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04, What is a perpetual motion machine of first kind (PMM1)? Is it possible to 05. What is the difference between work tr: nce devise a PMM1? If not, explain why? A machine which can supply mechanical work continuously without consumption of any energy is called as Perpetual Motion Machine of the First kind (PMM4) Perpetual machine of the first kind is im Perpetual motion machine of the first ki once setin motion, would continuous! energy from any external source. This m create energy. But this goes against the states that W = JQ So if some energy (W) receive JQ amount of energy. In S.I. unit, possible. ind was thought of as a machine which, ly work without receiving any fresh jeans that a perpetual machine will first law of Thermodynamics which is to be created, a system must J=1k/k*J ansfer and heat transfer? HEAT TRANSFER WORK TRANSFER Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems work is the transfer of mechanical energy between two systems. The efficiency of the transfer of heat to work is lower. The efficiency of the transfer of work to heat is higher. Heat is low-grade energy. Work is high-grade energy. Heat flow into the system is positive and heat flow into the system is negative Work done by the system is positive and work done on the system is negative Extensive properties Intensive properties This property depends on the size of the body. This property depends on the mass. of the body. The extensive properties are length, volume, weight, etc. The Intensive properties are density, melting point, boiling point, etc. This property changes the appearance of the material. This property changes internal nature of the material. The value can changed. The value does not changed. between intensive and extensive properties?06. Derive the differential form of S.F.E.E. What will be the velocity of a fluid leaving a nozzle, if the velocity of approach is very small? * Steady Flow Energy Equation (S.F.E.E.. In many practical problems, the rate at which the fluid flows through a machine or piece of apparatus is constant. This type of flow is called steady flow. hy +C?/2+Q=h2+C)?/2+W where, Q=Heat supplied (or entering the boundary) per kg of fluid, W = Work done by (or work coming out of the boundary) 1 kg of fluid C=Velocity of fluid , Z = Height above datum, p = Pressure of the fluid, u= Internal energy per kg of fluid, and pv = Energy required for 1 kg of fluid. @ = ENERGY RELATIONS FOR FLOW PROCESS The energy equation (m kg of fluid) for a steady flow system is given as follows : 2 2 m (1+ -+-20+ nn] +Qam (12+ $F +2a0+ 20] +W 2 G2 ie, Q=m [oon an-2+( 9-47) «no-no +w 2 ie, Q=m y-myeataZ+[' z ) +
Total energy - The total energy of a system is the sum of the potential, kinetic, and internal energies. AE = AU + AKE + APE AU = m(u, — 4) AKE = $m(V3 — Vi) APE = mg(z, — 2) => The various forms of energy that can be processed by a material body can be added together to define a total energy E. E=KE+PE+U + Echem + EnuctEei + Emag17. what is the difference between saturated liquid and compressed liquid? Saturated liquid Compressed liquid Saturated liquid is a type of liquid in which no kind of solute can be added for that temperature. It can also be defined as a type of liquid in which solutes can no longer be dissolved at this range of temperature since there are no vacant spaces or called intermolecular spaces. If this range of pressure is attempted to be lowered plus the consistent temperature in place, this liquid will start its boiling process. Compressed liquid, on the other hand, is defined as the extra punch or extra pressure that is being given or applied in relation to a type of pressure called atmospheric pressure. It can also be called a compressed liquid if the saturated liquid’s volume becomes less than the temperature under its temperature of saturation. Thus, the pressure of compressed. liquid is said to be greater than saturation pressure. 