of unity and other numbers, e.g. 8,  27 , *
etc.;
7.4.3 prove the properties of cube roots of unity; *
7.4.4 solve problems related to properties of cube roots of unity; *
7.4.5 find fourth roots of unity and other numbers, e.g. 16, 81, etc. ; *
7.4.6 describe the properties of fourth roots of unity; *

7.5 Roots and Coefficient of a 7.5.1 find the relationship between the roots and the coefficient of a *
Quadratic Equation quadratic equation;
7.5.2 find the sum and product of the roots of a given quadratic *
equation without solving it;
7.5.3 solve problems based on the sum and product of roots; *
7.5.4 find the value(s) of unknown(s) involved in a given quadratic *
equation when
a. sum of roots is equal to the product of roots
b. sum of the squares of roots is equal to a given number
c. roots differ by a given number
d. roots satisfy a given relation (e.g. the relation
2 + 5 = 7 and  =  , where  and  are the
roots of given equation)
e. both sum and product of roots are equal to a given
number.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 23

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
7.6 Formation of Quadratic 7.6.1 describe the formula: *
Equation x 2 − (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0 to find a
quadratic equation from the given roots;
7.6.2 find a quadratic equation whose roots are given; *
7.6.3 find a quadratic equation whose roots, for example, are: *
a. 2 + 1, 2 + 1
b.  2 ,  2
1 1
c. ,
 
 
d. ,
 
1 1
e.  +  , +
 
f.  ,  , etc.;
3 3

where  and  are the roots of a given quadratic equation;

7.7 Synthetic Division 7.7.1 solve problems related to remainder and factor theorem; *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 24

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
7.7.2 apply synthetic division to: *
a. find the quotient and remainder when a given
polynomial is divided by linear polynomial
b. find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the factors of a
polynomial are given
c. solve a cubic equation if one root of the equation is
given.
d. solve a bi-quadratic (quartic) equation if two of the real
roots of the equation are given;

7.8 Simultaneous Equations 7.8.1 solve system of two equations in two variables when: *
a. one equation is linear and the other is quadratic
b. both the equations are quadratic;

7.9 Applications of Quadratic 7.9.1 solve word problems related to quadratic equations. *
Equations

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 25

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
8. Introduction to Trigonometry and
Students should be able to:
Trigonometric Identities
8.1 Trigonometric Ratios 8.1.1 describe quadrants and quadrantal angles; *
8.1.2 identify signs of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants; *
8.1.3 find the values of remaining trigonometric ratios if one of the *
trigonometric ratios is given;

8.2 Trigonometric Identities 8.2.1 prove the following fundamental trigonometric identities *
a. sin 2  + cos 2  = 1
b. 1 + tan 2  = sec 2 
c. 1 + cot 2  = cos ec 2  ;
8.2.2 prove different trigonometric relations using trigonometric *
identities;

8.3 Fundamental Law of 8.3.1 find the distance between two points using distance formula; *
Trigonometry 8.3.2 prove the fundamental law of trigonometry by using distance *
formula cos ( −  ) = cos  cos  + sin  sin  ;
8.3.3 prove the following using fundamental law of trigonometry: *
a. cos(  +  ) = cos  cos  − sin  sin 
b. sin(  ±  ) = sin  cos  ± cos  sin 
tan   tan 
c. tan (   ) = ;
1  tan  tan 
8.3.4 solve problems related to fundamental law of trigonometry and *
its deductions;

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 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
8.4 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied 8.4.1 define allied angles; *
Angles 8.4.2 derive trigonometric ratios of allied angles using fundamental *
law and its deductions;
8.4.3 convert a sin   b cos in the form r sin(   ) where *
a = r cos and b = r sin  ;
8.5 Double, Half and Triple Angle 8.5.1 derive double angle, half angle and triple angle identities from *
Identities fundamental law and its deductions;
8.5.2 prove different trigonometric relations using identities *
mentioned in SLO 8.5.1;

8.6 Sum, Difference and Product of 8.6.1 convert the product of sine and cosine into sum or difference *
Sine and Cosine and vice versa;
8.6.2 apply the sum or difference (of sine and cosine) as products (of *
sine and cosine) and vice versa.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 27

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
9. Application of Trigonometry Students should be able to:
9.1 Solution of Triangles 9.1.1 solve a right-angled triangle when length of: *
a. two sides are given
b. one side and one angle are given;
9.1.2 describe oblique triangle; *
9.1.3 prove the: *
a. law of cosines
b. law of sines
c. law of tangents;
9.1.4 deduce half angle formulae by using laws mentioned in *
SLO 9.1.3;
9.1.5 solve problems related to SLOs from 9.1.1 to 9.1.4; *

9.2 Area of Triangles 9.2.1 derive the formulae for the area of a triangle when length of *
a. two sides and their included angle are given
b. one side and two angles are given
c. three sides are given (Heron’s formula);
9.2.2 apply the above formulae to find the area of a triangle; *

9.3 Circles Connected with Triangle 9.3.1 illustrate circum-circle, in-circle and escribed-circle; *
9.3.2 derive the formula for: *
a. circum-radius
b. in-radius
c. escribed-radii;
9.3.3 find the circum-radius, in-radius and escribed radii using the *
formulae mentioned in SLO 9.3.2;
9.3.4 deduce different identities using the formulae mentioned in *
SLO 9.2.1 and 9.3.2.

