A Module in Engineering 211

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
THE ODE OF ORDER ONE
Dr. Ernesto T. Anacta, BSCE, MSCE, Ph.D.CE

I.2.5 Integrating Factor

u
du
 ln u  c (53)
Found by Inspection (IFFI)

Some ODEs may contain terms that can be where u = u(x, y).

formed into special differentials in two It is hereby emphasized that both u and v
variables. They are called special differential appearing in the equations above should be
because, when pairing du with dv, a unique functions of variables x and/or y which are given
differential is formed, either a product, quotient, in (1).
power, etc. (At this point, your Sir Anacta would
like to direct your attention to Section M of your Illustration 10
Module 2, particularly on the differentiation and
integration formulas.) But to narrow down the A. Application of (46): u dv + v du = d (uv)
scope of our discussion, we will just consider
the following differentials: 1. x dy + y dx = d (xy)
2. x2 dy + y d(x2) = d (x2 y)
u dv + v du = d (uv) (46)
3. x d(y3) + y3 dx = d (xy3)
vdu  udv u
= d  (47) 4. x2 d(ey) + ey d(x2) = d (x2ey)
v 2
v
5. y d(e2x) + e2x dy = d (ye2x)
udv  vdu  v
= d  arctan  (48)
u v
2 2
 u  6. x2 d(tan y) + tan y d(x2) = d (x2 tan y)

nun-1 du = d(un) (49) 7. ex d(sin y) + sin y d(ex) = d (ex sin y)

where u = f(x, y) and v = g(x,y). 8. x2 d(ln y) + ln y d(x2) = d (x2 ln y)

The RHS of (46) to (49) are called integrating vdu  udv u
factors to their respective LHS. If, by inspection B. Application of (47): = d 
v 2
v
or after algebraic manipulations, the LHS of the
above equations will be present in the given ydx  xdy x
ODE, they can be readily transformed into their 1. 2
= d  
corresponding RHS and, upon integration, will
y  y
outrightly yield the answer using the following
xdy  ydx  y
integration formulas: 2. = d 
x 2  x
 du  u  c (50)
y d ( x 2 )  x 2d ( y )  x2 
3. = d 
 y 
 e du  e c y2  
u u
(51)

x d ( y 2 )  y 2 d ( x)  y2 
u n1 = d 

4.
u du 
n
c (52) x2  x 
n 1  
 5.
e y dx  xd (e y )  x 
= d  
3.  d ( xy)  xy  c
e2 y  ey 
 d ( xy )  xy  c
2 2
4.
y d (sin x)  sin y dy  sin x 
6.
2
= d   5.  d ( x cot y)  x cot y  c
y  y 
 d (e sin y)  e x sin y  c
x
6.
cos y d (e )  e d (cos y)
x x  e  x
7. = d 
 x2  x2
2  cos y 
cos y   7.  d  y

 y
c
 
udv  vdu  v
C. Application of (48): = d  arctan   x2 
u 2  v2  u x2
8.  d  e y   e y c
 ydx  xdy   
1.   = d  arctan x

 x2  y2   y   e y 1  e y 1

  9.  d  x 

ex
c
 xdy  ydx   e 
2.   = d  arctan y 
 x2  y2   x  ye x  ye x
  10.  d  x sin y   x sin y  c
 yd ( x 3 )  x 3 dy   
 3 
3.   = d  arctan x 
   
x6  y2 e du  e u  c
y u
    F. Application of (51):

 xd (e y )  e y dx   y 
e dy  e y  c
y
4.   = d  arctan e  1.
 x2  e2y   x 
   
x 2 y
2. e d ( x  2 y )  e x 2 y  c
 e  y d ( x 2 )  x 2 d (e  y )   2 
5.   = d  arctan x 
   
x 4  e 2 y ey e d ( xy)  e xy  c
xy
    3.

e d ( x y)  e x y  c
x y
D. Application of (49): nun-1 du = d(un) 4.
1. 2x dx = d(x2)
e d ( x sin y)  e x sin y  c
x sin y
5.
2. 3y2 dy = d(y3)
u n 1
3. 5( xy) 4 d xy  = d xy 5 G. Application of (52):  u du 
n
c
n 1
   
4. 3( x 2 y) 2 d x 2 y = d x 2 y
3
x4
 x dx  c
3
2 3
1.
x x x 4
5. 3   d   = d  
 y  y  y ( x  y) 3
 ( x  y) d ( x  y)  c
2
2.
   