18. Is there any difference between the intensive properties of saturated liquid at a given temperature and the liquid of a saturated mixture at the same temperature? > when the calculation for a given mixture is progressed the saturated Liquid and saturated vapour properties are used. These properties are obtained at the temperature corresponding to the specific enthalpy of the mixture which in turn is an intensive property. So the properties at final state and as that to obtained at corresponding specific enthalpy value remain same. Therefore There is no difference 19. Why are the temperature and pressure dependent properties in the saturated mixture region? => At Saturated state, with decrease in pressure. the gaseous medium's capacity to accommodate Liquid particles will be decreased. And so, the liquid particles will convert into gas form and expand. This expansion will decrease temperature as the liquid particles will absorb heat from medium to expand & convert into gas Particles. So this way Pressure & temperature is dependent in care of saturated mixture.20.What is quality? Does it have any meaning in the superheated vapor region? = Fraction of vapour in liquid-Vapour region is called quality. = Since in super heated zone all the liquid has been vaporised hence. 21.What do you understand by path function and point function? What are exact and inexact differentials? = POINT FUNCTION When two properties locate a point on the graph (co-ordinate axes) then those properties are called as point function. Examples. Pressure, temperature, volume etc. 2 sev = Ve — Vj (an exact differential). = PATH FUNCTION There are certain quantities which cannot be located on a graph by a point but are given by the area or so, on that graph. In that case, the area on the graph, pertaining to the particular process, is a function of the path of the process. Such quantities are called path functions. Examples. Heat, work etc. Heat and work are inexact differentials. Their change cannot be written as difference between their end states. 2 Thus J 8@ + QQ, and is shown as Q, oF Q,» 2 Similarly f BW # W,— Wy and is shown as ,W, or W, Note. The operator 6 is used to denote inexact differentials and operator d is used to denote exact differentials.12. What do you mean by the displacement or P-V work done? Derive the expression of the work done for all the different process for the system undergoing a state change from 1 to 2. P-v Work done * “TE is the wark don on the gm or by the gar due ip the achny q” presse anu a Chatrge In volume. Work done Cw) = 2 farce x displare ment . dw = -FXdsL r—(PxA) ds [ face Pan] = PRAY CT volume = Aree ary 1 en OY \ : ; “pay 1 => work done in adiabatic expansion Ye Weata= | Pav = SeKv-Y av [ P=KV-Y] YM =k [vray cA mone erly, k pyt-y_ ptr pk? -w] = i) een = lw] We know that K=PL VY =P Wadia = 2;[P1 VV — P2 vy V7] 1 Wes = 2 {PAV ~PaValWork done during Isothermal Process Let us consider an instant when pressure of the gas is P and its volume is V. From this instant, let the volume increase by a very small amount dV. 6 Fig. 2.11. Then, very small amount of work done during this small increase of volume is given by dW =P.dV, . . where W= required work done during change of volume from Vj to Vo. Integrating both sides, we get Ww Vy faw= J P.av o Vp or, w=] Pav li) . Vi . Since isothermal process follows the law PV =C, we get PV=P,V; e 1¥1 Substituting this value of P in eq, (i), we get Vp Vo PY, . wef lav=ryy J x (P,V, = constant] vy, % ° or, W=PV;[ log, vy =P,V, (log, Vo — loge V3) 1 snp (Gi) ‘ V; = PV, log, vi Again, for isothermal process, PyVj = P2V2 or, vest Vy Pa . P; W=PyV, log, B30. Prove that, the maximum work obtainable from two finite bodies at temperatures T1 and T2 is Kop M2 Wrnax=Cp(T1 “-T2*) Explanation: The two finite bodies will attain a common temperature Tf. Then the change in energy of the two finite bodies accordingly will be Uj=CpTy + CpT2 Up= CpTy+ CpTe AU=Uf- Uj AU = 2C,Ty — Cy (Tr +I And the