CET Question Bank 1

Short answer questions.

1. Explain state (point) and path functions.

State Function is defined as a property of a system that only depends on the initial and
final state of the system, and is independent of the path followed in getting from one to
the other. Eg T, P, V
A path function does depend on the path followed in getting from the initial to the final
state.Eg Q, W
• State functions: The properties of the substance that describe the present state of the
system and do not record the previous history. They depend only on the initial and final
states of the system. Eg. Temperature, pressure
Differential of a state function represents an infinitesimal change in value. Integration
results in finite difference between two of its values.

Eg
• Path functions: is defined as one whose magnitude depends on the path followed during a
process as well as on the end states. Eg heat and work.
The difference of heat and work are not changes but an infinitesimal amounts. When
integrated, their differentials do not give finite changes but finite amounts

2. Explain the relation between heat and work. Justify that heat and work are not properties.
Sol. From Joule’s experiment - The amount of work done on the system is always equal to the
energy transferred as heat from the system to the surroundings, when the system undergoes a
cyclic change.
Irrespective of the work mode type and the rate at which work is done, amount of work done on
the system is always proportional to the energy transferred as heat from the system to the
surroundings, when the system undergoes a cyclic process ∮ 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐽 ∮ 𝑑𝑄, ∮→
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ
Where J=1Nm/J, in SI system
Where J is proportionality constant of Joule’s equivalent or mechanical equivalent of heat.

3. Differentiate between macroscopic and microscopic view point.

Macroscopic View: A certain quantity of matter is considered without the events
occuring at the molecular level being taken into account
The system can be specified by the properties that can be directly sensed or measured
(eg pressure) – Classical thermodynamics
Microscopic View: We analyze the behaviour of certain quantity of matter from its
molecular actions – Statistical thermodynamics

4. Define Zeroth law of thermodynamics. How it can be used to determine the temperature
of a system.
Zeroth Law - When two bodies or systems are in thermal equilibrium with the third one, then
they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Zeroth law allows us to build thermometers which are devices that indicate the change in
temperatures by the change in some physical properties of the thermometric fluid
Such properties are called thermometric properties.
Commonly used thermometric properties –
1) Volume of gas and liquids (thermometers)
2) Pressure of gases at constant volume (constant volume gas thermometers)
3) Electrical resistance of solids (thermistors)
4) Electromotive forces of two dissimilar metals (thermocouples)
5) Intensity of radiation (pyrometers)

5. Write the ideal gas equation and Vanderwaal’s equation of state.

ideal gas equation

van der Waals Equation of State

Here, a and b are positive constants, specific to a particular species;

when they are zero, the equation for the ideal-gas state is recovered.

6. Give the first law of thermodynamics with respect to system and surroundings.
Although energy assumes many forms, the total quantity of energy is constant, and when energy
disappears in one form it appears simultaneously in other forms.
∆(Energy of the system) =Q+W
This equation means that the total energy change of a closed system equals to the net energy
transferred into as heat and work.
If only internal energy changes take place in the system, then
∆𝑈 𝑡 = 𝑄 + 𝑊
𝑈 𝑡 is the total internal energy change of the system

7. How absolute pressure and gauge pressure are related.

Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + barometric pressure.

8. Explain the difference between isothermal and isobaric process.

Isothermal process → the process takes place at constant temperature
(e.g. freezing of water to ice at –10C)
Isobaric → constant pressure
(e.g. heating of water in open air→ under atmospheric pressure)

9. Differentiate between intensive properties and extensive properties. Give example

– Extensive properties: These depend upon mass of the system. Eg: mass, volume
etc.
If system contracts to a point, property0
– Intensive properties: These do not depend upon mass of the system. Eg: pressure,
temperature, time, etc.
If system contracts to a point, propertyfinite value

10. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics.

I law allows to calculate the energy changes but
I law does not give any information
 as to whether the transformation of energy (process) would actually take place or not.
 If it takes place, In which direction of energy transformation
 To what extent the conversion (transformation)will take.
 Satisfying the first law does not ensure that the process can actually occur.
 Q and W are additive. I law does not show any difference between Q and W.
 The process cannot occur unless it satisfies both I and II law
11. Give the physical significance of triple point and critical point

All three lines meet at the triple point, where the three phases coexist in equilibrium.
According to the phase rule, the triple point is invariant (F = 0).
The vaporization curve 2-C terminates at point C, the critical point.
The coordinates of this point are the critical pressure PC and the critical temperature TC , the
highest pressure and highest temperature at which a pure chemical species can exist in vapor
liquid equilibrium.

