LEVEL 1: AI INFORMED (AI FOUNDATIONS) TEACHER INSTRUCTION MANUAL

INDEX

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION: AI FOR EVERYONE………………… Page 2 - 37

UNIT 2: AI APPLICATIONS & METHODOLOGIES……………. Page 38 – 76

UNIT 3: MATH FOR AI…………………………………………………… Page 77 - 128

UNIT 4: AI VALUES (ETHICAL DECISION MAKING)………… Page 129 - 139

UNIT 5: INTRODUCTION TO STORYTELLING…………………. Page 140 - 150

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Unit 1: Introduction: Artificial intelligence for Everyone

Title: Introduction – AI for everyone Approach: Interactive/ Collaborative /

Activity

Summary:

The imminent world that forecasts the future era is different from the one we can predict and
see today. Artificial Intelligence is the driving force that will lead the future generations. Self-
driving cars, widespread automation, robotic gadgets will become an integral part of day to
day life of the human race. Trade, work, professions, employment will see a massive
transformation. Fast adaptability is crucial for the forthcoming cohort as they will be widely
affected by this change. We the mentors shoulder this responsibility to equip them to handle
the future tools with care and intellectual pride.
We are confident that the prospective children will empower themselves for future to come
and will understand key concepts underlying this new technology- AI.
What is AI? This unit will lay down the foundations of AI by discussing its history and setting
ground for forthcoming units.
Objective:
1. Understand the definition of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
2. Evaluate the impact of AI on society
3. Unfold the AI terminology - Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Supervised
Learning, Un-supervised Learning etc.
4. Understand the strengths and limitations of AI and ML
5. Identify the difference between AI on one side and Machine Learning (ML), Deep
Learning (DL) on other

Learning Outcome:
1. To get introduced to the basics of AI and its allied technologies
2. To understand the impact of AI on society
Pre-requisites: Reasonable fluency in English language and basic computer skills
Key Concepts: Artificial Intelligence (AI) , Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)

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1. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1. What movies have you seen about artificial intelligence?

2. How intelligent will artificial intelligence become by 2030, any guess?

3. At present, in what activities are computers better at than humans?

4. At present, in what activities are human better at than computers?

So, how do we define Artificial Intelligence [AI?]

AI is a technique that facilitates a machine to perform all cognitive functions such as perceiving, learning
and reasoning that are otherwise performed by humans.

“The Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent Computer programs
is Artificial intelligence” –JOHN MC CARTHY [Father of AI]

The yardstick to achieve true AI still seems decades away. Computers execute certain tasks way better
than humans e.g.: Sorting, computing, memorizing, indexing, finding patterns etc. While identifying of

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emotions, recognising faces, communication and conversation are unbeatable human skills. This is
where AI will play a crucial role to enable machines achieving equalling human capabilities.

World Famous AI Machines [naming a few of them]:

 IBM Watson (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_wgf75GwCM )

 Google’s Driverless car (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE)

 Sophia, the humanoid Robot (https://www.youtubeom/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE)

 The assistant / Chabot - Alexa, Siri, Google’s Home

 Honda Asimo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1urL_X_vp7w)

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 Boston Dynamics AI Robot (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NR32ULxbjYc)

Activity

Let’s get imaginative and create an intelligent motorbike. It is the year 2030, add features to create a
machine that races against time.

_________________________________________________________________________________

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2. History of AI

In 1950’s
The modern-day AI got impetus since 50s of the previous centuries, once Alan Turning introduced
“Turning Test” for assessment of intelligence.

In 1955
John McCarthy known as the founder of Artificial Intelligence introduced the term ‘Artificial
Intelligence’. McCarthy along with Alan Turing, Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Marvin Minsky too
has the greatest contribution to present day machine intelligence. Alan suggested that if humans use
accessible information, as well as reason, to solve problems to make decisions – then why can’t it be
done with the help of machines?
In 1970’s
70 s saw an upsurge of computer era. These machines were much quicker, affordable and stowed more
information. They had an amazing character to think abstract, could self-recognize and accomplished
natural language processing.
In 1980’s
These were the years that saw flow of funds for research and algorithmic tools. The learning skills were
enhanced and computers improved with deeper user experience.
In 2000’s
Many unsuccessful attempts, Alas! The technology was successfully established by years 2000.The
milestones were realised, that needed to be accomplished. AI could somehow manage to thrive despite
lack of government funds and public appreciation.

(Image Source: www.data-flair.com)

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3. Machine Learning

Example 1:

Let’s play a game. Find the missing number

2, 4, 8, 16, 32,?

And I am sure, you would have guessed the correct answer which is 64. But how did you arrive at 64?
This calculation must have taken place inside your brain cells and the technique you used to decipher
this puzzle, has actually helped you to decode Machine Learning (ML).

