Chapter IV

STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PIPES

4.1 LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW: Dr. Huynh Cong Hoai- HCMUT
Reynolds’ experiment (1883)
The apparatus of Reynolds experiment as shown in figure

Color fluid
(dye)

Plastic Control valve

pipe

water
u’ : instantaneous velocity
At low velocity: laminar flow
°A
u’

Transition u : mean velocity

°A

At high velocity: turbulent flow

°A
Time dependence of fluid
velocity at a point A

4.2 REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re)

VD VD
Re  or Re 
where
 

V : mean velocity in pipe D : pipe diameter

 : coefficient of viscosity  : kinematic viscosity
Critical Re used in practical problem for circular pipe
Re < 2300 ===> laminar flow
2300 < Re < 4000 ===> transitional flow

Re > 4000 ===> turbulent flow

In the non circular pipe the Reynolds number is defined

4VR R = A/P A : area. P: perimeter
Re  R hydraulic radius

For flow between parallel wall : Re < 1000 ===> laminar flow
Flow in wide open channel Re < 500 ===> laminar flow
But the value of critical Reynolds number is very much a function of boundary geometry So
that critical Reynolds number must be determined by experiment
1
4.3 PRINCIPLE EQUATION FOR THE UNIFORM FLOW IN CIRCULAR PIPE
When Reynolds number is low, the type will be laminar flow, the fluid particles move
essentially parallel paths by action of viscosity.
Consider a circular cylinder of fluid as 1
shown in figure . Forces on S direction F1=p1dA L
p
G sin   F1  F2  Fms  0  2 dA
ro
r
(z  z ) Gsin
LdA 1 2  p1dA  p 2 dA  PL  0 P’ F2=p2dA
L 1
P : wetted perimeter, τ : shear stress G   =0
p p L P 2 s
( z1  z 2 )  1  2  0 z1
   dA z2  =max
P 1 Datum
 R: hydraulic radius
dA R
p p L p1 p2 L
( z1  1 )  ( z 2  2 )  0 ( z1  )  ( z2  ) (1)
  R   R
2 2 p1 p2
Work Energy V1  p1  z1  V2  p2  z2  hd ( z1  )(  z 2 )  hd (2)
Eq.(1-2) 2g  2g   
L h
(1) and (2) hd    R d   JR
R L
Shearing stress is linear to the
  Jr / 2
Với J = hd / L , energy gradient radius r
r0 r
 max  J or    max
2 r0

4.4 VELOCITY PROFILE IN CIRCULAR PIPE

1. LAMINAR FLOW

r0 r
r0
r u
dr o

parabol
Consider the velocity through the ring of width dr
du
Newton    
dr du r r  J
  J du  J dr u rdr  C
r dr 2 2 2 
Shearing   J
stress in 2 r2 r2
uniform u   J C At r=r0 , u=0, then C  J 0
4 4
flow
J 2 2
u
4

ro  r 
J 2  r2  r2   r2 
At r=0 , u=umax umax  r0  u  umax  0 2  or u  u max 1  2 
4  r0   ro 

Velocity profile in laminar flow is parabolic curved line

2
2. TURBULENT FLOW du
Shearing stress in turbulent flow  
(Boussinesq form) dy
du
Turbulent shearing stress (Boussinesq form)   l 2
dy
 : Eddy viscosity (a property of flow, not of the fluid alone)
2
 du  l : mixing length
   l 2 
Shearing stress in uniform flow  dy 
r
  J
2
For the flow in pipe, the experiment of Nikudrase shows that the mixing length (l):
1/ 2
 y
(1) l  ky1   Where k : Karman constant (k = 0.4)
 r0 
The shearing stress in linear from the center line to the wall of pipe
r ro  y  y   y
 o  0    0 1    1  
r0 ro
 r0   o  r0 
1/ 2 
 
Replace into (1) l  ky  (2)
r
0  r0
2 2 y
 du   du 
Replace (2) into   l 2    0  k 2 y 2   o 0
 dy   dy 

2
 du  du  1
 0  k 2 y 2    0
 dy  dy  ky

let
0 du 1 dy
u*  (friction velocity)  u* du  u*
 dy ky ky
u*
Integral yields u ln y  C
k
at the center line : y = r0, u = umax
u* u*
u max  ln r0  C C  u max  ln r0
k k
u* r0
u  umax  ln
k y
It is shown that the velocity distribution in turbulent flow is a logarithmic curve