work output will be W=C, (Ti+ T)—2T The change in total entropy will occur entirely in the two finite bodies, for which Ty Ty = 20pm vr To maximize W, we have to minimize Tf, and by the third equation, we have to minimize the change in entropy. As =0,n 2+ Gin The minimum possible value of change in entropy is zero, corresponding to a reversible process. Hence the maximum work output will be one for which 7 and finally, Wrmaz = Cp (Ty + Ty —2VT, XT It can be rearranged as Wmaz = Cp(WTi — VTe31. Two kg of water at 80 0 C are mixed adiabatically with 3 kg of water at 300 Cin a constant pressure process of 1 atmosphere. Find the increase in the entropy of the total mass of water due to the mixing process (Cp =of water = 4.187kJ/kgk). Solution: Qi4 Solution: If final temperature of mixing is Tr then 2% Cp (353-T,) = 8x cp ( T, 803) or T, =323K (AS) system = (AS) 1 + (AS) oon ean oe mets fmeS = 24.187 In 222) + 95 4.187 «In S28 353 303 = 0.05915 kJ/K In a Carnot cycle, heat is supplied at 350°C and rejected at 27°C. The working fluid is water which, while receiving heat, evaporates from liquid at 350°C to steam at 350°C. The associated entropy change is 1.44 kJ/kg K. (a) If the cycle operates on a stationary mass of 1 kg of water, how much is the work done per cycle, and how much is the heat supplied? (b) If the cycle operates in steady flow with a power output of 20 kW, what is the steam flow rate? (Ans. (a) 465.12, 897.12 kJ/kg, (b) 0.043 kg/s) If heat required for evaporation is Q kJ/kg then 1d ©) ]e0+273) or Q= 897.12 kdhkg It is a Carnot cycle so = 1-278 +20. (350 + 273) . W=n.Q= 465.12 kd 20 . a = = mW == = —— kgs = 0: (b) P= mW orm W > 40512 gis = 0.043 kg/sSolution: COP of H.P. A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5°C and delivers heat to a reservoir at 60°C. The heat pump is driven by a reversible heat engine which takes in heat from a reservoir at 810°C and rejects heat to a reservoir at 60°C, The reversible heat engine also drives a machine that absorbs 30 kW. If the heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s from the 5°C reservoir, determine () The rate of heat supply from the 840°C source (b) The rate of heat rejection to the 60°C sink. (Ans. (a) 47.61 kW; (b) 34.61 kW) 7 — 78 Qe= War +17 = 6.05454 17 5.05454 War. Wu. 3.36 kW Work output of the Heat engine Wire = 30 + 3.36 = 33.36 kW 333 yof the ILE. = 1-222 =97 1118 Ww @. —=07 Qa Ww Q Lag = 47.61 kW (b) Rate of heat rejection to the 333 K @) From HLE. = Qi - W = 47.61 - 33.86 = 14.25 kW Gi) For H.P.= 17 1 3.36 +. Total = 34.61 kW 20.26 kWTen grammes of water at 20°C is converted into ice at -10°C at constant atmospheric pressure. Assuming the specific heat of liquid water to remain constant at 4.2 J/gK and that of ice to be half of this value, and taking the latent heat of fusion of ice at 0°C to be 335 J/g, calculate the total entropy change of the system. (Ans. 16.02 J/K) 28 g—Si= f meat 293 273 0.01 x 4.2 In 293 kdl K =-0.00297 kJ/K =~2,9694 J/K -mL WY go gye = Uf = 70.01 x 335 «1000 268 K y YY 273 =-12.271 JK WU WL °8 me, aT (#2) 268 —Ss= f ™2&& = 0.01x| = |xme ks K Sa—Ss J fF 0.01x( => JxInoe = 0.3882 J/K Si-Si =- 15.63 J/K Net Entropy change = 15.63 J/KQ6.15 Solution: Two Carnot engines A and B are connected in series between two thermal reservoirs maintained at 1000 K and 100 K respectively. Engine A receives 1680 kJ of heat from the high-temperature reservoir and rejects heat to the Carnot engine B. Engine B takes in heat rejected by engine A and rejects heat to the low-temperature reservoir. If engines A and B have equal thermal efficiencies, determine (a) The heat rejected by engine B (b) The temperature at which heat is rejected by engine, A (c) The work done during the process by engines, A and B respectively. If engines A and B deliver equal work, determine (d) The amount of heat taken in by engine B (e) The efficiencies of engines A and B (Ans. (a) 168 kJ, (b) 316.2 K, (c) 1148.7, 363.3 kJ, (d) 924 kJ, (e) 45%, 81.8%) As their efficiency is same so 1 =n T _. 