12. Define phase rule. Determine the degrees of freedom at a) triple point of water b) if
system consists of liquid water and liquid toluene (immiscible) in equilibrium with its vapors.
Phase rule - For any system at equilibrium, the number of independent variables that must be
arbitrarily fixed to establish its intensive state.
Applying the rule to non reactive multi component heterogeneous systems in thermodynamic
equilibrium is given by the equation

• F = 2-π + N
• Where π = no. of phases
• N = no. of chemical species present in the system
• F = degrees of freedom
13. Define volume expansivity and isothermal compressibility.
Volume expansivity:

Isothermal compressibility:
1 𝜕𝑉
𝐾=− ( )
𝑉 𝜕𝑃 𝑇

14. What is the physical significance of virial coefficients.

Both of these equations are known as virial expansions, and the parameters B′, C′, D′, etc., and B,
C, D, etc., are called virial coefficients. Parameters B′ and B are second virial coefficients; C′
and C are third virial coefficients, and so on.
For a given gas the virial coefficients are functions of temperature only.
Thus, for the expansion in 1/V, the term B/V arises on account of interactions between pairs of
molecules; the C/V2 term, on account of three-body interactions; etc. Because, at gas-like
densities, two-body interactions are many times more common than three-body interactions, and
three-body interactions are any times more numerous than four-body interactions, the
contributions to Z of the successively higher-ordered terms decrease rapidly.
 Essay questions

15. A cylindrical tank contains pressurized Nitrogen gas. The gauge on the tank reads 88 kPa.
A manometer is attached to the tank to verify its pressure. Determine the manometer reading in
cm if the manometer fluid is i) ρ of mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3, ii) ρ of water = 1000 kg/m3

16. Example problem Ex 1.4 page 13, VII Edition ( An elevator with a mass of……)
17. A manometric fluid has a specific gravity of 3.65 and is used to measure a pressure of
1.25 bar at a location where the barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg. What height will the
manometer fluid indicate.

18. A body of mass 50 kg is lifted through a distance of 15 m. What is the work done. If it
took 2 min for lifting the mass, calculate the power.
19. Explain reversible process with an example and mention its characteristics.

Sol . A process is reversible if both the system and its surroundings can be restored to their
respective original states by reversing the direction of the process. A process which does not
satisfy this criterion is an irreversible process
• It is an ideal process and cannot be realized in actual.

• Frictionless.

• Is never more than differentially removed from equilibrium.

• Traverses a succession of equilibrium states.

• Is driven by forces whose imbalance is differential in magnitude.

• Can be reversed at any point by a differential change in external conditions.

• When reversed, retraces its forward path, and restores the initial state of the system and
surroundings.

Eg of Irreversible:
Reversible expansion of gas

• System initially in equilibrium state – P1,V1, T1 and weight of piston just balances
upward force exerted by the gas. If weight removed, there will be unbalanced force
between system and surrounding and under gas P, the piston will move up till it hits the
stops. The system again comes to equilibrium state P2, V2, T2. But the intermediate
states passed through by system are non equilibrium states which cannot be described by
thermodynamic coordinates.
• If single weight on piston is made up of many very small pieces of weights and these
weights are removed one by one , very slowly from the top of the piston, at any instant of
upward travel of piston, if gas is isolated, the departure of state of system from the
thermodynamic equilibrium state will be very infinitesimally small. So, every state
passed through the system will be an equilibrium state.
• Such a process, which is but a locus of all equilibrium points passed through by the
system- quasi- static process
20. Explain thermodynamic equilibrium.

A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium when there is no change in macroscopic

property, if the system is isolated from the surroundings.
Macroscopic properties remain uniform and invariable with time even though the microscopic
activity does not cease.
Thermodynamic equilibrium -If the conditions for the following three types of equilibrium are
satisfied
1) Thermal Equilibrium
• Concept of temperature
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics
2) Mechanical Equilibrium
3) Chemical Equilibrium

Thermal equilibrium –

 When two bodies are in contact, so that the heat can flow between them(diathermic wall),
the bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium if no heat transfer takes place between
them( both the temperatures are equal).