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 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
10. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions,
Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Students should be able to:
Solution of Trigonometric Equations
10.1 Period of Trigonometric 10.1.1 find the domain and range of the trigonometric functions; *
Functions 10.1.2 distinguish between even and odd trigonometric functions; *
10.1.3 describe the period of trigonometric functions; *
10.1.4 find the period of trigonometric functions by definition; *
10.1.5 find the maximum and minimum values (amplitude) of a given *
function of the following types:
a. a + b sin  ,
b. a + b cos ,
c. a + b sin (c + d ) ,
d. a + b cos(c + d ) , where a, b, c and d are real numbers;

10.2 Graphs of Trigonometric 10.2.1 discuss the shapes of the graphs of sine, cosine and tangent *
Functions function;
10.2.2 draw the graphs of the six basic trigonometric functions within *
the domain − 2 to 2 ;
10.2.3 discuss the graphical behaviour of even and odd trigonometric *
functions;
10.2.4 sketch the trigonometric functions of the form a sin b , *
a cos b and a tan b , where a and b are integers;
10.2.5 discuss the effects of periodicity on the graphs of trigonometric *
function;

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 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
10.2.6 draw the graphs of trigonometric functions of the form *
a sin b , a cosb and a tan b , where a and b are real
numbers;
10.2.7 find period, minimum and maximum (amplitude) values using *
graph of trigonometric functions;
10.2.8 describe the following properties: *
a. periodic property sin(  ± 2 ) = sin 
b. odd property sin(– θ) = – sin θ
c. translation property sin ( −  ) = − sin  and
sin ( −  ) = sin  ;

10.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 10.3.1 describe principal trigonometric functions and inverse *
trigonometric functions;
10.3.2 find domain and range of principal trigonometric function and *
inverse trigonometric function;
10.3.3 draw the graph of inverse trigonometric functions; *
10.3.4 prove addition and subtraction formulae of inverse *
trigonometric functions;
10.3.5 verify related identities using addition and subtraction *
formulae of inverse trigonometric functions;
10.4 Solution of General 10.4.1 solve trigonometric equations of the type sin  = k, cos  = k *
Trigonometric Equations and tan θ = k where k is constant, using periodic, even, odd
and translation properties;
10.4.2 find general solution of a trigonometric equation and discard *
extraneous roots taking into account the period of the
trigonometric function;
10.4.3 find the solution set of trigonometric equation graphically. *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 30

Part II (Grade XII)
Cognitive Level
Topics and Subtopics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
11. MAPLE Students should be able to:
11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 explain MAPLE integrated development environment; CA
11.1.2 identify basic MAPLE commands; CA
11.1.3 apply MAPLE as a calculator; CA
11.1.4 use online MAPLE help; CA

11.2 Polynomials 11.2.1 apply MAPLE commands to: CA

a. find the factors of a polynomial
b. expand an expression
c. simplify an expression
d. simplify a rational expression
e. find the value of an expression by substituting value;

11.3 Graphics 11.3.1 apply MAPLE commands to: CA

a. plot a two-dimensional graph
b. demonstrate domain and range of a plot
c. sketch parametric equations
d. use plotting options;

11.4 Matrices 11.4.1 identify matrix and vector entry arrangement through MAPLE; CA
11.4.2 apply matrix operations; CA
11.4.3 find the inverse and transpose of a matrix. CA

NOTE:
MAPLE exercises can be used as Classroom Activities (CA).
MAPLE is given zero weightage in examinations as per the National Curriculum Wing (Ministry of Education) of Pakistan.

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 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
12. Functions and Limits Students should be able to:
12.1 Functions 12.1.1 describe the concept and notation of a function, its domain, *
codomain and range;
12.1.2 find the value of a function for given values of dependent and *
independent variables;

12.2 Inverse Functions 12.2.1 describe inverse of a function and its notation; *
12.2.2 find the inverse of a function and its domain and range; *

12.3 Graph of Functions 12.3.1 distinguish between linear, quadratic and square root
*
functions;
12.3.2 draw the graph of modulus function of the form y = x *
and y = c  | x  a |  b , where a and b are rational numbers;
12.3.3 find the domain and range of a function through graph; *

12.4 Composition of Functions 12.4.1 describe the composition of functions and notation used for *
composition of functions;
12.4.2 find the composition of two functions; *
12.4.3 find the corresponding values of composite functions for *
given values of a variable;

12.5 Inverse of Composition of 12.5.1 describe the inverse function of a composite function; *
Functions 12.5.2 find inverse of a composite function; *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 32

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
12.6 Types of Functions 12.6.1 state algebraic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, *
exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions;
12.6.2 distinguish between *
a. explicit and implicit functions
b. even and odd functions;
12.6.3 describe parametric representation of functions; *