100 es 1000 = (b) T= {1000 100 = 316.3K or 1 Q_op = 1680%316.3 8 F000 1000 = 531.26 kd a 581.26x100 pe al tn SES (2) @ nea"! 316.3 = 168 kJ as (a) 31.26) kd (A) If the equal work then T= pt =550K = 1680 « 550 924 kd 1000 e) =045 w 1000 100 _ 08182 550Q6.16 Solution: A heat pump is to be used to heat a house in winter and then reversed to cool the house in summer. The interior temperature is to be maintained at 20°C. Heat transfer through the walls and roof is estimated to be 0.525 kdis per degree temperature difference between the inside and outside. (a) If the outside temperature in winter is 5°C, what is the minimum power required to drive the heat pump? (b) If the power output is the same as in part (a), what is the maximum outer temperature for which the inside can be maintained at 20°C? (Ans, (a) 403 W, (b) 35.4°C) (a) Estimated Heat rate 5 X (20 — 5) kd/s = 7.875 kd/s oo Q = 7875 kils 393-278 Vain = (COP). 7.875 ae Tagg 7 0408 KW = 403 W Winter (b) Given W = 403 W Heat rate (Q,) = 0.525 (T- 293) kW = 895(T - 293) W (T= 298) _ 298 403° (T-293) 403x293 _ le coP or (T — 293) = 15 or T=308 K =35"C ‘Maximum outside Temperature = 35°C11. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the following state: Pressure 1.2 MPa, temperature 188°C, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, velocity 33.3 m/s and elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at the following state: Pressure 20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg, velocity 100 m/s, and elevation 0 m. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power output of the turbine in kW? Solution: — w, = w, = 0.42kg/s —----—-} 14% =~ 0.29 kills ” = 1.2MPa WwW puse dt o.e[ar 29 = o4e{aniae 0 eo} a d or 169,655 = or SY ena 515 kW.Q5.3 A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At the inlet to a certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kJ/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it. (a) Find the velocity at exists from the nozzle. (b) If the inlet area is 0.1 m? and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m*/kg, find the mass flow rate. (©) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m%/kg, find the exit area of the nozzle. (Ans. (a) 692.5 m/s, (b) 32.08 kg/s (©) 0.023 m*) Solution: (a) Find V, i.e. Velocityatexit from S.P. ea) V2 | gh, aW fe eee 2, 84 aw **3000 "1000 “dm — "?* 3000" 1000 * am Data for a hy = 3000 ka/kg, V1 =60 mis hy = 2762 kJ/kg For data for ¢ Data for b ¢ aoe Q v2 = 0.498 m/kg A, =0.1 vy, = 0.187 m3/kg Tlere Z, 2, and £2 ~ 0 and 2-0 an om dm vi h+ah =h,+ 2000 "** 2000 or Mi = (h, hy) 2000 7 or V3 = V2 +2000(h, —h,) or v, = JV? +2000(h, —h,) = J60 +2000(3000=2762)m /s = 692.532 m/s AW, y, (b) Mass flow rate (w) = 1 = OAX60 jg = 0.187 (c) Mass flow rate is same so A, x 692 0.498 or Ay = 8.023073 m* 32.0855613 =fae the tems system » boundary , sumoundings and universe » : eee Various yp of the. spon giv examples of each . > o SYSTEM 2” A system iF defined as a quantil af matter or region in Space Chosen for the thermodynamic study: ° SU RROUN DI NAS The mas or region outside the system is Called the sunnoun dings nd! * BOUNDARY + amdoay is samething Which = SW? Sepmates the dite aind fhe sunngun dings the bounday can be real ar imeginany . Sand @ UNIVERSE : The Gmbjnahon of syster and sumroun dings is Called Universe » m Types of system « 1) Open system Control volume) + loth energy and matter con be ‘exchanged with the environment - Ex. An open “up of Coffee. 2 Closed system (Contra! mas) * Energy, but net matter, can he exchanged with the enyirenment En A vighhly capped cup of coffee 4) Isolated system © Weither energy nor me» can be exchanged with the environment - areas ey Ex Coffee mo closed , well -, insulated thernnes: bottle . 2) 2 ky of a ga 1S omtained ina piston - cylinder assem bly at initial conditions of 2m? and 100 kPa. The_gay is allowed to expand tp a final Volume of 5m. Determine the amount ef work done for the ‘losing processes — o> Pressuat Yemuins constant D Product Pv is a constant. SD Product py is a constant. 