EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

YO U R G U I D E TO M E R ALC O’ S S O L AR PV
N E T M E TE RI N G PI LOT PROJ ECT

TITLE HERE 1
1 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW
EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW
Your Guide to Meralco’s
Solar PV Net Metering Pilot Project

PUBLISHED BY MERALCO UTILITY ECONOMICS AND CORPORATE COMMUNICATIONS

IN COOPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COPPER ASSOCIATION SOUTHEAST ASIA.

COPYRIGHT C 2014

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 2

COPYRIGHT C 2014

This Net Metering Handbook (Handbook) is owned by Meralco and is protected by

Copyright and other Intellectual Property Rights. No portion of this Handbook may
be copied or reproduced in books, pamphlets, outlines or notes, whether printed,
mimeographed, typewritten, copied in different electronic devices or in any other
form, for distribution or sale, without the written permission of Meralco except
brief passages in books, articles, reviews, legal papers, and judicial or other
official proceedings and as may be allowed by the Intellectual Property Code.

3 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

Foreword

A more environmentally secure future, rapid advances in technology and

innovation, and continuing depletion of traditional energy sources are
driving the increasing adoption of renewable energy in various parts of
the globe. Consumer affordability and grid competitiveness are challenges
towards the much wider participation of renewable energy in the total
energy mix, and continuing technology and economic advances are helping
accelerate this process.

Here in our country, spurred by the Renewable Energy Act of 2008, we are
seeing increasing interest in the application of the commercial and “own-use”
renewable energy, specifically Wind, Solar, Run of River and Biomass power.
We expect a more visible build up in generating capacity from these sources
over the years.

This is certain a welcome development. Meralco fully supports the Government’s

drive towards a more secure and sustainable energy future in partnership with
other key players. We see renewable energy as an integral part of the energy
value chain, with clear advantages and benefits for all stakeholders.

Responsible generation. Renewable energy generation taps into a vast and

virtually inexhaustible energy supply which can complement existing
fuels and technologies in driving progress.

Reliable distribution. Feed-in-tariffs and net metering policies are spurring

advancements in distributed generation and in the creation of micro-
grids. In the near future, distributors will have access to embedded supply,
enabling more consistent and reliable network uptime.

This industry shift will be demanding on our distribution and transmission

infrastructure. To continue enabling these developments, we will need to put
the right framework and policies in place, and invest in the necessary system
infrastructure, hardware and software.

We in Meralco launched our Meralco Net Metering Pilot Project to model and
simulate the effects of interfacing with Solar PV systems on the distribution
network. Through the efforts of our engineers and analysts, the project now
serves as our proof-of-concept for Net Metering and paves the way for the
creation of Meralco’s Net Metering Program.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW i

The movement towards mainstreaming renewable energy requires a different
way of thinking about energy, and a transformation in how we produce,
deliver, and use it. As a next step, we are releasing this Net Metering Pilot
Project Handbook to guide the commercial roll-out of our Net Metering
Program. This handbook collects the knowledge and best practices we have
accumulated throughout the pilot study, outlining tangible guidelines towards
a successful Net Metering implementation.

I congratulate and thank the project team for pioneering this important effort,
and I anticipate that it will serve as an added catalyst for the adoption of
renewable energy sources at a more meaningful scale.

OSCAR S. REYES
President and CEO, Meralco

ii EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

Message from the Energy
Regulatory Commission (ERC)

On behalf of the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC), I congratulate the

Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) on the publication of the Meralco Net
Metering Pilot Project Handbook.

At present, the Philippines’ demand for power grows alongside its growing
economy and populace. Aside from the need to put up additional power
plants, increased maintenance of existing power plants is necessary to prevent
future power outages and to address the issue of tightening electricity supply.
The use of renewable energy (RE) technologies such as run-of-river hydro,
solar, wind, and biomass is highly urged.