12.7 Graphical Representations 12.7.1 interpret the graph/ sketch of: *

a. explicitly defined functions like y = f ( x ) where
f (x ) = e x , f (x ) = a x , f (x ) = log a x, f (x ) = log e x or
ln x ;
b. implicitly defined relations such as x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and
x2 y2
+ = 1 (vertical line test)
a2 b2
c. parametric equations of functions such as x = at 2 ,
y = 2at , x = a sec , y = b tan 
d. piecewise functions, for example
x when 0  x 1
y= ;
 x − 1 when 1  x  2
12.7.2 apply MAPLE graphic commands for two-dimensional plot of: CA
a. an expression (or a function)
b. parametric form of a function
c. implicit function, by restricting domain and range;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 33

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
12.7.3 apply MAPLE package plots for plotting different types of CA
functions;

12.8 Limit of a Function 12.8.1 describe the following terms: *

a. open interval
b. closed interval
c. half open and half closed intervals;
12.8.2 represent the following on a number line: *
a. open interval
b. closed interval
c. half open and half closed intervals;
12.8.3 describe the phrases: *
a. x tends to zero ( x → 0)
b. x tends to a ( x → a )
c. x tends to infinity (x →  ) ;
12.8.4 describe the limit of a sequence; *
12.8.5 find the limit of a sequence whose nth term is given; *
12.8.6 describe the limit of a function; *
12.8.7 state the theorems of limits for sum, difference, power, product *
and quotient of functions;
12.8.8 apply theorems to find the limit of a function; *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 34

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
12.9 Important Limits 12.9.1 evaluate the limits of functions of the following forms: *
xn − an x−a
a. , when ( x → a )
x−a x− a
x
 1
b. 1 +  when ( x →  )
 x
1 x + a − a a x − 1 (1 + x )n − 1
c. (1 + x ) x ,
sin x
, , , and
x x x x
when ( x → 0 ) ;
12.9.2 evaluate limits of different algebraic, exponential, logarithmic *
and trigonometric functions;
12.9.3 apply MAPLE command limit to evaluate the limit of a CA
function;

12.10 Continuous and Discontinuous 12.10.1 illustrate left hand and right hand limits with examples to *
Functions decide the existence and non-existence of limit of a function;
12.10.2 describe the continuity of a function at a point and in an *
interval;
12.10.3 find the continuity and discontinuity of a function at a point *
and in an interval;
12.10.4 apply MAPLE command iscont to test continuity of a function CA
at a point and in a given interval.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 35

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
13. Differentiation Students should be able to:
13.1 Derivative of a Function 13.1.1 distinguish between independent and dependent variables; *
13.1.2 find approximate value of corresponding change in the *
dependent variable when independent variable is increased or
decreased;
13.1.3 explain the concept of rate of change; *
13.1.4 distinguish between the average rate of change and the *
instantaneous rate of change;
13.1.5 solve problems based on the average rate of change and the *
instantaneous rate of change;
13.1.6 describe the derivative or differential coefficient of a function *
as an instantaneous rate of change of dependent variable with
respect to independent variable and its notation for derivatives;
13.1.7 find the derivative of y = x n , where n  Z (the set of integers) *

and y = (ax + b )n , where n = and p, q are integers such that

p
q

q 0, by definition or by ab-initio or from first principles;
13.1.8 find the derivative of algebraic functions by using direct *
method (power rule);

13.2 Theorems on Differentiation 13.2.1 find the derivative of: *

and their Applications a. any constant multiple of a function
b. sum (or difference) of two functions
c. product of two functions
d. quotient of two functions;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 36

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
13.3 Chain Rule dy dy du
13.3.1 prove chain rule e.g. =  when y = f (u), u = g(x) *
dx du dx
dy 1
and = ;
dx dx
dy
13.3.2 solve problems related to chain rule; *
13.3.3 apply the chain rule to show that *
d n −1 d
 f ( x )  = n  f ( x )  f ( x) ;
n

dx dx
13.3.4 find the derivative of implicit functions; *

13.4 Differentiation of 13.4.1 find the derivative of trigonometric functions by first *

Trigonometric and Inverse principles;
Trigonometric Functions 13.4.2 find the derivative of trigonometric functions using direct *
method;
13.4.3 find the derivative of inverse trigonometric functions using *
formulae;

13.5 Differentiation of Exponential 13.5.1 find the derivative of e x and a x by first principles ; *
and Logarithmic Functions 13.5.2 find the derivative of lnx and log a x from first principles; *
13.5.3 find the derivative of exponential and logarithmic functions by *
using direct method;
13.5.4 find the derivative of algebraic expressions involving product, *
quotient and power by using laws of logarithm;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 37

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
13.6 Differentiation of Hyperbolic 13.6.1 find the derivative of: *
and Inverse Hyperbolic a. hyperbolic functions
Functions (sinh x, cosh x, tanh x, cosech x, sech x and coth x);
b. inverse hyperbolic functions
sinh −1 x, cosh −1 x, tanh−1 x, cosech−1 x, sec h −1 x, and
coth −1 x);
13.6.2 apply MAPLE command diff to differentiate a function. CA