That’s exactly the kind of behaviour that we are trying to teach the machines. ‘Learn from experience’
is what we want machines to acquire.

Example 2:

Let us take another example from Cricket. Assume you are the batsman facing a baller. By looking at the
baller’s body movement and action, you predict and move either left or right to hit the ball. But if the
baller throws a straight ball, what will you do? Apart from the baller’s body movement, you also try to
find out the patterns in baller’s bowling habit, that after 2 consecutive left side balls, he/she throws a
straight ball and you prepare yourself to face the next ball. So what you are doing is learning from past
experience in order to perform better in the future.
When a computer does this, it is called Machine Learning. You let the computer to learn from its past
experience / data.

Example 3:

Now let us go for a slightly more complicated example:

I am Mr. XYZ and I want to buy a house. I try to calculate how much I need to save monthly for that. I
did my research work and got to know that a new house would cost me anything between Rs. 30 Lakh
to Rs. 100 Lakh. A 5-year old house would cost me between Rs. 20 Lakh to 50 Lakh, a house in Delhi
would cost me ......and buying a house in Mumbai would be ......and so on.

Now my brain starts working and suddenly I am able to make out a pattern:

 So, the price of the house depends on its age, location, built up area, facilities, depreciation
(which means that price could drop by Rs. 2 Lakh every year, but it would not go below Rs. 20
Lakh.)
 In machine learning terms, Mr. XYZ has stumbled upon regression – he predicted a value (price)
based on the available historical data. People do it all the time, when trying to estimate a
reasonable cost for a used phone or a car or figure out how many cakes to buy for a birthday
party, which might be 200 grams per person, so how many kilograms for a party of 50 persons?

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Let's get back to the pricing of the house. The problem is that the construction dates are different,
dozens of options are available, locations are multiple, seasonal demands spike, and an array of many
more hidden factors.

Humans may not be able to keep all that data in mind, while calculating the price for prospective houses.
So we need robots to do the mathematics for us. Let’s go the computational way and provide the
machine some data and ask it to find all hidden patterns related to the price, and it works! The most
exciting thing is that a machine copes with this task much better than a real person does when carefully
analysing all the dependencies in his/her mind. This heralds the birth of machine learning!

 Do you know this?

1. Gmail automatically classifying emails as ‘Spam’ and ‘Not Spam’. Spam emails being automatically
sent to the Spam folder saving a lot of your time.

2. YouTube recommending you to watch videos of certain genre and the recommended videos matching
your choice of videos to a great extent.

3. Flipkart or Amazon recommending you to buy products of your choice. How do they come to know
your buying preferences? Did you shop together?

4. When you upload photos to Facebook, the service automatically highlights faces and suggests which
friends to tag. How does it instantly identify your friends in the photos? You might be thinking that
Facebook is a magician. Isn’t it?

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If you haven’t realized as yet, then it is time for you to know that Machine learning is behind all the
surprises sprung up by Google, Amazon and Flipkart. Even you can create this magic by learning a little
about mathematics and a computer programming language.

I am sure, by now you have some insight into ML. So, what is ML?

“Machine Learning is a discipline that deals with programming the systems so as to make them
automatically learn and improve with experience. Here, learning implies understanding the input data
and taking informed decisions based on the supplied data”. In simple words, Machine Learning is a
subset of AI which predicts results based on incoming data.

The utilities of ML are numerous. So as to detect spam emails, forecast stock prices or to project class
attendance one can achieve results by means of earlier collected spam messages, previous price history
records or procure 5 years or more attendance data of a class. ML will predict the results based upon
previous data base experience available with it.

Activity

Based on the understanding you have developed till now, how do you think Machine Learning could
help some of the problems being faced currently by your school. Fill the problems in the blank circles
given below:

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3.1. Difference between Conventional programming and Machine Learning

Conventional programming and ML coding both are computer programs but their approach and
objective are different. Like your school dress and your casual dress – both are clothes, made from
threads but their purpose is different.
If you ned to develop a website for your school, you will take the Conventional programming approach.
But if you want to develop an application to forecast the attendance percentage of your school for a
particular month (based on historical attendance data) you will use the ML approach.

Conventional Programming Approach

Conventional Programming refers to any manually created program which uses input data, runs on a
computer and produces the output. What does it mean? Let us understand it by illustration below:

A programmer accepts the input, gives the instruction (through Code / Computer language) to the
computer to produce an output/destination.

Take a look at an example. Below are the steps to convert Celcius scale to Fahrenheit scale

Step -1: Take input (Celcius)

Step-2: Apply the conversion formula: Fahrenheit = Celcius * 1.8 + 32
Step -3: Print the Output (Fahrenheit)
Did you notice, we are telling the computer what to do on the input data i.e. multiply Celcius with 1.8
and then add 32 to obtain the value in Fahrenheit.