In support of the Renewable Energy Law (R.A. 9513), the ERC promulgated
Resolution No. 9, series of 2013, otherwise known as the Rules Enabling the
Net-Metering Program for Renewable Energy, including the Net-Metering
Interconnection Standards (Net-Metering Rules).

The Net-Metering Rules allow qualified electricity end-users to engage in

distributed generation as they can generate electricity from RE sources and
supply the electricity that they generate in excess of their consumption
directly to their respective distribution utility (DU). Electricity users may
now become generators and not just mere recipients of electricity. The can
now supply not only their electricity requirements but also that of the others
through their distribution utilities’ system. This will result in more savings
and in earning a reasonable price for the generation of electricity which
would have not been consumed anymore, if not for the net-metering system.

The Philippines is blessed with vast RE resources which need to be developed and
maximized. Efficient and proper utilization of such resources will not just meet
the energy demands of the country but also contribute to economic progress.

This Handbook will help jumpstart a progressive change which will positively
affect and direct us toward achieving a stable, safe, and quality supply of electricity
for every Filipino.

ZENAIDA G. CRUZ-DUCUT
Chairperson and CEO,
Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW iii

iv EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW
Table of Contents
1 PROJECT CONCEPT

5 THE GROUNDWORK
Installation of Low Voltage Renewable Energy Generating Facility

23 THE METERING BLUEPRINT

Net Metering Set-up

27 PEEKING INTO PQ
Assessment of Power Quality Parameters

41 WAY FORWARD
Learnings and Future Considerations

45 APPENDIX

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW v

1 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW
PROJECT CONCEPT

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 1

PROJECT CONCEPT

MERALCO NET METERING PILOT

Project Concept
R E N E WA B LE E N E R GY (R E ) ACT MA N DATE
The Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RE Act) declared it the policy of the State
to accelerate the development and utilization of the country’s renewable
energy resources by providing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives. Chapter III
of the RE Act provides four (4) non-fiscal incentive programs for on-grid RE
systems, namely: (i) Renewable Portfolio Standard, (ii) Feed-in Tariff System,
(iii) Green Energy Option, and (iv) Net Metering.

With the Energy Regulatory Commission's (ERC's) promulgation of Resolution

No. 09, Series of 2013, Net Metering became the first non-fiscal incentive
program to be implemented. According to the Resolution, Net-Metering
is defined as a system, appropriate for distributed generation, in which
a distribution grid user has a two-way connection to the grid and is only
charged or credited, as the case may be, the difference between its import
energy and export energy . Accordingly, distribution utilities (DUs) are
required to provide mechanisms for the physical connection and commercial
arrangements necessary for net metering.

R ES PO N S I B I LIT Y O F TH E D I STR I B UTI O N UTI LIT Y

With the Net Metering Program acting as a catalyst in ushering in low voltage
renewables in the distribution network, the DUs have the responsibility to
manage these connections and monitor the impact to the system to ensure
personnel and equipment safety and system reliability. Monitoring from the
stage of interconnection to the operation phase is essential to protect and
maintain distribution system stability and integrity.

Under the ERC's Net Metering Interconnection Standards, net metering

installations are single- or three-phase generating facilities with maximum
capacity of 100 kW connected to and operating in parallel with the DU. Thus,
DUs will have to learn to work with facilities that will synchronize with, and
possibly export power to, the DUs’ secondary voltage lines. In the case of Meralco,
this is a new scenerio, given that of its more than five million connections, there
are only a handful of generators, all in the MW scale and synchronized with its
distribution network at primary voltages.

Interconnecting an RE generation facility at low voltage and requiring a DC to

AC conversion is a novel connection arrangement in the Philippine context.

2 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

In order to address these challenges, Meralco commissioned its Net-Metering
Pilot Project on 05 June 2013 using a grid-tied 6.16 kWp solar PV system.