6. 4( xe y ) 3 d xe y = d xe y
4 3

( x 2 y) 2
7. 2x sin y  d x sin y  = d x   (x
2 2 2 2 3. 2
y )d ( x 2 y )  c
sin y 2
2
x x x
3 (e 2 x y ) 4
 (e y ) d (e y )  c
2x 3 2x
8. 3   d   = d   4.
4
 y  y  y 4 5
 x   x  1 x 
5.    d    c
E. Application of (50) :  du  u  c  y2   y2  5  y2 
     
1.  dx  x  c
u
du
H. Application of (53):  ln u  c
2.  d ( x  y)  x  y  c
 dy
1.  y
 ln y  c Step 4 involves solving (or integrating) the ODE
using (50) to (53) and other applicable formulas.
d (2 x  y ) Step 5 involves algebra, from which the GS and
2.  2x  y
 ln(2 x  y )  c
PS is formulated.
Example 7
d ( x 2 y)
  ln( x y)  c
2
3.
x2 y Solve the following using the IFFI Method.

d ( x / y) 1. (x + 2y) dx + 2x dy = 0
4.  x/ y
 ln( x / y )  c
2. (y + 2) dx + (x – 1) dy = 0

d ( x sin y ) 3. (x2 – 2y) dx – (2x + 1) dy = 0

5.  x sin y
 ln( x sin y )  c
4. y(y2 + 1) dx + x(y2 – 1) dy = 0
5. (x3 + xy2 + y) dx + (y3 + x2y + x) dy = 0,
I.2.5.1 Solving ODE by the
when x = 1, y = –1.
IFFI Method
6. (2ye2x + 2e2x + 2xy + 2x + y + 1) dx
Unlike with the first four types of ODEs which
+ (e2x + x2 + x + 1) dy = 0
we have previously covered (SOV, HDE, EDE
and LDE), this type of ODE does not require too 6. y(x3exy – y) dx + x(y + x3exy) dy = 0
much Calculus because its solution process is
7. y(x3exy – y) dx + x(y + x3exy) dy = 0, y(1) = 0.
mostly focused on Algebra. Since the LHS of
the equation is dictated by the pair of special 8. y(x2 + y2 – 1) dx + x(x2 + y2 + 1) dy = 0
differentials in dx and dy, the key to the solution
here is merely to transform the ODE into an 9. (sin  – 2r cos2 ) dr
“integrable form” through the formulation of + r cos  (2r sin  + 1) d = 0
special differentials listed in (46), (47), (48) and
(49). After the transformation, some terms may when  = 0, r = 1.
contain only one variable which can be
10. [1 + y tan (xy)] dx + x tan (xy) dy = 0
integrated right away. All of these can be done
by inspection or by simple algebraic
manipulation. Solution:

1. (x + 2y) dx + 2x dy = 0
The Procedure (EPFSS)
Note: This problem is Item 1 of Example 6 and
STEP 1: Expand the ODE; was already solved by three methods (HDE,
.
EDE and LDE. This method will be the fourth.
STEP 2: Pair the differentials;
STEP 1: Expand the ODE
STEP 3: Formulate special differentials
x dx + 2y dx + 2x dy = 0
STEP 4: Solve the ODE
STEP 2: Pair the differentials
STEP 5: Simplify for the final answer
x dx + 2(y dx + x dy) = 0
Explanation STEP 3: Formulate special differentials
x dx + 2 d(xy) = 0
Step 1 involves algebra, but be very careful of
the signs as this will affect your solution. STEP 4: Solve the ODE
Step 2 is done by pairing dx with dy for the x2 c
purpose of obtaining special differential(s). This + 2 (xy) =
2 2
is a trial and error method but as a rule, “pair dx
and dy with the same degree of variables”. STEP 5: Simplify for the final answer

Step 3 involves the transformation of each term x2 + 4xy = c  x(4y + x) = c Answer.

of the ODE integrable using formulas (46) to
Question: Is this method more OK with you?
(49).
2. (y + 2) dx + (x – 1) dy = 0 dx ( y 2  1)
+ dy = 0 (4-b)
Note: This problem is Item 2 of Example 6 x y ( y 2  1)
which we solved by three methods (SOV, EDE nd
th
and LDE. This IFFI will be our 4 method. The 2 term of (4-b) is solvable by IRF by PF,
STEP 1:Expand the ODE thus…
( y 2  1) A By  C
y dx + 2 dx + x dy – dy = 0 = + (4-c)
y ( y  1)
2 y y2 1
STEP 2:Pair the differentials
y2 – 1 = (y2 + 1)A + y(By + C)
(y dx + x dy) + 2 dx – dy = 0
or y2 – 1 = (A + B)y2 + Cy + A (4-d)
STEP 3: Formulate special differentials
Evaluating the constants by equating
d(xy) + 2 dx – dy = 0 coefficients of the same degree of y in (4-d):
STEP 4: Solve the ODE y2: 1 = A + B
xy + 2x – y = c y1: 0 = C gives A = – 1, B = 2 and C = 0.
0
STEP 5: Simplify for the final answer y: –1=A
xy + 2x – y = c Answer. and (4-c) becomes