2 @ Presswte ramainy Constant is ~ Isobanie process sé Work dint, woz B OCW = Viz ams “= 5m} z \o¥ (5-7) : : P= Oo | Wo Bou Ky la)| @ pv = constant | Work done im care Igo! heamal yet R72” kPa Wi = i Fav, tn V2 2m vy = ox 2x tn 4 = 365" | = 5m 9 Pva = .¢ Cons tant p= 200 kp | 7 ORY = Avi vo 2m? 3 200 x (a= hx (50 “iq Oa? = Pro zal? Pos 200 x2 z aa one = .32, kpaw Work done. BM - PM : n = _ 32x 52.200K2 5 = 240k laze - J 1 A> what is perpetual motion machine of first kind (Prams) 2 Ts it possible 1 devise a pmmt 1 If ast, explain why 7 > Pmmis A device that violates ther first law of thermodynamics is called. peapetval motions machine of the: frsir sind (Poa). + A machine that can do. wore indefinitely “di thid an enengy inpub« ; @ Ne, Its do impossible ty devise a prymy Be couse we know the first law of then modly namics states that whenever there is cydlic process of a Closed 5 stem work done is drectiy, props femal fo the heal aps Mecha el alge ‘ ured! Piso Wellin Trak eneagy will never created nor be dostayed Te con canverted af one “from anothen Bub hens ns npc js allowed omd it delgvrering continuow, 1 hap i as iT .5) What is the diffrence hebween work transfor and heal Ironsfer 7 2 Heat tonsfn | ork, trans for i) Heat transfer is considered | i> 1p is hugh bee! © ong a lol grade energy, where i ty Heat trans fer o coum nly due] ii> ork transfer acces when ty temp. difference Here is. displacement of. body ° iy Heat Supplied or abssibed Wi) Herk . luovig Supplied? # a yy system is Considered +ve. system (dene an Systm) is j : Gonidened —ve. Ww Heat ha a dis erder motion] ivy wer Khar ordered motion. vp Jt is an interaction of enoyy] v due to pmpmly dif forence pabseen a SY stem and it th ad immediate sunnaunding due ft Ot ese taup« difference G Derive the differertial fom of s.r -£-E. hak wil be the velo of a fluid leaving a narale » if the velocity of approach is vey ll? 9 © stendy Flow Eneyy Equator | S465): A flow is Goid bbe a steady flo if the properties clo net very with respect fo time» Such a Flow can be visualited when a mass en teving amd leaning is Same. Es ke +Re+u Re, Tle enegy Guttek enengy = Any + mg, +0;+u Wo=-P + Mey + Pp Vee & a - meng - wade ened [m = mass flow rate lig/i) Amar + mar, 40, 4+ Be = ding’ + maz, FO PLM t Bley a ih, ey yt hy + 4myt ih gut By = wt hy +4 mG ethg?y* Ney a> @r4 mer eth + hue ys phd emg reo fas 2 t x 7 nel Wit Sg ga + Bue cht F gh 4 =m Te hee [— 4 high pressune to one at low pressure, its velouty ene specific Volume both will increase « the equahon “of the expansion takes place vey rapidly and if the steam is inital + Starting fiom the non- flow enewy equation » shour thak the specific hea, Cn, of an ideal gar vith constant specific. heals dusting @ quasi - equilibrium pley fropic. expansion may be expressed ) C= (Ee t-n% Derive the expression for the mass and. enorgy batence for a shay row process - f > Mass balance for Steady flow Systems « ets bine ee en ee cn Sheady pbs To tu mgay endonity, he control value = “Total may leaving pen unit hime the Control yolume pew Lunt Lime Pin = Mow is mass = f xv (a = bared avi [Fine hme oe oe = - pane omy C 2 V> Speafie volume Vie mass . eed DB Eneagy balanee * : Og Net Siig Sage pa * ore volu = Nek cpu a wl le ing See ik 8 n© : ke 4 a Steam flows steadily Hrough a dunbine ot the rate of 0.42 '4/s The Steam entors the tunbine af the following shate + pressunt 12 Mpa | temp 188°C , enthalpy 2995 yy ) veloity 33.3 ms and elevation 3m . The Steam (coves the turbine Zt the following stose. pres we Qo kpa , enthalpy 25th g/ty ; Velocity 00. m/s and elevation QO m- feat 73 fost to the Sumrotunding ot the vate of 9.29 gh, . Compute the power output ofthe tabine . Given, rnass flow rate imap (mm) = 9-42 leq /s Fo- 12 Mpa inp Tre 168'C bye Das ley /hy G = 43.3 m/s Zz, 3am R= - 0.29 ky/keg owtp wr 12 