PR OJ ECT O B J ECTIVES
The main objectives of the Pilot are (i) to provide Meralco engineers and
process caretakers a controlled venue for learning and evaluating an actual
connection and synchronization of low voltage renewables with the Meralco
system, and (ii) to establish a standard process of safely and efficiently
connecting and synchronizing low voltage renewables, applicable not only to
Meralco but to all RE stakeholders such as distribution utilities, LGUs, system
designers and installers, and all customers in general.

More importantly, the installation will also serve as proof of concept for Net
Metering. The metering set-up installed should be able to capture the two-
way flow of electricity and measure kWh registrations at both directions.

After the completion of the year-long study, Meralco now shares its
observations, learnings, and recommendations on low voltage renewable
interconnection.

1
Republic Act No. 9513 “An Act Promoting the Development,
Utilization and Commercialization of Renewable Energy
Resources and for Other Purposes”
2
Section 6, RE Act
3
Section 7, RE Act
4
Section 9, RE Act
5
Section 10, RE Act
6
ERC Resolution No. 09, Series of 2013, entitled
“A Resolution Adopting the Rules Enabling the
Net Metering Program for Renewable Energy”
(Net Metering Rules)
7
Section 4 (n), Article I, Net
Metering Rules
8
Section 10, RE Act; Section 7,
Article III, Net Metering Rules
9
Section 2, Annex A-1
Interconnection Standards,
Net Metering Rules

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 3

4 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW
THE GROUNDWORK
Installation of Low Voltage
Renewable Energy Generating Facility

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 5

THE GROUNDWORK

The first step in installing an RE generating facility is identifying the ideal

location to ensure optimal power generation. Evaluation of possible locations
for the installation must also take into account structural support and
accessibility for maintenance and emergency purposes.

With the installation site identified, the next step is to select an RE integrator
for the project. This involves assembling the general requirements and
technical specifications of the RE system components safeguarding that they
conform to applicable industry and regulatory standards.

Finally, the installed components and wiring layout of the RE system would
have to be documented to facilitate post-installation maintenance activities.

Detailed discussion on the steps undertaken for the Meralco Pilot can be
found in the sections below.

I. Site Selection
To identify the most viable location for the solar PV panels, several
requirements were considered. These initial considerations were:

1. Building construction. The structure on which the panels will be mounted

must be able to withstand the additional load with a comfortable margin
of safety.
2. Accessibility. The location must be readily accessible for maintenance and
emergency purposes.
3. Shading. The location of the panels must get a reasonable amount of
sunlight given the location of other buildings in the area.

Initial Assessment
Based on the initial parameters set for selecting the ideal site, two
locations/buildings were shortlisted, the Operations Building and the
Covered Tennis Court.

6 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

FIGURE 1.1 Aerial view of Operations Building

OPERATIONS BUILDING
The location of the Operations Building is parallel to a major road often
used by both employees and visitors going to the Fitness Center. The
building’s rooftop is made of flat concrete slabs, which makes it attractive
in terms of stability and ease of installation. Actual shading analysis was
done on the rooftop of the Operations Building. Initial survey results
showed that shadows from the surrounding buildings may affect the
panels during different times of the day. The effects of the shadowing were
seen to be minimal and a significant portion of the day’s sunlight can still
be harvested. However, investigations on the structural integrity of the
building discouraged installation on the rooftop because of the building’s
age and current condition.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 7

THE GROUNDWORK

FIGURE 1.2 Covered Tennis Court

C OVE R E D TE N N I S C O U RT
The Covered Tennis Court was the second site considered. In terms of visibility
and accessibility, it is a good location. It can be easily seen because of the
building’s height and slanted roof construction. The building’s structural
supports are made of steel on concrete blocks. The structural integrity of
the building was found to be sufficient to carry the additional weight of
the panels. Also, the area is very accessible for maintenance purposes since
two of its sides are right along wide roadways. Another plus for this location
is the roof angle and orientation which favors panel installation technical
requirements – panels should have a tilt of at least 10 degrees to promote
natural cleansing of dust whether artificially or by rainwater. Also, the
roof is tilted facing south – the ideal orientation of PV installations in the
Philippines. However, a quick survey of the area showed that sunlight harvest
may be affected by buildings located south-east of the building. This merits
a more intensive investigation on its shadowing effects.