Machine Learning (or AI) Approach

On the contrary, in Machine Learning (ML), the input data and the output data are fed to an algorithm
(Machine learning algorithm) to create a program. Unlike conventional programming, Machine Learning
is an automated process where a programmer feeds the computer with ‘The Input + The Output’ and
computer generates the algorithm as to how the ‘The Output’ was achieved.

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For example, if the same Python program above is to be written using the Machine Learning approach,
the code will look like this:

Step 1: Feed lot many values in Celcius (i.e. -40, -10, 0, 8, 15, 22, 38)
Step -2: Feed corresponding Fahrenheit values (i.e. -40, 14, 32, 46, 59, 72, 100)
Step -3: Pass these 2 sets of values to Machine Learning (ML) algorithm
Step- 4: Now you ask the ML program to predict (convert) any other celcius value to Fahrenheit, and
program will tell you the answer.
For example, ask the computer to predict (convert) 200 Celcius to Fahrenheit, and you will get the
answer as 392.
Can you notice - in the ML approach, nowhere this conversion step (F = C*1.8 +32) has been mentioned.
Code was provided with the input date (Celcius) and corresponding output data (Fahrenheit) and the
model (ML code) automatically generates the relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit.

3.2. How is machine learning related to AI?

There is a lot of debate regarding the difference between Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence.
But the truth is that Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence are not essentially two different things
as it is understood to be. Machine Learning is a tool for achieving Artificial Intelligence.
AI is a technology to create intelligent machines that can recognize human speech, can see (vision),
assimilate knowledge, strategize and solve problems as humans do. Broadly, AI entails all those
technologies or fields that aim to create intelligent machines.
Machine learning provides machines the ability to learn, forecast and progress on their own without
specifically being programmed. In a nutshell, ML is more about learning and nothing else. ML system
primarily starts with a ‘slow state’ (like a child) and gradually improve by learning from examples to
become ‘superior’ (like an adult).
Imagine you have to make a robot that can see, talk, walk, sense and learn. What application will you
apply? In order to achieve this task of making such a robot, one have to apply numerous technologies
but for the learning part, you will apply machine learning.

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4. Data

Modern day scholars have coined the phrase ‘Data is the new oil’. If everyone is talking so highly about
data, then it must be something precious! But what is this data?

Activity

Let us create a students’ dataset for your class (the one given below is a sample, you can create one of
your own)

Name of Attendance (%) Total Participation in Sports

Students as of April, Gender Marks (%)
2020 obtained in
Grade X

A 76 Male 92 N

B 82 Male 88 Y

C 57 Male 65 N

D 97 Female 97 N

E 56 Male 62 Y

F 76 Female 85 N

G 51 Male 56 Y

Does this dataset tell you a story?

 Do you think it mirrors an association between marks obtained and attendance?

 Can you extract 5 observations from this dataset? [Although this is a very small dataset, can you
still take a shot at it?]

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Activity

Open the URL https://data.gov.in/node/6721404 in your web browser. It should open the following
page

The page you opened, has a link Reference URL: https://myspeed.trai.gov.in/ - Click on this link.

Now answer a few questions:

1. Who owns and maintains this dataset?

2. What kind of data does it hold?
3. Why the Government of India stores these data?
4. Why has the government made this data public?
5. Do you see the use of such archives in Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning?
6. Can you do a simple web search and find three other such sources of data?

Now that we have engaged in two activities related to data, let us try and define Data.

What is Data? Define it.

Data can be defined as a representation of facts or instructions about some entity (students, school,
sports, business, animals etc.) that can be processed or communicated by human or machines. Data is
a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, pictures, audio clips, videos, maps, measurements,
observations or even just descriptions of things.

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Data maybe represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special
characters (+, -, /, *, <,>, = etc.)

Activity

Create a dataset about yourself with the following attributes (fields):

Attribute Name Size of the Field Data Type

Name 100 Character
Age 3 Number
Address 200 String
Class 3 Character
Number of friends 3 Number
Number of FB posts 3 Number
Type of FB posts Can you Guess Can you Guess
Number of word docs you 4 Number
created
Type of word docs you Can you Guess Can you Guess
created

Now that you have created a dataset of your own, it is the time to categorise the data. Data can be
sorted into one of the two categories stated below:

 Structured Data
 Unstructured Data

‘Structured data’ is most often categorized as quantitative data, and it's the type of data most of us work
with every day. Structured data has predefined data types and format so that it fits well in the column/
fields of database or spreadsheet. They are highly organised and easily analysed.
In above Activity- name, age, address etc. are examples of ‘Structured data’. The data is structured in
accurately defined fields. The data that can be stored in relational databases or spread sheets (like Excel)
is the best example of structured data.
However, for the field of ‘Type of Facebook posts’ - Do you have any predefined data type? In fact, your
Facebook post can carry anything – text, picture, video, audio etc. You can’t have one fixed data type
for such data and that’s why you call it ‘Unstructured data’ - where neither size is fixed not datatype is
predefined.
‘Unstructured data’ is most often categorized as qualitative data, and it cannot be processed and
analysed using conventional relational database (RDBMS) methods.
Examples of unstructured data include text, video, audio, mobile activity, social media activity, satellite
imagery, surveillance imagery and the list goes on. Unstructured data is difficult to deconstruct because

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it has no pre-defined model, meaning it cannot be organized in relational databases. Instead, non-
relational, or NOSQI databases, are best fit for managing unstructured data.

5. Terminology and Related Concepts

5.1. Machine Learning

“Machine learning is the science of getting computers to act without being explicitly programmed.”
– Stanford University

“Machine learning algorithms can figure out how to perform important tasks by generalizing from
examples.” – University of Washington

Of late, machine learning has achieved a great deal of popularity, but the first attempt to develop a
machine that imitated the behaviour of a living being was made in the 1930s by Thomas Ross. Machine
Learning (ML) is a term used today to describe an application of AI which equips the system with the
ability to learn and improve from experience using the data that is accessible to it.
For more, please refer to section 3.

5.2. Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement learning

Machine learning is often divided into three categories – Supervised, Unsupervised and
Reinforcement learning.

5.2.1. Supervised Learning

As the name specifies, Supervised Learning occurs in the presence of a supervisor or a teacher. We train
the machine with labeled data (i.e. some data is already tagged with correct answer). It is then compared
to the learning which takes place in the presence of a supervisor or a teacher. A supervised learning
algorithm learns from labelled training data, and then becomes ready to predict the outcomes for
unforeseen data.

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Example 1

Remember the time when you used to go to school? The time when you first learnt what an apple looked
like? The teacher probably showed a picture of an apple and told you what it was, right? And you could
identify the particular fruit ever since then.

That’s exactly how supervised learning works.

As you can see in the image below

Step 1: You provide the system with data that contains photos of apples and let it know that these are
apples. This is called labelled data.

Step 2: The model learns from the labelled data and the next time you ask it to identify an apple, it can
do it easily.

Example 2
For instance, suppose you are given a basket full of different kinds of fruits. Now the first step is to train
the machine to identify all the different fruits one by one in the following manner:

 If the shape of the object is round with depression at the top and
its color being Red, then it will be labelled – Apple.
 If shape of object resembles a long-curved cylinder with tapering
ends and its colour being Green or Yellow, then it will be labelled
– Banana.

Now suppose after training, you bring a banana and ask the machine to
identify it, the machine will classify the fruit on the basis of its shape and
colour and would confirm the fruit to be BANANA and place it in the Banana category.

Activity 1

Suppose you have a data set entailing images of different bikes and cars. Now you need to train the
machine on how to classify all the different images. How will you create your labelled data?

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[Hint – If there are 2 wheels and 1 headlight on the front it will be labelled as a ‘Bike’]

5.2.2. Unsupervised Machine Learning

Many a times, perfectly labelled data sets are hard to find. In such situations, data used to train the
machine are neither labelled nor classified. Unsupervised learning is a ML technique where we don’t
need to supply labelled data, instead we allow the machine learning model (algorithm) to discover the
patterns on its own. The task of the machine is to assemble unsorted information according to
resemblances, patterns and variances without any former training of data.
In this kind of learning, the machine is restricted to find a hidden structure in the unlabelled data without
guidance or supervision.

Example 1

If somebody gives you a basket full of different fruits and asks you to separate them, you will probably
do it based on their colour, shape and size, right?

Unsupervised learning works in the same way. As you can see in the image:

Step 1: You provide the system with a data that contains photos of different kinds of fruits and ask it to
segregate it. Remember, in case of unsupervised learning you don’t need to provide labelled data.

Step 2: The system will look for patterns in the data. Patterns like shape, colour and size and group the
fruits based on those attributes.

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Example 2
For instance, suppose the machine is given an image having both dogs
and cats which it has not seen before. Logically the machine has no idea
about the physical characteristics of dogs and cats and therefore it
cannot categorize the animals. But it can surely categorize them
according to their similarities, patterns, and differences i.e. we can
easily categorize this above picture into two parts. First category may
contain all pictures having dogs in it and second category may contain
all pictures having cats in it. Here you didn’t learn anything before,
means no training data or examples were provided for prior training.

Let us take another example - a friend invites you to his party, where you meet a stranger. Now you will
classify this person using unsupervised learning (without prior knowledge) and this classification can be
on the basis of gender, age group, dressing style, educational qualification or whichever way you prefer.