Question: Is this method easier than the rest? ( y 2  1) 1 2y

= + (4-e)
y ( y  1)
2 y y 1
2
2
3. (x – 2y) dx – (2x + 1) dy = 0
And (4-b) becomes
Note: This problem is Item 3 of Example 6, and
was solved by the EDE and LDE methods. For dx dy 2 ydy
– + dy = 0 (4-f)
the IFFI method, we have x y y2 1
STEP 1: Expand the ODE Finally, solving (4-f) gives
2
x dx – 2y dx – 2x dy – dy = 0 ln x – ln y + ln (y2 + 1) = ln c
STEP 2: Pair the differentials  x( y 2  1) 
2 ln   = ln c
x dx – 2(y dx + x dy) – dy = 0  y 
STEP 3: Formulate special differentials
x ( y 2  1)
2
x dx – 2 d(xy) – dy = 0 =c  x(y2 + 1) = cy Answer.
y
STEP 4: Solve the ODE
Solution 2 Using IFFI
x3 c
– 2 xy – y =
3 3 STEP 1: Expand the ODE
STEP 5:Simplify for the final answer y3 dx + y dx + xy2 dy – dy = 0
x3 – 6xy – 3y = c Answer. STEP 2: Pair the differentials

Question: Which is the easiest of the three (y3 dx + xy2 dy) + (y dx– x dy) = 0
methods?
STEP 3:Formulate special differentials
4. y(y2 + 1) dx + x(y2 – 1) dy = 0
y2(y dx + x dy) + (y dx– x dy) = 0
Note: This problem may be solved by the SOV
 ydx  xdy 
and IFFI methods. Let us do them both. (y dx + x dy) +   =0
 y2 
 
Solution 1 Using SOV
x
y(y2 + 1) dx + x(y2 – 1) dy = 0 (4-a) d(xy) + d   = 0
 y
Dividing (3-a) by xy(y2 + 1) gives
STEP 4: Solve the ODE
ye2x + x2y + xy + e2x + x2 + x + y = c Answer.
x
xy + =c
y Question: Can you use EDE here?

STEP 5: Simplify for the final answer 3 xy 3 xy

7. y(x e – y) dx + x(y + x e ) dy = 0, y(1) = 0.
xy2 + x = c x3yexy dx – y2 dx + xy dy + x4exy dy = 0
x(y2 + 1) = c Answer. (x3yexy dx + x4exy dy) + (xy dy – y2 dx) = 0
Question: Which is the two methods will you x3exy (y dx + x dy) + y(x dy – y dx) = 0
prefer?
 y  xdy  ydx 
Important: From this point hereon, your Sir exy (y dx + x dy) +     = 0
Anacta will solve each problem by mental x  x2 
application of the 5-step procedure. Please go exy d (xy) + (y/x) d (y/x) = 0
over with these steps once more…
3 2 3 2
exy + ½ (y/x)2 = ½ c
5. (x + xy + y) dx + (y + x y + x) dy = 0,
2x2exy + y2 = cx2
when x = 1, y = –1.
Imposing y(1) = 0
x3 dx + xy2 dx + y dx + y3 dy + x2y dy + x dy = 0
2(1)2e0 + 02 = c(1)2  c=2
x3 dx + y3 dy + x2y dy + xy2 dx + y dx + x dy = 0
2x2exy + y2 = 2x2 Answer.
x3 dx + y3 dy + xy (x dy + y dx)
+ (y dx + x dy) = 0 Question: Can you use other method here?
3 3
x dx + y dy + (xy) d (xy) + d (xy) = 0
8. y(x2 + y2 – 1) dx + x(x2 + y2 + 1) dy = 0
x4 y4 ( xy) 2 c
+ + + xy = x2y dx + y3 dx – y dx + x3 dy + xy2 dy + x dy = 0
4 4 2 4
(x2y dx + x3 dy) + (y3 dx + xy2 dy)
x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 + 4xy = c
+ (x dy – y dx) = 0
when x = 1, y = 1.
(1)4 + (1)4 + 2(1)2 (1)2 + 4(1)(1) = c  c = 8 x2(y dx + x dy) + y2(y dx + xdy)
x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 + 4xy = 8 Answer. + (x dy – y dx) = 0