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 38

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
14. Higher Order Derivatives and its
Students should be able to:
Applications
14.1 Higher Order Derivatives 14.1.1 find the higher order derivatives of algebraic, trigonometric, *
exponential and logarithmic functions;
14.1.2 find the second derivative of implicit, inverse trigonometric *
and parametric functions;
14.1.3 apply MAPLE command diff repeatedly to find higher order CA
derivative of a function;

14.2 Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s 14.2.1 state Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s theorems; *
Expansions 14.2.2 apply these theorems to expand sinx, cosx, tanx, a x , e x , *
log a (1 + x ) and ln (1 + x ) ;
14.2.3 apply MAPLE command taylor to find Taylor’s expansion for CA
a given function;

14.3 Application of Derivatives 14.3.1 find the angle of intersection of the two curves; *
14.3.2 find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve at a given *
point;
14.3.3 interpret geometrical interpretation of derivative; *
14.3.4 find the point on a curve where the tangent is parallel to the *
given line;
14.3.5 describe the second derivative rule to find the extreme values *
of a function at a point;
14.3.6 apply second derivative rule to examine a given function for *
extreme values;
14.3.7 solve word problems related to extreme values; *
14.3.8 apply MAPLE command maximize and minimize to compute CA
the maximum and minimum value of a function.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 39

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
15. Partial Fractions Students should be able to:
15.1 Proper and Improper Rational 15.1.1 distinguish between proper and improper rational fractions; *
Fractions

15.2 Resolution of Fractions into 15.2.1 explain the meaning of partial fractions; *
Partial Fractions *
into partial fractions when denominator Q( x )
P( x)
15.2.2 convert
Q( x)
has:
a. non repeated linear factors
b. repeated linear factors
c. non repeated irreducible quadratic factors
d. repeated irreducible quadratic factors
e. combination of cases a. b. c. and d.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 40

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
16. Integration Students should be able to:
16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 describe: *
a. the concept of the integral as an accumulator
(continuous sum)
b. integration as inverse process of differentiation
c. the reason of using constant of integration;
16.1.2 find the indefinite integrals to relate simple standard integrals *
formula with standard differentiation formulae;

16.2 Rules of Integration 16.2.1 describe the following rules of integration: *

a.   f (x )dx =
d
dx

d
dx 

f (x ) dx = f (x ) + c
where c is the constant of integration
b. the integral of the product of a constant and a function
is the product of the constant and the integral of the
function
c. the integral of the sum of a finite number of functions
is equal to the sum of their integrals;
16.2.2 prove the results for the following integrals by using the *
standard differentiation formulae :
a.   f (x ) f ' (x ) dx,
n

f ' (x )
b.  f (x ) dx,
 e af (x ) + f ' (x )dx
ax
c.
16.2.3 evaluate indefinite integrals; *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 41

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
16.3 Integration by Substitution 16.3.1 explain the method of integration by substitution; *
16.3.2 evaluate indefinite integrals using appropriate substitutions; *
16.3.3 apply the method of substitution to evaluate the integrals of *
the following types:
dx dx
a.  2 ,  a 2 − x 2 dx,  ,
a −x 2
a2 − x2
dx dx
b.  2 ,  a 2 + x 2 dx,  ,
a +x 2
x + a2
2

dx dx
c.  2 ,  x 2 − a 2 dx,  ;
x −a 2
x2 − a2

16.4 Integration by Parts 16.4.1 write the formula of integration by parts; *

16.4.2 apply the method of integration by parts to evaluate the *
integrals of the following types:
 a 2 − x 2 dx ,  a 2 + x 2 dx ,  x 2 − a 2 dx ;
16.4.3 evaluate integrals using integration by parts; *

16.5 Integration using Partial f (x ) *

16.5.1 find  g (x ) dx using partial fractions where f ( x ) and g ( x )
Fractions
are algebraic functions such that g ( x )  0 .

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 42

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
16.6 Definite Integrals 16.6.1 define definite integral; *
16.6.2 describe the fundamental theorem of integral calculus to *
recognise the following basic properties:
a
a. a f (x )dx = 0,
b a
b. a f (x )dx = − b f (x ) dx,
b c b

c. a f (x )dx = a f (x )dx + c f (x )dx, a  c  b,

 a
2 f ( x) dx when f (− x ) = f ( x )
d.  f (x )dx =  0
a
;
−a 0 when f (− x ) = − f (x )

16.6.3 evaluate definite integrals; *
16.6.4 describe the definite integral as the area under the curve with *
respect to x-axis;
16.6.5 calculate the area under the curve using definite integrals; *
16.7 Differential Equations 16.7.1 explain the concept of ordinary differential equation (ODE), *
order and degree of differential equation;
16.7.2 solve differential equations of first order and first degree by *
separating the variables;
16.7.3 solve word problems related to differentiation and integration, *
e.g. finding displacement from velocity, etc;
16.7.4 use MAPLE command int to evaluate definite and indefinite CA
integrals.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 43