Why is this learning different from Supervised Learning?

Since you didn't use any past/prior knowledge about the person and classified them "on-the-go".

Activity 1

Let's suppose you have never seen a Cricket match before and by chance watch a video on the internet.
Can you classify players on the basis of different criterion?

Hint: [Players wearing similar outfits belong to a team, players performing different types of action –
batting, bowling, fielding, and wicket keeping.]

5.2.3. Reinforcement Machine Learning

Wikipedia defines Reinforcement learning as “Reinforcement learning (RL)” as an area of machine

learning concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment in order to
maximize some notion of cumulative reward. Reinforcement learning is one of three basic machine
learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning.”

In reinforcement learning, the machine is not given examples of correct input-output pairs, but a
method is provided to the machine to measure its performance in the form of a reward. Reinforcement

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learning methods resemble how humans and animals learn, the machine carries out numerous activities
and gets rewarded whenever it does something well.

Example 1

Let’s play a game:

We have an agent, a robot, and a reward (diamond here) with many

hurdles (fires) in between.

The goal of the robot is to get the reward (diamond) and to avoid the
hurdles (fire). The robot learns by trying all the possible paths and then
chooses the path which reaches the reward while encountering the
least hurdles. Each correct step will bring the robot closer to the
diamond while accumulating some points and each wrong step will
push the robot away from the diamond and will take away some of the
accumulated points. The reward (diamond) will be assigned to the robot when it reaches the final stage of the
game.

Example 2

Imagine a small kid is given access to a laptop at home (environment). In simple terms, the baby (agent)
will first observe and try to understand the laptop environment (state). Then the curious kid will take
certain actions like hitting some random buttons (action) and observe how the laptop would respond
(next state).

As the non-responding laptop screen goes dull, the kid dislikes it (receiving a negative reward) and
probably won’t like to repeat the actions that led to such a result (updating the policy) and vice versa.
The kid will repeat the process until he/she finds a button which turns the laptop screen bright (rewards)
and will be happy maximizing the total rewards.

This is how reinforcement learning works!

In reinforcement learning, artificial intelligence

faces a game-like situation. The computer employs
trial and error to come up with a solution
to the problem. To get the machine to do what
the programmer wants, the artificial intelligence
gets either rewards or penalties for the actions it
performs. Its goal is to maximize the total reward.

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Activity 1

Question -1: Can you please find two real world applications of Supervised Learning?

Question -2: Can you write down two real world applications of Unsupervised Learning?

Question-3: What kind of learning algorithm do you think works behind the Computer chess engine?

5.3 Deep Learning and Neural Networks

Deep Learning is inspired from human brain and the neurons in the human brain. Therefore, in order to
understand Deep Learning, we will first need to know about ‘neurons’.

A small child learns to distinguish between a school bus and a regular transit bus. How?

How do we unconsciously perform complex pattern recognition tasks?

How do we easily differentiate between our pet dog and a street dog?

The answer is we have a vast biological neural network that connects the neurons to our nervous
systems. Our brain is a very complex network comprising of about 10 billion neurons each connected to
10 thousand other neurons.

So, before we try to understand Deep Learning, let us understand Neural Network (Artificial Neural
Network i.e. ANN). In short, Deep Learning consists of artificial neural networks designed on similar
networks present in the human brain. The idea of ANN in Deep Learning is based on the belief that
human brain works by making the right connections, and this pattern can be imitated using silicon and
wires in place of living neurons.

5.3.1. Artificial Neural Network

‘Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can be described as layers of software units called neurons (also
called node), connected with different neurons in a layered manner. These networks transform data
from one neuron to another neuron until they can classify it as an output. Neural network is again a
technique to build a computer program that learns from data.’

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The most common structure for a neural

network consists of three separate nodes
known as input, hidden and output.

 Input Node: This is the layer

where information or initial data
from the real world gets
introduced into the neural
network. The information is then
passed onto the hidden node
where computations can begin.

 Hidden Node: There is no

connection to the real world at
this stage. This is the point where the machine uses the information received from the input
node, it carries out computation and processing on it. There can be more than one hidden
layer.

 Output Node: This is the final stage where the computations conclude, and data is made
available to the output layer from where it gets transferred back into the real-world
environment.
Example

Let me share an example to further explain Artificial Neural Networks…

A school has to select students for their upcoming sports meet. The school principal forms a group of
three teachers (a selection jury) and entrusts them with the responsibility of selection of students based
on the following criteria:

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• Students’ Marks (in Grade X)

• Students’ Gender
• Students’ Age
• Students’ Emotional stability

The school has a history of fair selection procedure and therefore only talented and bonafide students
are able to secure a place in the sports team. In order to continue the same standard and selection
procedure, the principal decides to share (with the jury) data of about 50 previous students’ (who were
selected) cases to study. The principal feels this will give the jury an opportunity to practice, which will
eventually help them make a fair selection.