Question: Aside from IFFI method, can you (x2 + y2)(y dx + x dy) + (x dy – ydx) = 0
think of another method that can solve the
ODE?  xdy  ydx 
(y dx + x dy) +   =0
 x2  y2 
2x 2x
6. (2ye + 2e + 2xy + 2x + y + 1) dx  
 y
+ (e2x + x2 + x + 1) dy = 0 d (xy) + d  arctan  = c
 x 
2ye2x dx + 2e2x dx + 2xy dx + 2x dx + y dx + dx  y
xy + arctan  = c Answer.
+ e2x dy + x2 dy + x dy + dy = 0 x
(2ye2x dx + e2x dy) + (2xy dx + x2 dy) 9. (sin  – 2r cos  ) dr
2

+ (y dx + x dy) + 2e2x dx + 2x dx + dx + dy = 0 + r cos  (2r sin  + 1) d = 0

Note: 2ye2x dx = y (2e2x dx) = y d(e2x) when  = 0, r = 1

2xy dx = y (2x dx) = y d(x2) sin  dr – 2r cos2 dr

+ 2r2 cos  sin  d + r cos  d = 0
[y d(e2x)+ e2x dy] + [y d(x2) + x2 dy]
2x
(sin  dr + r cos  d) – (2r cos2 dr
+ (y dx + x dy) + 2e dx + 2x dx + dx + dy = 0
– r2 2cos  sin  d) = 0
2x 2 2x 2
d(ye ) + d(x y) + d(xy) + e + x + x + y = c
[sin  dr + r d(sin )] – [(2r dr)cos2
 + r2 d(cos2 )] = 0 Ry 4
 (e y )( dy  2 ydx)  c
8x 3
9.
4
[sin  dr + r d(sin )] – [d(r2) cos2
+ r2 d(cos2 )] = 0 2dx  dy
10.  R y
 ln(2 x  y )  c
r sin  – r2 cos2 = –c
r2 cos2 – r sin  = c
Self-Assessment Test 5
r (r cos2 – sin ) = c
Solve the following ODE using IFFI.
when  = 0, r = 1
1. y(x4 – y2) dx – x(x4 + y2) dy = 0 @(1, 1)
2
(1)[(1) cos 0 – sin 0] = c  c=1
2. y(2x + y2) dx + x(y2 – x) dy = 0
r (r cos2 – sin ) = 1 Answer.
3. 2x5y’ = y(3x4 + y2) = 0

10. [1 + y tan (xy)] dx + x tan (xy) dy = 0 4. (y2 – 2xy + 6x) dx – (x2 – 2xy + 2)dy = 0
; y(0) = 1
[1 + y tan (xy)] dx + x tan (xy) dy = 0
5. (x3y3 + 1) dx + x4y2 dy = 0;
dx + y tan (xy) dx + x tan (xy) dy = 0
6. (xy2 + x – 2y + 3) dx + x2y dy = 2(x + y) dy = 0
dx + tan (xy) (ydx + xdy) = 0
7. (2xy – 2x + y – 1) dx + (x2 + x – 1) dy = 0
dx + tan (xy) d (xy) = 0
8. x(x2 – y2 – x) dx – y(x2 – y2) dy = 0,
x + sec2 (xy) = c Answer.
when x = 2, y = 0.
Self-Assessment Question 8 9. (3 + y + 2y2 sin2 x) dx

What is the value of R that will complete the + (x + 2xy – y sin 2x) dy = 0
equation? 10. y(x3y3 + 2x2 – y) dx + x3(xy3 – 2) dy = 0
1. x3 2e2y dy + 3x2e2y dx = d (Re2y) y(1) = 1.

2 xy dx  x 2dy R Bonus Problem 5

2. = d  
y2  y (2xy3 + 2xy + y3ex + yex ) dx

2 x cos y dx  x 2 sin ydy  x2  + (x2y2 – x2 + y2ex – ex ) dy = 0

3. = d 
cos 2 y  R 
  when x = 0, y = 1.

4. 3x( x 2 y) 2 ( xdy  2 ydx ) = d Ry 3

th
Our 5 topic ends here. In your own “scale”,
how did you weigh in this topic? Is it light, “just
2 3 enough” or heavy?
x  x x
5. 3   d   = d  
 y R  y So far, we traversed halfway with our uphill
journey. Out of the 10 methods, we have
 R  already discussed five (SOV, HDE, EDE, LDE
x 2 ( ydx  xdy)
6. 3 = d  and IFFI). Please make some “memory recall”
y4  y3  on these topics – especially on the aspect of
 
when, why and how they can be applied to
 e 2x  e 2x solve an ODE of Order One.
7.  d  2
( R  dy)  
 y
c
Once more, please have yourself relieved of
 y 
stress, do some unwinding activities for a
 x  couple of days and just proceed with the sixth
x2
8.   y 2 (2 ydx  R)   y
c topic – Determination of Integrating Factor –
when you are ready.
 