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
17. Plane Analytic Geometry (Straight
Students should be able to:
Line)
17.1 Division of a Line Segment 17.1.1 derive distance formula between two points given in Cartesian *
plane;
17.1.2 calculate the distance between two points given in Cartesian *
plane using distance formula;
17.1.3 calculate the coordinates of a point that divides the line *
segment in a given ratio (internally and externally);
17.1.4 solve related problems using distance formula and ratio *
formula;
17.1.5 prove that the medians and angle bisectors of a triangle are *
concurrent;

17.2 Slope of a Straight Line 17.2.1 define the slope of a line; *

17.2.2 derive the formula for the slope of a line passing through two *
points;
17.2.3 find the slope of a line passing through two points; *
17.2.4 describe the conditions when two straight lines with given *
slopes are:
a. parallel to each other
b. perpendicular to each other;
17.2.5 solve problems related to SLO 17.2.4; *

17.3 Equation of a Straight Line 17.3.1 find the equation of a straight line parallel to: *
Parallel to Coordinate Axes a. y-axis and at a distance of a unit from it
b. x-axis and at a distance of a unit from it where a  R ;

17.4 Standard Form of Equation of a 17.4.1 describe intercepts of a straight line; *

Straight Line

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 44

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
17.4.2 describe equation of a straight line in: *
a. slope-intercept form
b. point-slope form
c. two-point form
d. intercept form
e. normal form
f. symmetric form;
17.4.3 convert the general form of the equation of a straight line into *
the forms mentioned in SLO 17.4.2;
17.4.4 find the equation of straight line when different situtations are *
given;

17.5 Distance of a Point From a Line 17.5.1 determine the position of a point with respect to a line (i.e. *
above or below the line);
17.5.2 calculate the perpendicular distance from a point to the given *
straight line;
17.5.3 find the distance between two parallel lines; *

17.6 Angle Between Lines 17.6.1 find the angle between two coplanar intersecting straight lines; *
17.6.2 find the equation of family of lines passing through the point *
of intersection of two given lines;
17.6.3 calculate angles of the triangle when the slopes of the sides are *
given;

17.7 Concurrency of Straight Lines 17.7.1 find the condition of concurrency of three straight lines; *
17.7.2 find the equation of median, altitude and right bisector of a *
triangle;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 45

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
17.7.3 prove that the following are concurrent in a triangle: *
a. right bisectors
b. medians
c. altitudes;

17.8 Area of a Triangular Region 17.8.1 find the area of a triangular region and hence quadrilateral *
region whose vertices are given;

17.9 Homogenous 17.9.1 describe homogeneous linear equations in two variables; *

Equations 17.9.2 find the equation of the pair of lines represented jointly by the *
2nd degree homogeneous equation ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 ;
17.9.3 discuss the nature of the lines of ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 by *
using the discriminant D = 2 h 2 − ab ;
17.9.4 find the acute angle between a pair of straight lines passing *
through the origin.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 46

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
18. Linear Programming Students should be able to:
18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 describe the terms used in the linear programming; *
18.1.2 describe linear programming as a planning of allocation of *
limited resources
i. to obtain an optimal result;

18.2 Linear Inequalities 18.2.1 explain the concept of algebraic solutions of linear inequalities *
in one variable and represent them on number line;
18.2.2 interpret graphically the linear inequalities in two variables; *
18.2.3 determine graphically the region bounded by, at most 3 *
simultaneous linear inequalities of non-negative variables and
shade the region bounded by them;

18.3 Feasible Region 18.3.1 describe: *

a. linear programming problem
b. objective function
c. problem constraints
d. decision variables;
18.3.2 illustrate graphically the feasible region (or solution space) of *
a linear programing problem;
18.3.3 find the feasible region of linear programing problems; *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 47

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
18.4 Optimal Solution 18.4.1 describe the optimal solution of a linear programing problem; *
18.4.2 find the optimal solution through the following systematic *
procedure:
a. establish the mathematical formulation of linear
programing problems
b. construct a graph
c. identify the feasible region
d. locate the solution points
e. evaluate the objective function
f. select the optimal solution
g. verify the optimal solution by actually substituting
values of variables from the feasible region;
18.4.3 solve simple linear programing problems. *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 48

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
19. Circles Students should be able to
19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 describe conics and demonstrate members of its family, i.e. *
circle, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola;

19.2 Equation of Circle 19.2.1 describe the concept of circle and its related terms; *
19.2.2 derive the equation of a circle in standard form, *
i.e. ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2 ;
19.2.3 describe the general equation of a circle *
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ;
19.2.4 find the centre and radius by using the general and standard *
form of equation of a circle;
19.2.5 sketch a circle when its elements are given; *
19.2.6 find the equation of a circle passing through: *
a. three non-collinear points
b. two points and having its centre on a given line
c. two points and equation of tangent at one of these
points is known
d. two points and touching a given line etc.;
19.2.7 solve problems related to circles; *