Laminar flow: parabolic

curve
Mean
velocity

turbulent flow:
logarithmic curve
3
4.5 FRICTION LOSS IN PIPE
1. Friction loss for laminar flow dA
The discharge through the ring of width dr dr
J 2 2 r
dQ  udA  u 2rdr u (r0  r )
4
J 2 2 r0 r 0 J
dQ  (r0  r )2rdr Q   dQ   (r02  r 2 )2rdr r0
4 0 0 4

J 4 J 4 J 2
Q r0 Mean velocity V Q/ A( r0 ) /(r02 )  r0
8 8 8
J 2
Compare to the maximum velocity umax  r0 V = umax/2
4
J 2
from V r0
8
h
 f
replace J=hf/L V  L r02 and deduce 64 L V 2
8
hf  Friction loss
Re D 2 g

let 64 LV2 (Darcy formula)

f  hf  f
Re D 2g
2. Friction loss for turbulent flow
Friction loss in turbulent flow is yielded by dimensional analysis and experiment
L V2
hf  f f : friction factor is determined by experiment
D 2g

4.5 FRICTION FACTOR

Nikudrase’s experiment have shown that friction
f = F(Re, /D)
factor depends on Re, relative roughness (/D).
where:  : the size of roughness projection

64
1. Laminar flow : ( Re <2300 ) f 
Re
2.Turbulent flow ( large Re)) Roughness projection
(i) Smooth pipe (smooth turbulent flow) f  F Re 
1

 2 log Re 
f  0,8 (Prandtl)
f
   ɛ : roughness
(ii) Rough pipe (Rough turbulent flow) f  F  Re , 
 D

1  / D 2,51  Or
 2 log  (Colebrook)
f  3,7 R f  approximately
 e

 
(iii) Very rough pipe (completely rough turbulent flow) (very large Re) f  F  
D
1  / D 
 2 log  (Karman)
f  3,7 

Most of empirical formula of f are implicit in f . To overcome this difficulty , Moody

(1944) published a chart of f versus Re and /D

4
 MOODY CHART
ÑOÀ THÒ MOODY
Khu chuyeån tieáp
0,1 Khu chaûy roái
Khu
0,09 Rough
thaønh nhaùm Khu chaûy roái thaønh nhaùm hoaøn toaø
completely n (Khu söùc caû
turbulent n bình phöông)
flow
Laminar
Chaû
y taàng
0,08 low pipe
0,07 0,05
0,04
0,06
0.03
0,05 0,02
0,044 0,015
0,04 0,01
f0,032 0,008
0,006
0,03
0,004 
0,025 0,025
/D D

0,002

0,02 0,001
0,018
0,000 6
Smooth
Khu chaûy roái 0,000 4
0,015 thaønh trôn
pipe 0,000 2
0,000 1
0,000 05
0,01
0,000 005
0,009 0,000 007
0,008 0,000 01
1 2 3 45 7 14 2 3 45 7 15 2 3 45 7 16 2 3 45 7 17 2 3 4 5 7 18
x103 x10 x10 x10 x10 x10
2.103 105 4.106
Re =
vD/
Example Rough pipe flow
Laminar flow Smooth pipe flow Completely turbulent flow
Re =2.103 f = 0,032 Re =105 f = 0,018 Re =105 Re =4.106
f = 0,025 f = 0,044
ɛ/D =0,002 ɛ/D =0,015
f = f(Re) f = f(Re) f = f(Re, ɛ/D) f = f(ɛ/D)
5
Example 1

Given Data :  = 1,23 kg/m3, =1,79.10-5 Ns/m2 , =0,0015cm

Home work: Page 403

1) 10.23 2)10.28 3)10.30 4)10.33

4.6 LOCAL LOSSES (MINOR LOSSES)

Losses which occur in pipe because of
1. Pipe entrance or exit
2. Sudden or gradual expansions / contractions
3. Bends, elbows, tees or other fittings
4 Valves, open or partially closed
All losses are called local losses (minor losses).
In most of all case the local loss is determined by experiment
The basic formula of local loss is expressed in form
V2
hl  k Flow through the valve
2g
: a function of component geometry
Sudden expansion
k = ( 1-A1/ A2 )2 Entrance : k = 0,5 Exit: k=1
( larger velocity V1)