The process that will be followed for this exercise is as below:

(I would like to remind that this whole exercise is being performed on the previous batch of students
and the purpose of this exercise is to sharpen the decision making accuracy of the jury for the upcoming
selection)

 Every jury member is given a maximum of 10 points (weight) on which they rate a student. They
need to distribute the 10 points across the four criteria of marks, gender, age and emotional
stability.
 The cut-off average required for a student to qualify is fixed at ‘6’. So, a student needs to have
an average score of ≥ 6 to reserve his/her spot in the sports team.
 After the jury gives their verdict on a particular student (using the above four criteria), the
principal will reveal whether their verdict of "Selected" or "Not Selected" matches the original
selection outcome.
Once the ground rules have been set, the jury enters a room to deliberate on the candidates and start the decision
making process. Here is a peak into the jury conversation:

 Teacher 1: For me ‘Grade X Marks’ is most important and I am assigning this criterion the most weight
and other criteria are not important. Accordingly, I’m giving a score of ‘7 points’ to Student#1.
 Teacher 2: I think differently…’Marks’ are important, however I am also considering ‘Gender’ and ‘Age’
and I’m assigning each of the three criteria equal weight. So I’m scoring Student # 1 ‘2 points for Marks’,
‘2 points for Gender’ and ‘2 points for Age’.
 Teacher 3: For me only ‘Gender’ and ‘Emotional Stability’ count and I’m assigning equal weightage to
both these criteria. Accordingly, I will score Student # 1 with ‘5 points for Gender’ and ‘5 points for
Emotional Stability’.

Based on the above deliberation, let us take a look at how the jury members have scored Student # 1:

Criteria Teacher Teacher Teacher

1 2 3

Grade X Marks 7 2 0

Gender 0 2 5

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Age 0 2 0

Emotional 0 0 5
Stability

Average score for Student # 1: (7 + 6 + 10)/ 3 = 7.6

As per the selection rule (cut-off ≥ 6), Student # 1 should have ideally qualified, but the principal reveals that this
student actually did not make the team as per the original decision.

Let us take a look at Student # 2 now… Please see below the jury discussion and deliberation for this candidate
and how they now begin to adjust their scoring based on learning from Student # 1.

 Teacher 1: It seems I'm attaching too much weight to just ‘Marks’, so I'm leaning towards giving some
weightage to ‘Age’ as well.
 Teacher 2: I feel I’m assigning too much weight to ‘Gender’, I’m going to consider splitting it between
‘Gender’ and ‘Emotional Stability’.
 Teacher 3: I now feel in addition to ‘Gender’ and ‘Emotional Stability’ some weightage needs to be given
to ‘Age’ as well.

Based on the above deliberations, let us take a look at the score table for Student # 2:

Teacher Teacher Teacher

1 2 3

Grade X Marks 3 2 0

Gender 0 1 1

Age 3 2 3

Emotional 0 1 1
Stability

Average score for Student # 2: (6 + 6 + 5) /3 = 5. 6

As per the selection rule (cut-off ≥ 6), Student # 2 will not qualify and the principal reveals that indeed this student
did not make the team as per the original decision as well.

So in this case the jury decision matches the original verdict!

In the above fashion the jury proceeds to evaluate student after student and in doing so a pattern emerges for
the right 'weightage' for each criteria (per jury member) that yields the highest number of correct predictions.

And this whole process of learning and developing an accuracy is nothing but Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).

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To explain the above illustration:

 The selection criteria (marks, age, gender and emotional stability), is what we call the ‘Input Layer’ in a
neural network – the input to the network, which will be assigned weightage and eventually decide an
outcome

 The decision/prediction is what we call the ‘Output Layer’ in a neural network. In this case, ‘Selected’ and
‘Not Selected’ is the output layer. It should be noted that it can either be a continuous outcome
(regression, as in a number like 3.14 or 42) or categorical outcome (true/false, yes/no, selected/not
selected etc.)

 The jurors (group of teachers) form the ‘Hidden Layer’. It's called ‘hidden’ because no one besides them
know how much weightage they are attaching to each criteria (or input). To the input and output neuron,
the hidden layer is a ‘black box’ that simply listens and jointly decides an outcome.

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5.3.2. Deep Learning

Deep learning is a branch of machine learning which is completely based on artificial neural networks,
as neural network mimics the human brain so deep learning is also a kind of imitation of the human
brain. In deep learning, we don’t need to explicitly program everything”. It is important to know that in
deep learning, we do not need to explicitly program everything.

Let us now understand the difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning:
MACHINE LEARNING DEEP LEARNING

Works on Large amount of

Works on small amount of Dataset for accuracy. Dataset.