2512 Gr = 100 wilt m = Oud as Pe 20 kpa “wed m= 0S m (na tokgle > dvr (7155 =m, (h+ & 42 y)eW asa)" - BAR Ye boon $ 2x10 ed (ed 7 oun (Ua A aD + o)tu > Be b+ St 4 & . a wraR en hg Geteg +H a ¥ j Rh Sao : + A) + OMS 4) Con 12 oak nm Joo Oe 2X19 = +04 > 45h + 0.555 40-029 -g.Q90 - ‘ WS ss en] o> A norte is a device Stead yl = 2911+ sew out for increasing the. velocity ofa Plowing, Stream . pe the inlet tp a conlaid mrale, the eithalpy af the flucd passt Velox ¢ to 3000 g/kg ond pee Gem/s. At the doc range end, the entha The rerele is horizontal py is 2824/g- ond tee is negigible heat loss from it. @ Find the velocity ot exists fom the nbrile O sf ter ink MAW 15 OL meander. sper Volume at inlet is 0.18? mY, Find. fla may ft ow rater. © Ff the specific volume ak phe nogile exit 3s ou ag, mea. Find the eit area of fre nore. >@ Welovty ak existe: “gy : The beak bos y work done in ds proce reylipble So SFEE Ak began”) : he oe. +a hy > 300 ley = 300 + 6, gap 4 “GJ be eae seg) 2x) DHL 2X) Cy - Go ms > JFOD+ bs & game ab MU Fa TG = yt 7 CH = HV uri {G6 = (92.53 nfst : | © mas for tes ya aizth de _ q = Go m/s OX 60 He Sees Vi = 0 l8t MY/hy © Fat Area Ar = ae va = Ou ng Mky 328K O-N9G G = 692-595 692-54 ms 32.08 1/5 » A turhine operotes under Steady flow Candi tions , Yecieving Steam at the faltowing stale! Presun 1-2 Mpa , temp: 166°C, enthalpy 2485 ky/ky. velocity 33-3 m/s ond. elevation 3™- The Steam Jeaver the turbine at the -follewing Stafe > Pressum 20 kpmr enthalpy rsh W/kg + Velouity 100 m/s rand elevakan 0 m Heat is hst- fo the Suvraund ings at tie vate 0 f 6.29 ky/S- Tf tte rote of steam flow roby, the turbine is a-qr ‘eg /s » whak is the power owlpub ef he tuebine in kw 2 > Same G09 2p whatdo you mean by the displacement or P-Y work done 7 Derive the expression of the wark done for alk the different press for the system undengoing oO stale. change. fom 1% 2, 7 PV Work done: yp js the work done on the J 9% by the gan duet the aching ge pressure during a Charge in volume . Work done ( w) . force y displase ment. dW = - Fx da P= (PxA)a Atenas [ farce = Peng L Volume = prea xar] awork dom in adinbakic expansion: a RN ee Adiabatic proess : Pp vi zk Su OF KY work dom we fp dV WwW on we f kyay WV ee pee “vel -v Me vs Og ek ora “vat eens 5 Vv s l-y [ x ‘ ] ee wet yor ee ee J on wit 4 vee " leave [ Rafa py! ] oa San *(h Me - nv) i Ly AY B Work don in Insothewmal process : Work done in .tnsatignma’ Proce Suppore 4 mole of gy is en elosed in isothermal @ntangr , Ler. privy. he mibial pressure , voles and tenperotin Le expand te volume Vy '& Pressune reduces rR ¥ tempashe yemain Comtant. tyerk clone is given by we fdu we ete yw PY = RT (h = mole) p= RT he oe f “tf a = tT pints = RT Line - tow} Wee RT dn Me | = x. | voAVT: pees 963 RT be . [ee For conrtant temp iS Me Ye Vi 38 AST aon AT hye \> If teo bedies are in fheunal equilibrium with another body ¢, 1s) Whok is zeroth (aw of thomodynamitr “2 i i iL pri then the bodies A and B Will also ie in, theamed: equilibrium } with each other A) Thermal Thez mal equili briam— © qui bin @ Thermat equilibrium lay what is the difference between intensive and extensive prprities? > Tntensive Property 1) Does not depend on the mass DS Can ner be computed WY Ts used te determine the "> Can net used tp define the idlenivty Identity of a system of the system Extensive pro potty Depend on the mass iy Computed can be. W The value does not Change ve Ductlity 1 conductivity fyeen poith, Custer , Odor ans exanples of intensive properties > The, value can change 4 V> Mass, Volume , wei, examples Oa of extensive Properties 1 Whab is total energy 2 Identi thar constitute the + Tot! Ene Cc): fy the differen! sbrms ff encn It snag 2 bras of nengy The total en, y of a of the. potential, kinetic and lin wa i =, PEF Ke +] To tu energy Consists of internal, kine tic ond Pstentiel energ 4 for simple cémpressible systems » Thhranol energy for represents the moleculan energy ofa system and may exist in sersible, latent , chemical , and nuclean forms, system is the sum. energies *ler A vigi eevee sega SEE a oe funk Contains 10 keg of erator at ace 8 kpoh B et is in the Uguid form and te rest 6 in the. “vapue, form , : Vou determine @ the presse in the tank and ® the me of He tank_+ > @ : given- ome te me = 3 keg : a Breaky ® — Preywe in dank + eee TN emp natin a7 t. Pyar in re aa (Glee ® Volume _of the dank, you my 2 Bvt Mey y= 0.00}036 doe (255937070089) viz ot t29 mig - ye tae 472g [ Specite vol. of Sort 7 saturated Uiguid vo=rd Wwe oe vg = 6:001036 mig) specific vel- sarmatd Vapour, ‘4 22.3803] uy what is, He difference behveen Satunated, Wewsd amd compressed uquid . ’ : > —— 4 : ___ Sadunated Viquigite > No more soluke Con be dissolved | Y Compressed in volume. Compressed Uquid jiy Adding encessive amounts of | ti i solute ty a Uguid ie Coat evlernal pressure wh! bal siiy Th is eden in thick, guid or |wiy ge is oe conmpresses ordinary tiguid form gaseous ae in Uguid or im satwration increases With an w> Comuprd sie . increase in tenporatun - . mente eee with an mpenrature > Not a volatile mi Higgo ly volatile .OSES TE BI TSS 8) Is tere any difference behseen the indensive propatkes of safmded Uquld at a iven temperature and the liquid of a saturated mixtine at The same emperahint : When fle calculation spor a ive mints. is progressed 1 the saturated Uiguid. omd soturaied vapaun ‘propettier are used + These propenhes at Obtained al the tenpaa tue ead te specific enthelpy of the mixture which in tour i> an intensive properly » So the properties ab final stale ond ay that fo abteined at corresponding spescfic tnfhlpy value vemain same + There pre . there is no difference 19) why are fhe temperature and pressure. dependent propertios in the sohnated mixture region 7 5 : Pt Saturated state, With decrease in Pressuu, the gaseous medium’s capacity te accomm oclate Liquid pontides nll be decreased . And so, the guid parties will convet inl p form ond expand This expansion will decrease tempat ay the liquid pores will absorb heat fam medium ty expand § conve into 9a pontidles- So. His way , pressure tempenatim is dependent in, axe of Saturated michine’ . 20> what is quality 2 Dees it have any meaning in the superheated ‘vapowl vegion_ ? 2 Fraction of Vopowrin lipid ~ vapou region i called. quality . B Since in supecheated zone a the Uiguid far been vaporised hence it dows't hawé any meaning in supaheated regisn, 21) What a you undewtand by path function and. paint function > what ane “exact and inexact differentials 7 > po point functin: The propany ef 9 system which aves net _ Point fur depends on path of process , hut cepends on slates ( two end condititian ef process), Hos pr panty is called point -funckon » The Ahermalynanscs Prepay of system f chang vath change of state. » Depend only on fhe initial & Final siales of 4He system. » Ex Pressuiey Lemp. Volume ef,* Jk is an, exact differential Be park Funct: There ane Certain quantities which com net be (scated on a graph b @ point but ane ve presented by fe ana on the graph « Those guanties ane dependent on tHe Path of the process and ane called joath Function. Bx. Work, heat edz. Heat omd work ane inexact diffountals , Their Change can net be wnitten ay difference helweer » thar initial amd finol states 8q + a8) 22> Show that COPyp = COPrey +4 when both the heat Pump dnd refiig nalor howe the same, &ama fy an Heat “Pumps peat Ts rejected ab higher Jemporatune ism inn portomt quantity co- egficient of performance of Heak pump C.cor)yp = AL 7 Werte w sabstond) Bi = WOL (verre dew we BO Sy Stn) a - or = eh Stomp um di Ce ae VEE | x ‘Re fri qercor » oe Fe gt co-efficient of porfrrmance ef Rettig enabr copa = 8 C W By = WwrBe Be We Gr -8 © (PMR = Roy TOFam O° © Ccopyy - (OP)R oN Te 6, 8, -8 8, eee 2 F©or)y ert CeerJa| (Proved ) Fridge Lew te a 23 whak is Carnot Ode 1 What ae the pur processa wich | constitute the cyele 7 > DR connet cyde is defined a an ideal reversible closed