19.3 Tangents and Normals 19.3.1 find the condition when a line intersects a circle; *
19.3.2 find the condition when a line touches a circle; *
19.3.3 find the equation of a tangent to a circle in the slope-intercept *
form;
19.3.4 find the equations of a tangent and a normal to a circle *
a. at a point
b. which is parallel to a line
c. which is perpendicular to a line;

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 49

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
19.3.5 calculate the length of tangent to a circle from a given external *
point;
19.3.6 determine whether the point lies inside, on or outside the *
circle;
19.3.7 prove that the two tangents drawn to a circle from an external *
point are equal in length.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 50

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
20. Parabola Students should be able to:
20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 describe parabola and its elements (i.e. focus, directrix, *
eccentricity, vertex, axis, focal chord and latus rectum);

20.2 Equation of a Parabola 20.2.1 derive the general form and standard form of an equation of a *
parabola;
20.2.2 find the elements of a parabola; *
20.2.3 sketch a parabola with given elements; *
20.2.4 find the equation of a parabola with its given elements; *

20.3 Tangents and Normals 20.3.1 find the condition when a line is tangent to a parabola at a *
point;
20.3.2 find the equation of tangent and a normal to a parabola: *
a. at a point
b. which is parallel to a given line
c. which is perpendicular to a given line;

20.4 Uses of Parabola in Daily Life 20.4.1 explain the use of a parabola in daily life (i.e. suspension *
bridges, projectile etc);
20.4.2 solve problems related to parabola. *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 51

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
21. Ellipse Students should be able to:
21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 describe ellipse and its elements (i.e. centre, foci, vertices, *
co-vertices, directrices, major and minor axes, eccentricity,
focal chord and latera recta);
21.1.2 explain the concept that circle is a special case of an ellipse; *
21.2 Equation of an Ellipse 21.2.1 derive the standard form of equation of an ellipse; *
21.2.2 find the equation of an ellipse with its given elements; *
21.2.3 find the elements of ellipse by converting a given equation to *
the standard form;
21.2.4 sketch an ellipse with given elements; *
21.2.5 solve problems related to ellipse; *

21.3 Tangents and Normals 21.3.1 find the points of intersection of an ellipse with a line and the *
condition of tangency;
21.3.2 find the equation of tangent and normal to an ellipse: *
a. at a point
b. which is parallel to a given line
c. which is perpendicular to a given line.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 52

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
22. Hyperbola Students should be able to:
22.1 Introduction 22.1.1 describe hyperbola and its elements (i.e. centre, foci, vertices, *
directrices, transverse and conjugate axes, eccentricity, focal
chord, asymptotes and latera recta);

22.2 Equation of Hyperbola 22.2.1 derive the standard form of equation of a hyperbola; *
22.2.2 find the equation of a hyperbola with its given elements; *
22.2.3 find the elements of hyperbola by converting a given equation *
into the standard form;
22.2.4 sketch a hyperbola when its elements are given; *
22.2.5 solve problems related to hyperbola; *

22.3 Tangents and Normals 22.3.1 find the points of intersection of a hyperbola with a line, *
including the condition of tangency;
22.3.2 find the equation of tangent and normal to a hyperbola: *
a. at a point
b. which is parallel to a given line
c. which is perpendicular to a given line.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 53

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
23. Translation and Rotation Students should be able to:
23.1 Translation and Rotation of 23.1.1 describe translation and rotation of axes with examples; *
Axes 23.1.2 find the equations of transformation for: *
a. translation of axes
b. rotation of axes;
23.1.3 find the transformed equation by using translation or rotation *
of axes;
23.1.4 find the new origin and new axes referred to old origin and *
old axes;
23.1.5 find the angle through which the axes is rotated about the *
origin so that the product term xy is removed from the
transformed equation.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 54

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
24. Vectors Students should be able to:
24.1 Vectors in a Plane 24.1.1 describe scalar and vector quantities with examples; *
24.1.2 describe magnitude of a vector, equal vectors, negative of a *
vector, unit vector, zero/ null vector, position vector, parallel
vectors;
24.1.3 represent a vector geometrically; *
24.1.4 apply concepts of multiplication of a vector by a scalar and *
addition and subtraction of two vectors geometrically;
24.1.5 represent a vector in a Cartesian plane by describing the *
fundamental unit vectors i and j.
24.1.6 find unit vector in the direction of a given vector; *
24.1.7 find the position vector of a point which divides the line *
segment joining two points in a given ratio;
24.1.8 solve problems related to position vector;

24.2 Vectors in Space 24.2.1 describe rectangular coordinates in space; *

24.2.2 represent a vector in space by using the fundamental unit *
vectors i , j and k;
24.2.3 find the distance between two points in space; *
24.2.4 apply concepts of multiplication of a vector by a scalar and *
addition and subtraction of two vectors in three dimensions;
24.2.5 find magnitude of a vector; *
24.2.6 find unit vector in the direction of a given vector; *
24.2.7 prove: *
a. commutative law for vector addition
b. associative law for vector addition;

24.3 Dot or Scalar Product 24.3.1 describe dot or scalar product of two vectors; *
24.3.2 describe the properties of dot or scalar product; *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 55

