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Cs CH - Johnnie

1. A data packet contains raw data as well as header information including the sender and receiver IP addresses and a sequence number. The raw data is called the payload which can be up to 64KB in size. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes between the sender and receiver computers. 2. Packet switching allows networks to make efficient use of bandwidth and overcome failures by rerouting packets. However, it can result in packet loss, delays reassembling packets, and is more prone to errors for real-time data. Lost packets would clog the network if not addressed. 3. Checksums, echo checks, and automatic repeat requests (ARQ) are error detection and correction methods used in packet

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39 views3 pages

Cs CH - Johnnie

1. A data packet contains raw data as well as header information including the sender and receiver IP addresses and a sequence number. The raw data is called the payload which can be up to 64KB in size. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes between the sender and receiver computers. 2. Packet switching allows networks to make efficient use of bandwidth and overcome failures by rerouting packets. However, it can result in packet loss, delays reassembling packets, and is more prone to errors for real-time data. Lost packets would clog the network if not addressed. 3. Checksums, echo checks, and automatic repeat requests (ARQ) are error detection and correction methods used in packet

Uploaded by

Johnnie Zhang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

a. A data packet is a unit of data made into a single package that travels along a given network path. Data
packets are used in Internet Protocol (IP) transmissions for data that navigates the Web, and in other kinds of
networks. A data packet has other parts besides the raw data it contains, which is often referred to as the
payload.

b.
1 sender --- IP address of the source device
2 receiver --- IP address of the destination device
3 Sequence number of the packet --- allowing correct reassembly)

c. A payload is the carrying capacity of a packet or other transmission data unit. The payload consists of the
actual data being sent in the packet, usually about 64KB. / Packet trailer consist some way of identifying the
end of the packet; this is essential to allow each packet to be separated from each other as they travel from
sending to receiving station and an error checking method.

d.i. This file is sent from computer X to computer Y. The photograph will split up into number of packets
before it was sent. There will be several possible routes for the packets, between computer X (sender) and
computer Y (receiver). Each stage in the route contains a router. A router receives a data packet and based
on the information in the header, it decides where to send it next.

ii. This is called packet switching, which is a method of data transmission in which a message is broken up
into a number of packets. Each packet can then be sent independently from start point to end point. At the
destination, the packets will need to be reassembled into their correct order (using the information sent in
the header).

2.

a.
First, there is no need to tie up a single communication line
Second, it is possible to overcome failed, busy or faulty lines by simply re-routing packets 3 it is relatively
easy to expand package usage

b.
- packets can be lost and need to be re-sent
- the method is more prone to errors with real-time streaming
- there is a delay at the destination whilst the packets are being re-ordered.

c. The network would just grind to a halt as the number of lost packets mount up, clogging up the system.

3.
a.

simplex&serial

half-duplex&parallel

Full-duplex&parallel

simplex&parallel

Full-duplex&serial

half-duplex&serial

b.

1.parallel

2.parallel

3.serial

4.parallel

5.serial

4.

a. The computer automatically detects that a device is present. The device is automatically recognized, and
the appropriate device driver software is loaded up so that the computer and device can communicate
effectively.

b. T F T T F F T

5.
a. pass, fail, fail

b. detect errors in the data transmission

c.
i. Bit number: 4, Byte number: 6
ii. There is a sum of 9 of ones in the column and rows where this point is in. When there is an odd number of
1, the parity byte should be 0 but not 1.

iii. 01111101

iv. detect errors caused by electrical noise changing the number of bits.

v.echo check

6.

a. A checksum is an error-detection method in a the transmitter computes a numerical value according to


the number of set or unset bits in a message and sends it along with each message frame. At the receiver
end, the same checksum function (formula) is applied to the message frame to retrieve the numerical value.

b. With an echo check, the receiving computer sends a copy of the data immediately back to the sending
computer for comparison.

c. Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) is an error-control mechanism for data transmission which uses
acknowledgements (or negative acknowledgements) and timeouts to achieve reliable data transmission over
an unreliable communication link.

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