Fheamedy namic. oy ee : B Fou prcessen an - > Tso thamat expansion (12) D Adiqbeake expansion (2 3) > Tsothermal esmpression (»>4) 4 Adiabatic Compression. ( 4> 4) 24y Show that the entropy ts a pmpay of a system » > Th order fo prove thar eniripy 1s propaly » We will Suppose two cy cles ie 4 -A-2-B-lomd I-A -2-c-1 Ws Shem in Figue * For a revensible yee 4-4-2-B-d Lee aeee | OS TAD = For a revesible _tyele 4- [aes J ak xs Lan —F der Thaw fre 8 = (OR Jas is aoe} Hence ensopy ae jas ae a clefinite Cpu an bity independ enk of “tre path followed fox the change and depend 9 wpon The iniiod and the finol Stakes of aw System . Hence enbo py is @ Property2% What is Clousius “inequality ao > The claunsins ine quality is oc tense uence of spn the. 2nd Law of thermodynamics. The clausins ime quality ofr a closed. system states thot The process is imevensible if, tds >d@. Te process is reveuible if, ads = de. 2) yeic heat operates betseen. a source temperate of Booc amd. m Sink temperature of 20°C - what is the last rate of heat reechion— per kw net output of the eyine > Linas = Nw = J- TE Ty SMPs R087. Temr173 el O82 oat oe Wne- : ee eo . = kw B+ Fhe 0: ONS . - Bio = 992 kw | saw, Now TERK Qi = Oy - Wnt = paqr-y Oe Ole Wis is te leat tate of heat reqection -29)" Prove that of all heak engines openation bebeeen th Same’ teservevs none hay a Jreater effierensy than a: reversible cne. to >te > : Le > LU be paved) Ag” eg ee La Sy ssume) 2 Prove that, He maximum work dbtainobte from two finite bodies at temperatues T, and 7 vs Wma = Cpe (Vu-iy => the how finite bodies will atin 9 Common tenpenakinr ae + Then the Chan ge in enag the te fit i accordingly will be rd finite bodies U2 Gen tears Yo = GTy + Oy = 7 Us - Ui uy = 2G &> (u+ny And wor K_ owt pub will be ce (tam 2%)3) The internal energy of a ceafain substance is given by the following equation w= 3-56 py +64 whew u is given in ‘g/t, pis in kPa and v is in m?/r, Al system Compored of B ky. of Tus substance expands ftom an initial pressure of 500 kpa and w Volume Of 0:22 m> tym fn jal pressuie foo kPa in o PrOless in which yessure and volume Pi ane related by py'* = constant @ Uf the expansion 1S quasi-static. rad 8, 40 and WwW for the process © In another process the same s Stem expands according to the same Pee ee relation ship ay in pank (@) and fom the same jnitial \ State fp the same final slate o» 19 pant (a), bal: the bett transfor i im this case 15 30 1S. Find the work transfer of ds process © & Explain the difference jin work_‘ransforin. pacts (a) and Cb) > Stote® % ——~ Pi = $20 kPa PL = 100 kPa Vi = O10 mm Vi =9 PMs — SPIE C$ Sibeay ei fede Pray bi" pag tet y 500 x (0, ia)ht = 100 x ayo a vr = ogre 2 MEE: 08g om Wy ve 1 Pi treat ne} at Moa Xty — 100 8% ores | te 13g KI he Stat-© b=, 3-696 Py +ey ; C+ mon: 3 kg) 5 TEX 500 X02 4 Sy ; 4 Moz 022 m3 = 21h 64 y/ kg = ais ov) 3 9 Mab 85x 10x08 4 gy 5 i = 1 Bt 4g 4 /hy NES Ge Ui eye oy 9-21 Yes ; =f g64 ii a ete AShes G=7 . Ree outing to, Ast lowe of Thermo dynam, “Bh. = wt dU = 138,- 9612 : ——1 — fl ® dus] ‘ : baven, @-- Cals; Us point’ fin POTN ES Ba ky ” Ape ding. tO 4 st tour of theymedynanics B= Ww 4 cay ‘ : : | 2 © war in Wy 18 nob equok bb J paw Simte the prwcess is nob quai-sthe.> 32 a i, ? Show shel the efficreney of a revasible. engine. operating behecen two given constan tempor. is the Macimum,, [et Ty > Ty and Fixed . Suppose A is any refrigerator and m is reversible refrigeyoser and alse assume. C Cop), > ( CoP)s : Ti | T amd Ty Bin = Bin = B ye We Wa tl a Wa We Sf a Then Yee We yevened Hu revouible refrigenater 'B’ amd then Work, out pwr oF Ye tg erator "DD? is Wy end heat rezechon. fF .hm,rULUhmD So, we can ivectly ws. BD feed. for refigestr and Resevar "Tr! 15 elinuncated then oso a nek work ontpub ( Wy- Wn): wil] be orailable - But it violates tu Icelvin plank statemen he violates and tau of Pherae dy mics 5.0 oun assim tion 1s wrong, oo ap C CoP )R > COOP),
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