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
24.3.3 prove that: *
i.i = j.j = k.k = 1
i.j = j.k = k.i = 0;
24.3.4 find dot product of two vectors; *
24.3.5 solve the problems based on the condition of orthogonality of *
two vectors;
24.3.6 describe direction cosines of a vector; *
24.3.7 find direction cosines of a vector; *
24.3.8 prove that the sum of the squares of direction cosines is unity; *
24.3.9 apply dot product to find the angle between two vectors; *
24.3.10 find the projection of a vector along another vector; *
24.3.11 solve problems related to SLOs 24.3.4, 24.3.7 and 24.3.9 ; *

24.4 Cross or Vector Product 24.4.1 describe cross or vector product of two vectors with its *
geometrical illustration;
24.4.2 describe the properties of cross or vector product; *
24.4.3 prove that: *
a. i × i = j × j = k × k = 0
b. i × j = − j × i = k
c. j × k = − k × j = i
d. k × i = − i × k = j;
24.4.4 find cross product of two vectors; *

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 56

 Cognitive Level
Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes
K U A
Students should be able to:
24.4.5 prove that the magnitude of A × B represents the area of a *
parallelogram with adjacent sides A and B;
24.4.6 find condition of parallel vectors of two non-zero vectors; *
24.4.7 solve problems using condition of parallel vectors of two non- *
zero vectors;
24.4.8 prove A × B = −(B × A) with the help of given vectors; *
24.4.9 find angle between two vectors using cross product; *
24.4.10 solve problems related to SLOs 24.4.4 and 24.4.9; *

24.5 Scalar Triple Product 24.5.1 describe scalar triple product of vectors; *
24.5.2 find scalar triple product of vectors; *
24.5.3 prove that: *
a. i. j × k = j.k × i = k.i × j = 1
b. i.k × j = j.i × k = k.j × i = – 1;
24.5.4 prove that dot and cross are inter-changeable in scalar triple *
product;
24.5.5 solve problems related to SLOs 24.5.2 and 24.5.4; *
24.5.6 find the volume of a *
a. parallelepiped
b. tetrahedron;
determined by three given vectors;
24.5.7 find the condition for co-planarity of three vectors; *
24.5.8 solve problems using the condition of co-planarity of three *
vectors.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 57

Scheme of Assessment
Grade XI

Table 1: Number of Student Learning Outcomes by Cognitive Level

Topic No. of SLOs

Topics Total
No. Sub-topics K U A
1. Complex Numbers 3 2 2 10 14

2. Matrices and Determinants 5 2 4 13 19

3. Sequence and Series 9 0 6 21 27

4 Miscellaneous Series 1 0 1 2 3

5. Permutation, Combination and Probability 3 1 8 10 19

6. Mathematical Induction and Binomial

3 0 2 8 10
Theorem
7. Quadratic Equations 9 1 5 16 22

8. Introduction to Trigonometry and

6 1 5 10 16
Trigonometric Identities
9. Application of Trigonometry 3 0 3 8 11
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions,
10. Inverse Trigonometric Functions and 4 0 7 14 21
Solution of Trigonometric Equations
Total 46 7 43 112 162
Percentage 4 27 69 100

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 58

 Table 2: Exam Specifications

Topic
Topics Marks Distribution Total
No.
Marks
MCQs CRQs
Total 4 Marks
1. Complex Number 4 8
(1 CRQ)
Total 6 Marks
2. Matrices and Determinants 8 14
(1 CRQ)

3. Sequence and Series

Total 6 Marks
8 14
(1 CRQ)
4. Miscellaneous Series

Permutation Combination and Total 6 Marks

5. 6 12
Probability (1 CRQ)
Mathematical Induction and Total 6 Marks
6. 4 10
Binomial Theorem (1 CRQ)
6 Marks
7. Quadratic Equations 6 12
Choose any ONE from TWO
Introduction to Trigonometry
8.
and their Identities 10 Marks 20
10
Choose any TWO from THREE
9. Application of Trigonometry

Graph of Trigonometric and

Inverse Trigonometric Total 6 Marks
10. 4 10
Functions and Solution of (1 CRQ)
Trigonometric Equations
Total 50 50 100

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 59

Grade XII

Table 3: Number of Student Learning Outcomes by Cognitive Level

Topic No. of SLOs

Topics Total
No. Sub-topics K U A
11. MAPLE 4 0 0 0 0

12. Functions and Limits 10 2 13 14 29

13. Differentiation 6 0 4 17 21
Higher Order Derivatives and its
14. 3 1 1 9 11
Applications
15. Partial Fractions 2 0 2 1 3

16. Integration 7 2 6 12 20
Plane Analytical Geometry
17. 9 1 5 23 29
(Straight Line)
18. Linear Programming 4 0 5 6 11

19. Circles 3 0 3 12 15

20. Parabola 4 0 2 7 9

21. Ellipse 3 0 2 7 9

22. Hyperbola 3 0 1 7 8

23. Translation and Rotation 1 0 1 4 5

24. Vectors 5 0 12 32 44

Total 65 6 57 151 214

Percentage 3 27 70 100

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 60

 Table 4: Exam Specifications

Topic
Topics Marks Distribution Total
No.
Marks
MCQs CRQs

11. MAPLE -

Total 3 Marks
12. Functions and Limits 4 7
(1 CRQ)
13. Differentiation
Total 5 Marks
8 18
Higher Order Derivative and Choose any TWO from THREE
14.
Application
15. Partial Fractions
Total 5 Marks
8 18
Choose any TWO from THREE
16. Integration