 When system is isolated, no heat exchange occurs between various points within the
system and the temperature is uniform throughout.
Mechanical equilibrium -
 It is the equilibrium with respect to work transfer between the system and the
surroundings. i.e No imbalance in the properties of the system that will cause work
transfer.
 If the pressure of the system and the surrounding is same then there is no mechanical
work transfer and the system is in Mechanical equilibrium.
Chemical equilibrium -
 It is the equilibrium with respect to Chemical reaction and mass transfer between the
system and the surroundings. i.e No imbalance in the properties of the system that will
cause species amount to change with respect to time and space.
  If the composition of the system do not change due to diffusion or mass transfer or
chemical reaction and no tendency for the chemical reaction to occur between the
constituents when the system is isolated.
If all the three equilibriums are attained, then the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium.

21. An astronaut weighs 730 N in Houston, Texas, where the local acceleration of gravity is g
= 9.792 m/s2. What are the astronaut’s mass and weight on the moon, where g= 1.67 m/s2.

22. i) At 270C a manometer filled with mercury reads 60.5cm. The local acceleration of
gravity is 0.98 m/s2. To what pressure does this height corresponds.
ii) Pressure upto 3000 atm are measured with a dead-weight gauge. The piston diameter is
0.35 cm. What is the approximate mass in kg of the weights required.

Similar to previous problem. Also refer ppt Basic concepts final

20 In a fluid mechanics laboratory a mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure
drop of water flowing in a pipe line. If the difference of the mercury levels in the two limbs reads
20cm, determine the pressure drop. The density of mercury is 13.6x10 3 kg/m3 and that of water is
1x103 kg/m3.

Similar to previous problem. Also refer ppt Basic concepts final

21 Derive the mathematical expression of the first law of thermodynamics for a steady state
flow process between a single entrance and single exit (Energy balance for open systems)

The rate of change of energy within the control volume = the net rate of energy transfer into the
control volume.
Streams flowing into and out of the control volume have associated with them energy in its
internal, potential, and kinetic forms.
Each unit mass of a stream carries with it a total energy
1 2
𝑈+ 𝑢 + 𝑍𝑔
2
where u is the average velocity of the stream, z is its elevation above a datum level, and g is the
local acceleration of gravity.
1
Thus, each stream transports energy at the rate (𝑈 + 𝑢2 + 𝑍𝑔) 𝑚̇
2

The net energy transported into the system by the flowing streams is therefore
1
[−∆[(𝑈 + 𝑢2 + 𝑍𝑔) 𝑚]̇] = Input- Output
2 𝑓𝑠
22 One kg of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure from an initial state of 300 K and 1
bar until its volume triples. Calculate W, Q, ∆U, ∆H for the process. Assume for the air that
PV/T = 83.14 bar cm3 mol-1 K-1 and CP = 29 J mol-1K-1
23 An ideal gas undergoes the following reversible processes
i) From an initial state of 343 K and 1 bar it is compressed adiabatically to 423K.
ii) It is then cooled to 343 K at constant pressure.
iii) Finally, it is expanded to its original state isothermally.

Calculate W, Q, ∆U, ∆H for each of the above processes. Assume for the air that PV/T = 83.14
bar cm3 mol-1 K-1 and Cv = (3/2) R

Similar problems solved in ppt (I law of thermodynamics)