6
 k = 0,8 k=1 k=1
k = 0,5

Reentrant Sharp
edged

k=1 k=1
k = 0,2 k = 0,04

Slightly
Well
rounded
rounded

Flow into the pipe Flow out the pipe

7
 Fig.1

Loss coefficient
Fitting
k
Foot valve 15.0
Gate valve 0.2
Reflux valve 2.5
90° elbow 1.1
45° elbow 0.35
Square outlet 1.0

4.7 TOTAL LOSS hL=hf+hl

L V2
Friction losses hf  f (Darcy)
D 2g
L V2 f L 2 8g h f 8g 8g
hf  f  V V2  R JR V  RJ
4R 2 g 8g R f L f f

hf (energy gradient)
J
L

8g 1 1/ 6 n : manning coefficient
C (Chezy Coefficient) C R
f n (using only completely turbulence)

V  C RJ Q  CA RJ

1 2/3
K  CA R (Discharge modulus) If using manning formula K R A
n
QK J hf
QK
L
Q2
hf  2 L
K
8
Example 2: In previous slide (Fig.1), a line is required to provide 20 litres/second of water
from a dam to a high level storage tank located 5000 metres away. The tank has a
maximum water elevation of 100 m and the minimum water elevation in the dam is 70 m.
The maximum flow velocity is required to be limited to 1.0 metres/second to minimise
water hammer effects. Find the local losses and determine the power of pump, if flow in
pipe is completely turbulence and the pipe is cast iron.

Loss coefficient Loss coefficient

Fitting Fitting
k k
Foot valve 15.0 90° elbow 1.1
Gate valve 0.2 45° elbow 0.35
Reflux valve 2.5 Square outlet 1.0
9
Solution:
Local losses: V2/2g =  12/2g = 1 / (2.10) = 0,05 

From Factor Head loss (local loss)

Fitting
 m
Foot valve 15.0 15 x 0.05 = 0.75
Gate valve 0.2 2 x 0.2 x 0.05 = 0.02
Reflux valve 2.5 2.5 x 0.05 = 0.125
90° elbow 1.1 4 x 1.1 x 0.05 = 0.220
45° elbow 0.35 2 x 0.35 x 0.05 = 0.035
Square outlet 1.0 1.0 x 0.05=0.050
Total fittings head loss 1.2

Cast ion, from the table Δ = 0,26

Determine : A = Q/V  D  Δ/D  Applying the formula for completely

turbulent flow , calculate λ  hd = λ L/D . V2/2g

Applying Work energy equation : Hb  Power of pumb P=ꙋQHb

4.8 PIPE PROBLEMS

1. Series pipes:

Sudden Sudden
contraction enlargment

Pipe B
Pipe A Pipe C
VA VB VC

In a series arrangement, all pipes have the same flow and the total loss is the sum
of the pipe losses
Q = QA = Q B = Qc

2 2 2
 L  VA  L  VB  L  VC
hL = f   f   f 
 D A 2 g  D B 2 g  D C 2 g

Fricion loss Local loss

10
Example 3

2. Parallel pipes: Q1? l1, d1, n1

Q A Q2? l2, d2, n2 B

Q3 ? L3, d3, n3

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

Let HA and HB energy at A and B.

The energy losses in pipe 1 hL1 = HA – HB

The energy losses in pipe 2
hL2 = HA – HB
The energy losses in pipe 3 hL3 = HA – HB

Thus hL1 = hL2 = hL3

11
 Q1? l1, d1, n1

Q A Q2? l2, d2, n2 B

hL1 = hL2 = hL3
Q3 ? L3, d3, n3

If n given If f given

+ = + + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2

+ = + + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2

Replacing V = Q/A into the above equations

+ = + + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2

+ = + + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2

With the equation

Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3
We have 3 equations and 3 unknows Q1, Q2 và Q3 , solve Q1, Q2 and Q3

Note:
The energy losses in the parallel pipes : .