Plane Analytical Geometry Total 4 Marks

17. 10 14
(Straight Line) (1 CRQ)
Total 4 Marks
18. Linear Programming 1 5
(1 CRQ)
Total 4 Marks
19. Circles 4 8
(1 CRQ)
20. Parabola
Total 4 Marks
21. Ellipse 8 16
Choose any TWO from THREE
22. Hyperbola

Total 4 Marks
23. Translation and Rotation 1 5
(1 CRQ)
Total 3 Marks
24. Vectors 6 9
Choose any ONE from TWO
Total 50 50 100

• Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) requires candidates to choose one best/ correct answer
from four options for each question. Each MCQ carries ONE mark.

• Constructed Response Question (CRQ) requires students to respond with a short text
(few phrases/ sentences), calculations or diagrams.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 61

 • Tables 1 and 3 indicate the number and nature of SLOs in each topic in grades IX and
X respectively. This will serve as a guide in the construction of the examination
paper. It also indicates that more emphasis has been given to the Application and
higher order skills (69% in XI and 70% in XII) and Understanding (27% in XI and
27% in XII) to discourage rote memorization. Tables 1 and 3, however, do not
translate directly into marks.

• There will be two examinations, one at the end of grade IX and one at the end of
grade X.

• In each grade, the theory paper will be of 3 hours and will consist of two parts: paper I
and paper II.

• Paper I theory will consist of 50 compulsory, multiple choice items. These questions
will involve four response options.

• Paper II theory will carry 50 marks and consist of a number of compulsory, structured
questions.

• All constructed response questions will be in a booklet which will also serve as an
answer script.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 62

Acknowledgements
Aga Khan University Examination Board (AKU-EB) would like to acknowledge the
contributions of all those who played an important part in the revision of the AKU-EB HSSC
Mathematics syllabus.

We would like to thank Abid Sohail, Lead Specialist, Rabia Nisar, Specialist, Assessment
and Mukhtar Ali Khan, Specialist, Mathematics, AKU-EB for taking the subject lead
during the entire process of revising the Mathematics syllabus and Examination Specification
2023.

We are particularly thankful to the syllabus revision panel for their time, commitment and
effort in revising the syllabus. The panel included:

• Muhammad Zafar Ullah

DJ Sindh Government Science College, Karachi

• Umair Khan
Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Karachi

• Sanaullah Khan
Engro Chemical College, Daharki

We also thank the following post-revision reviewers for their feedback on relevance of the
content, skills and resources of the syllabus:

• Qamar-un-Nisa
Nusrat Jahan Girls College, Chanab Nagar

Furthermore, we thank the following for reviewing the syllabus for higher education
preparedness, ensuring that the syllabus includes adequate skills and content to effectively
prepare students for the next level of education.

• Dr Mirza Mahmood Baig

Chairman, Mathematics Department
NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 63

In-house Team

• Final Reviewer and Advisor: Dr Shehzad Jeeva

CEO, AKU-EB

• Mentor and Guide for Syllabi Review: Dr Naveed Yousuf

Former Associate Director, Assessment

• Syllabi Review Lead: Raabia Hirani

Manager, Curriculum Development

• Syllabi Review Facilitators:

Banazeer Yaqoob, Former Associate, Curriculum Development
Dur Nasab, Associate, Curriculum Development
Mahrukh Jiwa, Specialist, Middle School Programme

• Internal Reviewer: Zain-ul-Muluk

Manager, Examination Development

• Learning Resources Reviewer:

Aamna Pasha, Former Associate Director, Teacher Development, and team
Ali Bijani, Manager, Teacher Support and Team

• Administrative Support:
Hanif Shariff, Associate Director, Operations
Raheel Sadruddin, Manager, Administration, and team

• Syllabi Feedback Data Analysts:

Tooba Farooqui, Former Lead Specialist, Assessment
Muhammad Kashif, Former Specialist, Assessment

• Language Reviewer: Mehek Ali

Former Specialist, Assessment

• Design Support:
Karim Shallwanee, Former Associate, Communications
Hatim Yousuf, Specialist, Communications

We would like to thank the students and teachers of affiliated schools from across Pakistan
who gave their valuable feedback at various stages of the review process.

We also thank Shahid Arwani, Assistant AKU-EB, Tabassum Ali, Senior Assistant, AKU-
EB and Anusha Aslam, Former Assistant, AKU-EB, for data compilation and formatting. In
addition, we thank Noshaba Hameed, Assistant AKU-EB, Ammara Dawood and Lubna
Anis for their support during formatting.

Aga Khan University Examination Board Mathematics HSSC Syllabus 2022 64