24 Explain the PT behavior of a pure substance with a diagram.

Pure Substance- which is homogenous in chemical composition throughout its mass eg air.
Line 1-2, the sublimation curve, separates the solid and gas regions;
line 2-3, the fusion curve, separates the solid and liquid regions;
line 2-C, the vaporization curve, separates the liquid and gas regions.
All three lines meet at the triple point, where the three phases coexist in
equilibrium.
According to the phase rule, the triple point is invariant (F = 0).
If the system exists along any of the two-phase lines , it is univariant (F = I),
whereas in the single-phase regions it is divariant (F = 2).
The vaporization curve 2-C terminates at point C, the critical point.
The coordinates of this point are the critical pressure PC and the critical temperature TC , the
highest pressure and highest temperature at which a pure chemical species can exist in vapor
liquid equilibrium.
Paths from A to B lead from the liquid region to the gas region without crossing a phase
boundary. The transition from liquid to gas is gradual.
On the other hand, paths which cross phase boundary 2-C include a vaporization step, where an
abrupt change from liquid to gas occurs.
A phase is generally considered a liquid if vaporization results from pressure reduction at
constant temperature.
A phase is considered a gas if condensation results from temperature reduction at constant
pressure.
Since neither process occurs in the area beyond the dashed lines, it is called the fluid region.
The gas region is divided into two parts, as indicated by the dotted vertical line . A gas to the left
of this line, which can be condensed either by compression at constant temperature or by cooling
at constant pressure, is called a vapor. The region everywhere to the right of this line, where T >
TC including the fluid region, is termed supercritical.
25 One kilo mol CO2 occupies a volume of 0.381 m3 and 313K. Compare the pressures
given by ideal gas equation and vanderwaals equation. Take the vanderwaal’s constant to be
a=0.365 Nm4/mol2 and b= 4.28x10-5 m3/mol.
26 Determine the molar volume of n-butane at 510 K and 25 bar by each of the following.
i) Ideal gas-equation.
ii) Compressibility factor correlation
iii) Generalized virial coefficient correlation for B.
TC = 425.1K, PC = 37.96 bar, ω = 0.2
 CET Question Bank-2

Short answer questions.

1. Define Residual properties

The definition for the generic residual property:
M R  M  M ig
– M and Mig are the actual and ideal-gas properties, respectively.
– M is the molar value of any extensive thermodynamic properties, e.g., V, U, H, S,
or G.
2. Write fundamental residual property relation.

This fundamental residual-property relation applies to fluids of constant composition

3. What is throttling process.

When a fluid flows through a restriction, such as an orifice, a partly closed valve, or a porous
plug, without any appreciable change in kinetic or potential energy, the primary result of the
process is a pressure drop in the fluid. Such a throttling process produces no shaft
Work and in the absence of heat transfer:

H  0
4. What are steps involved in carnot cycle. Define with diagram.
The Carnot cycle when acting as a heat engine consists of the 4 following steps:
 A system at temperature of cold reservoir T C undergoes an Isentropic compression
(reversible adiabatic) that causes its temperature to rise to that of the hot reservoir at
TH(isentropic work input).
 The system maintains contact with hot reservoir T H and undergoes a reversible
isothermal expansion during which heat QH is absorbed from the hot reservoir(isothermal
heat addition or absorption).
  The system undergoes a reversible adiabatic expansion (Isentropic process) in the
opposite direction of step 1 that brings its temperature back to that of cold reservoir at TC
(isentropic work output)
 The system maintains contact with the cold reservoir T C and undergoes a reversible
isothermal compression in the opposite direction of step 2 that returns it to its initial state
with rejection of heat QC to the cold reservoir(isothermal heat rejection)

5. State principle of increase of entropy.

(The Second Law of Thermodynamics) The entropy change of any system and its surroundings,
considered together, and resulting from any real process, is positive, approaching zero when the
process approaches reversibility. Mathematically,

The second law affirms that every process proceeds in such a direction that the total entropy
change associated with it is positive, the limiting value of zero being attained only by a
reversible process. No process is possible for which the total entropy decreases
6. What is entropy. Write the mathematical statement of second law of thermodynamics
(statement for increase in entropy)
It is a measure of randomness or disorderness of the system. Entropy is the thermodynamic
property which serves as a measure of unavailability or degradation of heat or extent of
rreversibility.

There exists a property called entropy1 S, which for systems at internal equilibrium is an
intrinsic property, functionally related to the measurable state variables that characterize the
system. Differential changes in this property are given by the equation:

 The entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems

spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, which is the state of
maximum entropy.
  (The Second Law of Thermodynamics) The entropy change of any system and its
surroundings, considered together, and resulting from any real process, is positive,
approaching zero when the process approaches reversibility. Mathematically,

7. Draw the TS diagram of a refrigeration cycle and mention the steps involved.

12 Constant pressure heat absorption at a low constant temperature.

23The vapor produced is compressed to a higher pressure,
The dashed line 2  3‘ isentropic compression
34 cooled and condensed at constant pressure with rejection of heat at a higher temperature
level.
41 Liquid from the condenser returns to its original pressure by an expansion process in a
throttling device. throttling process occurs at constant enthalpy.
8. Differentiate carnot cycle and Rankine cycle using TS diagram.