2
A B C D
3

The energy loss from A to D :

hLAD = hLAB + hL1 + hLCD = hLAB + hL2 + hLCD = hLAB + hL3 + hLCD

12
Example 4 : The bathroom plumbing of a building consists of 1.5-cm-diameter copper pipes
with threaded connectors, as shown in Fig. (a) If the gage pressure at the inlet of the system is
200 kPa during a shower and the toilet reservoir is full (no flow in that branch), determine the
flow rate of water through the shower head. (b) Determine the effect of flushing of the toilet
on the flow rate through the shower head. Take the loss coefficients of the shower head and
the reservoir to be 12 and 14, respectively, The roughness of copper pipes is ɛ = 1.5. 10-6 m.
and the kinematic viscosity of water is ν = 1.004 . 10-6 m2/s
Assumptions: The flow is completely
KL=0,9
turbulence and the velocity heads are
negligible.
Solution:
(a) No flow in branch 3 . The energy
equation between section 1 and 2:

+ + = + + +ℎ
KL=0,9 datum 2 2

= +ℎ = + + − =( + )
2 2 2
5+4+2 200 . 1000
+ 0,9 + 0,9 + 10 + 0,9 + 12 = −2
1,5/100 2 9810
11 1  / D 2,51 
+ 24,7 = 18,387  2 log   =
1,5/100 2 f  3,7 Re f 
 

11 18,38 × 2
+ 24,7 = 18,387 = (1)
1,5/100 2 11
+ 24,7
1,5/100
Colebrook formula
 
 
1  / D 2,51  1 1,5.10 6 / 0,015 2,51
 2 log    2 log   (2)
f  3,7 Re f  f  3,7 V .0,015 
   f 
 1,004.10 6 
=

Solving f= 0,0218 V= 2,98 m/s

Then Q = V.A = 2,98 . π. 0,0152/4 = 0,53 lit/s
. (b) Determine the effect of flushing of the toilet on the flow rate through the shower head
The energy equation between section 1 and 3:

+ + = + + +ℎ
2 2

= +ℎ − = + +
2 2 2

13
 ΣKL3 = 0,9+2+10+14=26,9
KL=0,9
 
 
1 1,5.10 6 / 0,015 2,51
 2 log   (3)
f1  3,7 V1 .0,015 
 f1 
1,004.10 6
 
 
1 1,5.10 6 / 0,015 2,51
 2 log   (4)
KL=0,9 datum f2  3,7 V2 .0,015 
 f2 
 1,004.10 6 
 
  (5)
1 1,5.10 6 / 0,015 2,51
 2 log  
f3  3,7 V3 .0,015 
 f3 
 1,004.10  6 

200.1000 5 1
−1= + + 26,9
9810 0,015 2 0,015 2 2
5 1 (6)
19,387 = + + 26,9
0,015 2 0,015 2 2
Similarly, the energy equation between section 1 and 2:
5 1 (7)
18,387 = + + 24,7
0,015 2 0,015 2 2

Besides
Q1 = Q2 + Q 3

or V1 A= V2 A + V3 A
V1 = V2 + V 3 (8)

From 6 equations , (3), (4), (5) (6) (7) (8) , and 6

unknowns f1 , f2 , f3 , V1 , V2 , V3 .

And : Q1 =0,9 lit/s , Q1 =0,42 lit/s Q1 = 0,48 lit/s

Therefore, the flushing of the toilet reduces

the flow rate of cold water through the
shower by 21 percent from 0.53 to 0.42 L/s,
causing the shower water to suddenly get
very hot. (see Fig)

14
3.Three reservoirs
Energy line

1
Hj
2
Z2
l1; d1; n1
l2; d2; n2
Z1

Neglecting local loss J

datum
What is the direction
of flow in pipe 2? l3; d3; n3
3
If Hj < Z2
Q2 1 2/3
Friction loss hf  L K R A
K2 n

Q12
Friction loss in pipe 1 h f 1  Z1  H J  l1 (1)
K12

- + Q22
Friction loss in pipe 2 hf 2  Z2  HJ  l2 (2)
K 22
Q32 H J , Q1 , Q 2 , Q 3
Friction loss in pipe 3 hf 3  H J  l3 (3)
K 32
If Hj >Z2 ?
and - (4)
Q1 + Q2 = Q3

Example 5 : With the valve closed, water flows from tank A to tank B as shown
in Fig. What is the flowrate into tank B when the valve is opened to allow water
to flow into tank C also? Neglect all minor losses and assume that the friction
factor is 0.02 for all pipes. Ans: Q = 0,018 m3/s B

Homeworks: (page 460) 1) 11.1 , 2)11.4 , 3)11.10 , 4)11. 17 , 5)11.20

6) 11.21 , 7)11.35
15