8 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

Shading Analysis
An in-depth shading analysis of the specific location can be provided and
ideally should be mandatory for a solar PV panel supplier/installer for their
computation of the annual energy yield.

The survey has shown that the Medical City building and the Rockwell
Business Center Towers (RBC) may cast shadows on the Covered Tennis Court.
The Medical City is taller but farther and situated at about 70o southeast with
an approximate height of 60 meters. The Rockwell Tower 2, on the other
hand, is situated at about 55o southeast and approximately 50 meters tall.

For simplification purposes the sun was considered as a point source at a very
large distance from earth (thus shadow cast shall be parallel and will not
widen significantly when the sun is low on the horizon). Also, the shadowing
effect from RBC Tower 2 was disregarded as it will cast cover only at a limited
period of time. It was assumed that since the top of the Medical City has about
18 degrees elevation from the location of the Covered Tennis Court, there will
be no shading when the sun has reached an altitude of 18 degrees.

A Sunpath Diagram was plotted using the geographic

c o o r d i n a t e s o f M a n i l a , l o c a t e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15
degrees latitude. The diagram was used to determine
the monthly positional changes in the movement of the
sun and to project the shading effect of the Medical City
b u i l d i n g o n t h e r o o f o f t h e C o v e r e d Te n n i s C o u r t b a s e d o n
their relative location.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 9

THE GROUNDWORK

FIGURE 1.3 Shadow Analysis

10 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

It was determined that the months of January, February, October and November
will have a shading effect on the roof, as shown in Figure 1.3.

As can be deduced from the diagrams in Figure 1.3, about 1.5 hours of
sunlight during the months of February and October and 1 hour 20 minutes
during January and November will be lost. It is also important to note that
these values were estimated using interpolated data on a sunpath diagram
suited for Manila (15 degrees latitude). Also, the difference between Solar
Time and Local Mean Time (ranging from 5 to 15 mins) was not considered.
These assumptions may contribute to some differences in the actual and the
abovecited hours of sunlight.

FIGURE 1.4 Technical Data Sheet - Meralco Covered Tennis Court

FINAL RECOMMENDATION: Based on the considerations detailed above, the

Covered Tennis Court is the more viable and optimal location for the solar
PV panel installation.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 11

THE GROUNDWORK

II. Technical Evaluation

of Supplier Bids
In March 2013, Meralco released an invitation to bid for a 6 kWp solar PV
facility to be installed at the Meralco Covered Tennis Court, and proposals
from six (6) bidders were received. All were given the opportunity to
conduct site survey and take relevant measurements. Below is a summary
of technical specifications of the project:

Detailed System Design

SYSTE M CA PAC IT Y
DC Power Plant Capacity (kWp) refers to the summation of capacities in
kilowatt-peak (kWp) of all the solar modules in the proposed system.
This data gives the maximum DC input capacity to the inverter. For the
Meralco Pilot Project, the DC Plant Capacity is at 6.16 kWp.

Net AC Output (kW) refers to the estimated equivalent AC net real power
output of the inverter. This data gives the estimated AC power generation
of the entire solar PV system. Based on simulations, the net AC output of
the 6.16kWp installation is 4.44kW. This capacity was initially assumed to
handle a significant portion of the demand requirement of the project
load and even export power to the grid under favorable conditions.

S HA D O W A NA LYS I S
To determine the average irradiance per day, which is critical to optimizing
the PV system design, shadow analysis needs to be conducted. It determines
solar obstructions with reference to the position of the sun on different
seasons throughout the year.