9. Mention the applications of nozzles

Nozzles are used in steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines and in jet engines, Jet
propulsion. Nozzles are used for flow measurement e.g. in venturimeter. ... Nozzles are used to
remove air from a condenser.

10. Define COP and ton of refrigeration

• The coefficient of performance (COP):

heat absorbed at the lower temperature | QC | | QC | TC

   
net work W | QH |  | QC | TH  TC
COP increase as the difference between the two temperatures decreases
A ton of refrigeration is defined as heat absorption at the rate of 12 000 Btu h-1 or 12 652.2 kJ h-1.
This corresponds approximately to the rate of heat removal required to freeze 1 short ton [or
2000 (lb)] of water initially at 32 (OF) per day or remove 3.5145 kW at 273.15 K (0°C).

11. What is mollier diagram. Give its uses.

A thermodynamic diagram represents the temperature, pressure, volume, enthalpy, and entropy
of a substance on a single plot. Common diagrams are:
a. TS diagram
b. PH diagram (ln P vs. H)
c. HS diagram (Mollier diagram)
The Mollier diagram is a graphic representation of the relationship between air temperature,
moisture content and enthalpy - and is a basic design tool for building engineers and designers. It
can be used in practical applications such as malting, to represent the grain–air–moisture system.
The underlying property data for the Mollier diagram is identical to a psychrometric chart.
12. State kelvin plank and clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics
Kelvin Planck statement (Related to working principle of a heat engine): It is impossible for
a heat engine that operating in a cycle to convert the heat absorbed completely into the net
amount of work. (or)
It is impossible for any device that operating in a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
and produce net amount of work

Clausius statement (related to working principle of a refrigerator or heat pump):

It is impossible to construct a device that operates on a cycle and produce no other effect other
than the transfer of heat from low temperature body to a high temperature body. (or)
Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without work supplied from external source.

13. State third law of thermodynamics

The absolute entropy is zero for all perfect crystalline substances at absolute zero temperature.

14. Distinguish between heat engine and heat pump.

Heat Engine – are the devices or machines that operate in a cyclic process for the continuous
production of work from heat.

Absorption of heat into a system at high temperature, rejection of heat to surrounding at low
temperature and production of work.

Heat pump - is a device, which operating in a cycle maintains body at a temperature higher than
the temperature of the surroundings.

15. Define ideal work and lost work.

Ideal work - In any steady-state flow process requiring work, an absolute minimum amount of
work is required to produce the desired change of state in the fluid flowing through the control

Wideal  H  T S
volume. In a process producing work, an absolute maximum amount of work can be realized
from a given change of state of the fluid flowing through the control volume. In either case, the
limiting value results when the change of state associated with the process is accomplished
completely reversibly.

Lost work - Work that is wasted as the result of irreversibilities in a process is called lost work: It
is defined as the difference between the actual work of a change of state and the ideal work for
the same change of state.
Wlost  WS  Wideal

Wlost  T SG  0

16. Give any four desirable properties of a refrigerant.

• It should be non-flammable, non-toxic, non-corrosive and non-explosive.
• It must be readily available and cheap.
• It should have low boiling point and low freezing point( lower than the desired
temperature levels in the refrigerator.
• The pressures required to be maintained in evaporator and condenser should be low to
avoid the material and initial cost and operating expense of high-pressure equipment but
the vapor pressure of the refrigerant at the evaporator temperature should be greater than
atmospheric pressure, So that air cannot leak into the refrigeration system.
• It must have high latent heat of vaporization as it results in high refrigeration effect
per kg.
• It must have low specific heat. If high, large quantity of heat would have to be removed
to cool the hot liquid entering the condenser to bring its temperature down to the
saturation value (decreases the refrigeration effect per kg)

17. Explain how critical pressure and critical temperature affect the properties of refrigerant.
Critical temperature and pressure should be above the operating temperature and pressure. If
operating temperature more than critical temperature, it is impossible to condense the gas by
compressing it to high pressures.
18. What are the common uses of liquefaction of gases.
 liquid propane in cylinders serves as a domestic fuel
 liquid oxygen is carried in rockets
 natural gas is liquefied for ocean transport
 and liquid nitrogen is used for low-temperature refrigeration.
 In addition, gas mixtures (e.g., air) are liquefied for separation into their component
species by fractionation.