Heavily dependent on High-end

Dependent on Low-end Machine.
Machine.

Divides the tasks into sub-tasks, solves them individually and Solves problem end to end.
finally combine the results.
Takes longer time to train.
Takes less time to train.

Testing time may increase. Less time to test the data.

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Here are a few examples of Deep Learning at Work:

 Automated Driving: Automotive researchers are using profound learning to robotically spot
entities such as stop lights and traffic signals. In addition, deep learning is also used to detect
pedestrians, reducing the incident of accidents.

 Aerospace and Defence: Identifying objects from satellites and locate safe and unsafe zones for
troops is another area where Deep Learning is playing major role.

 Medical Research: Deep Learning is used by cancer researchers to automatically detect cancer
cells.

 Industrial Automation: Deep learning is helping to improve worker safety around heavy
machinery by automatically detecting when people or objects are within an unsafe distance from
the machines.

6. What machine learning can and cannot do?

The first thought that arises in one’s mind after learning about AI and ML is if they will replace humans.
In which case, what are humans for?
Humans as the Commander-In-Chief know ‘what to count”, whereas computers know “how to count”.
Smart machines can be put to best use only when we understand what it can do and cannot do.
AI and ML are tools, like a calculator, that help us in solving complex problems which otherwise are
complicated for the human brain to solve. For instance, we would not use a calculator to multiply “4 x
2”, and would not when we have to multiply “798 x 347”.
Here are a few examples of Machine Learning that we use every day:
1. Virtual Personal Assistant like Siri, Alexa, Google Home etc.
2. Predictions while commuting - like Traffic Forecasts on Google Maps.
3. Video Surveillance systems nowadays are powered by AI that makes it possible to detect crime before
they happen. They track unusual behaviour of people like standing motionless for a long time, stumbling,
or napping on benches etc.
4. Social Media Services
 Facebook Friend Suggestion: Facebook continuously notices the friends that you connect with,
the profiles that you visit very often. On the basis of continuous learning, list of Facebook users
is suggested that you can become friends with.
 Face Recognition on Facebook: When you upload a picture of yourself with a friend does
Facebook instantly recognizes that friend? Facebook checks the poses and projections in the

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picture, notices the unique features, and then matches the same with the people in your friends
list.
5. Email spam and malware filtering - Emails are arranged according to some standards as per email
spam. Mail filtering manages received mails, detects and removes the ones holding malicious codes such
as virus, Trojan or malware.
6. Product recommendations - You often receive emails from similar merchandizers after you have
shopped online for a product. The products are either similar or matches your taste, it definitely refines
the shopping experience. Did you know that it is Machine Learning working its magic in the back?
7. Online Fraud Detection
Machine learning is lending its potential to make cyberspace a secure place by tracking monetary frauds
online. Take for example PayPal is using ML for protection against money laundering. Even with the
advancements we have made in ML over the years, there are instances where a Grade 2 student has
been able to beat a computer by solving a problem faster.
1. Any problems or questions which require social context will take longer for a machine to solve

2. Particularly with respect to text analytics, there are two main challenges. First is “Ambiguity” -
this means that the same word can mean many things. Second is “Variability” - indicating the
same thing can be said in many different ways.
3. Machine learning can’t solve ethical problem. If a self-driving car kills someone on the road,
whose fault is it?

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7. Jobs in AI
Can you guess the jobs depicted in the pictures below:
Picture – 1 Picture -2

Picture – 3 Picture -4

The jobs depicted in the pictures above, were professions from not long back, may be 20-30 years ago.
There are so many jobs, which used to exist few decades ago but are redundant in today’s age. Similarly,
there are jobs which were unheard of 30 years ago but are very popular now.

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Activity
1. Can you please prepare a list of 10 such jobs which existed in the 80’s but no longer relevant now?

2. Can you prepare a list of 5 jobs, which were not in 80’s but are popular now?

3. Can you imagine 5 jobs / professions that do not exist now but maybe popular in 2035?

The World Economic Forum predicts that AI and ML will displace 75 million jobs but generate 133 million
new ones worldwide by 2022. Another Gartner report claims that in 2020, Artificial Intelligence will
create 2.3 million jobs and eliminate 1.8 million jobs.
Job losses due to Artificial Intelligence is a baseless fear as AI will NOT take over the employment market
– as simple as that. It will merely introduce a paradigm shift, similar to the one which occurred after the
Industrial Revolution. Consequently, while many professions will become obsolete and disappear, some
occupations will become much more popular, with new ones emerging on the go. It’s important to keep
two things in mind:
1. Acquiring basic tech-related skills is not something you will live to regret
2. Understanding what is happening in the field of AI may help you gain a significant career
advantage, either by investing time and money into learning a new skill or leveraging your
existent knowledge into solving relevant AI-related problems.
Jobs which will grow with the help of AI
1) Creative Jobs
Professionals like artists, doctors, scientists are only a few which can be labelled creative. Such category
of jobs is only going to get refined and advance by use of AI.