19. What is the basic principle behind the absorption refrigeration.

Absorption refrigeration: the direct use of heat as the energy source for refrigeration (not from an
electric motor).
 In vapor-compression refrigeration the work of compression is usually supplied by an
electric motor.
 But the source of the electric energy for the motor is probably a heat engine (central
power plant) used to drive a generator.
 Thus the work for refrigeration comes ultimately from heat at a high temperature level.
This suggests the direct use of heat as the energy source for refrigeration.
 The absorption-refrigeration machine is based on this idea.
 Essay questions

20. i) Derive maxwell’s equations from fundamental property relations.

For one mol of homogeneous fluid of constant composition:
 𝜕𝑃 𝛽
ii) Show that (𝜕𝑇 ) = where β is volume expansivity and k is isothermal compressibility.
𝑉 𝑘

Integrating
21. Prove the equivalence of Kelvin Plank and Clausius statements of second law of
thermodynamics.
22. A steel casting (Cp = 0.5 KJ/kg K) and weighing 40 kg and at a temperature of 450 0C is
quenched in 150 kg of oil at 250C (Cp = 0.25 kJ/kg K). If there are no heat losses, what is the
change in entropy of a) casting b) oil c) both considered together

23. A heat engine absorbs 250 kJ of heat from a source at 350 K. The heat engine produces a
work to the tune of 55 kJ, discarding 100kJ of heat to a thermal reservoir at 310 K and 75 kJ of
heat to another reservoir at 290K. Does this engine violate the second law of thermodynamics.
24. A 40 kg block of iron casting at 625 K is dropped into a well-insulated vessel containing
160 kg of water at 276 K. Calculate the entropy change for the iron block, water and the entire
process. Assume that the specific heat of iron is 0.45 kJ/kg K and that of water is 4.185 kJ/kg K.
25. Explain the following
i) Vapor Compression Cycle using TS and PH diagrams
ii) Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
26. What is Liquefaction. Explain in detail on Linde Liquefaction Process

For 25 and 26, Refer ppt Ref and liq final

27. Explain
i) The Rankine cycle with a neat sketch.
ii) Internal Combustion engine
Refer text book
28. A refrigeration system requires 1.5 kW of power for a refrigeration of 4kJ/sec. Calculate
COP and the amount of heat rejected in the condenser.
29. An inventor claimed to have devised cyclic engine which exchanges heat with reservoir
at 270C and 3270C and produce 0.6 kJ of work for each kJ of heat extracted from hot reservoir. Is
this claim believable. If instead he claimed that delivered work would be 0.25 kJ/kg of extracted
heat, would the engine be feasible.
For any process to be even theoretically possible, it must meet the requirements of the first and
second laws of thermodynamics. The detailed mechanism need not be known to determine
whether this is true; only the overall result is required. If the claims of the inventor satisfy the
laws of thermodynamics, fulfilling the claims is theoretically possible.

The problem is similar to

30. What is Mach number. Derive the equation for maximum velocity that can be reached in
an isentropic nozzle
The Mach number: Ratio of the Speed of the fluid in the duct to the Speed of sound in the fluid.

For subsonic flow in a converging nozzle, the velocity increases as the cross-sectional area
diminishes. The maximum value is the speed of sound, reached at the throat.
31. Discuss the vapor –compression cycle using T-S and P-H planes.
32. A carnot engine absorbs 1000KJ energy as heat from reservoir at 500K and rejects energy
to a sink at 300K. Determine the efficiency of the engine and the energy rejected to the sink.

33. Write a note on expansion processes involving flow through nozzles and turbines. Briefly
explain residual properties.
Refer text book
34. One kilogram of fluid enters a nozzle with a velocity of 300m/min and enthalpy of
29990kJ/kg. The enthalpy of the fluid at exit is 2760kJ/kg. Assuming the flow to be adiabatic,
determine the exit velocity of the fluid. What is the mass flow rate, if the inlet area of the nozzle
is 0.095 m2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.19 m3/kg.
35. i) What are the desirable properties of a refrigerant
Discussed in q16 and 17
ii) Compare Linde process with Claude process for air liquefaction