The number of such professionals required will not increase. But AI will make certain parts of these jobs
less complex for humans, so it will become easier in the future to learn the skill in lesser time and
flourish.

2) Management Jobs

Management jobs cannot be replaced by artificial managers. Human managers have to manage artificial
managers. Managing is a very complex task which involves deep understanding of people and
communication. There are already few smart tools which help managers become more effective at their

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job. So, if you’re interested in this kind of job, you can learn to use them and gain some advantage in
the field.

3) Tech Jobs

Programmers, data scientists, people who work on the creation and maintenance of AI systems are the
jobs of the future and they will be very important for humanity to make the next large step of its
evolution. They too should undergo certain changes. Few of the tech jobs which are in demand today
may become less common, while others may become more vital.

Few of the jobs title, which can be expected to appear by 2030:

1. Chief Bias Office

2. Data detective

3. Man – Machine teaming manager

4. AI business development manager

5. AI assisted medical professional (this I am sure, will appear before 2030)

6. AI tutor

I will leave up to you guys to take up as a project and define the roles and responsibilities of these jobs
profile.

Happy learning in AI Age!

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Activity
(This activity has been designed by MIT AI Ethics Education Curriculum. “An Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Curriculum for
Middle School Students was created by Blakeley H. Payne with support from the MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group,
directed by Cynthia Breazeal.”)

Let’s play a game of ‘AI BINGO’!

Learning Objectives:

1. To understand the basic mechanics of AI systems

2. Know that artificial intelligence is a specific type of algorithm and has three specific parts:
dataset, learning algorithm, and prediction.
3. Recognize AI systems in everyday life and be able to reason about the prediction an AI system
makes and the potential datasets the AI system uses.

Instructions for Teachers

1. Print out all of the materials below these two paragraphs, with each bingo card on a separate
paper and the list of Tasks, Data Sets & Predictions on a third.

2. Pass around the bingo cards to the separate teams and keep the list of tasks/dataset/prediction
for yourself (It will serve as both the answer key and the bingo calls)

3. Along with every data set and prediction, you will see the task that it corresponds to on the Bingo
grids. Read out the data set and prediction pairs at random (but not the task itself!) and have the
students fill in the tile they think it belongs to.

4. The first of the two teams to correctly fill out five tiles in a row, diagonal, or column win.

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Data Sets & Predictions – FOR TEACHERSY

TASK: Get a forecast from a weather app

DATA SET: what the weather was like in the past
PREDICTION: what the weather will be like in the future

T: Send a voice-to-text message

D: transcribed audio of people talking
P: transcription of your audio message

T: Search for something on Google

D: past links you’ve clicked on in Google
P: which search results you’d want to see first

T: Have Google autocomplete your search query

D: past searches of people who share your interests
P: your full search after you type the first word

T: Have a writing assignment graded by a computer

D: examples of graded writing assignments
P: the grade a new assignment deserves

T: Use “safe search” on Google

D: examples of websites that are safe and unsafe
P: new websites that are safe and unsafe

T: Get a suggested email response on Gmail

D: people’s responses from past email exchanges
P: a response you might give to a new email

T: Use a Snapchat filter

D: examples of people’s faces
P: where to paste glasses on your face

T: Play a motion-sensitive video game on Nintendo or Wii

D: examples of different motions that correspond with actions in a video game
P: the action you’re trying to take when you make a motion

T: Replace letters, like “lol,” with a suggested emoji

D: what each emoji could mean
P: the best emoji to replace what you’ve texted

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T: Receive a product recommendation on Amazon

D: the products people have bought together in the past
P: a product you might like with what you just bought

T: Have an email go to your spam folder

D: examples of emails that are or aren’t spam
P: whether a new email is spam

T: Click on an Instagram ad
D: the Instagram accounts people follow and what they buy
P: what you might buy based on who you follow

T: Have a news app suggest an article

D: the news articles you’ve read in the past
P: the news articles you may like to read

T: See a suggested ad on Snapchat

D: the Snapchat accounts people follow and what they buy
P: what you might buy based on who you follow

T: Have your words autocorrected in a text

D: examples of how people misspell words
P: the word you’re trying to spell

T: Listen to a recommended song on Spotify

D: past songs that you’ve listened to
P: new songs you may like

T: See a recommended product on Facebook

D: the Facebook posts people engage with and what they buy
P: what you might buy based on posts you engage with

T: Get “nudged” to respond to an email on Gmail

D: how quickly people have responded to emails in the past
P: how quickly you should respond to an email

T: Use your face to unlock a device

D: images of your face
P: whether a face is yours

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