In conducting shadow analysis, different tools can be used like the Solar
Pathfinder, SunEye, and PVSYST Software. These equipment also provide far-
shading analysis which gives the azimuth and altitude of the sun on different
seasons throughout the year. Far-shading is caused by physical obstructions
like mountains, trees, and buildings. The far-shading data is an input to the
software for graphical presentation.

12 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

D ES I G N S I M U L ATI O N
To ensure that the system design maximizes the plant output, simulations
on system components were required. Examples of software used for design
simulation are PVSYST, Homer, and Sunny Design. Input parameters to these
software include solar module and inverter specifications. The winning bidder
used PVSYST Software to determine the projected power generation, average
monthly projected energy yield, average monthly projected performance
ratio, and the plant’s AC net real power output of the PV System.

PR OJ ECTE D PO W E R G E N E R ATI O N
The energy production in kWh of the solar PV system was estimated for the
first year. Based on the result of simulation, the initial year energy production
of the pilot project is 6,858kWh.

Average Monthly Projected Energy Yield (kWh/kWp). Energy yield is the

ratio of total energy output to the DC power output expressed in kWh/
kWp. This parameter provides a convenient way to compare the energy
produced regardless of the solar PV system size. Using the assumed initial
year module degradation of 3% used by the supplier, the specific production
is 1,116kWh/kWp/year. This parameter is divided by the number of months
in a year to get the average monthly projected energy yield of 93kWh/kWp
or dividing the projected power generation by the number of months in a
year and DC power plant capacity.

Average Monthly Projected Performance Ratio (%). The Performance Ratio

is the ratio between actual (i.e. annual production of electricity delivered
at AC side) and the theoretical energy output of the solar PV system. The
performance ratio, often called "Quality Factor", is independent from the
irradiation and therefore useful to compare systems. The performance
ratio informs you as to how energy efficient and reliable your solar PV
system is. Based on the result of the simulation, the average monthly
projected performance ratio is 70.9%.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 13

THE GROUNDWORK

SYSTE M D IAG R A M
The system diagram illustrates the physical connection of different parts
of the solar PV system such as the solar modules, inverters, check meter,
protective devices, and switches.

FIGURE 1.5 Proposed System Diagram

PV Panels
M O D U LE T YPE
There are two common
types of PV modules,
the polycrystalline and
monocrystalline module.
Taking into account the
weather conditions in
the Philippines, long-run
efficiency, and component
cost, polycrystalline modules
were used in the system
design.

14 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

PV C O N FI G U R ATI O N
The supplier, model number, and count of PV modules to be installed in the
system are major considerations in the design simulation. Also, the number of
PV units will determine the area required for the installation. For the project,
twenty-two (22) units of 280Wp Suntech STP 280-24/Vd solar modules were
used to arrive at the 6.16kWp designed DC plant capacity.

W I N D PR ES S U R E W ITH STA N D
This criteria determines the quality of the PV module. The higher the wind
pressure capability, the higher the quality of the PV module. Based on the PV
supplier’s submitted specifications for the solar PV module, the entire module
is certified to withstand high wind loads of 2.4 up to 5.4 kilo Pascal (kPa).

Module Support Structure (Framing)

LOA D A NA LYS I S
Load analysis is needed to determine if the wind pressure withstand
capability of the module support structure can handle the maximum wind
velocity at the installation site. The participating bidders were requested to
conduct wind pressure analysis based on the roof area, mean roof, exposure,
occupancy category, basic wind speed, topographic factor, wind directional
factor, and importance factor.

M O U NTI N G D E TAI LS
The module support structure model is dependent on the roof type. The
model used by the winning bidder is Schletter Single Fix HU Model made
with anodized aluminum with high grade steel screws. Based on the wind
pressure analysis, the module support structure can withstand the wind
pressure of 1.332 kPa or an equivalent wind velocity of 167kph.

I NVE RTE R
The brand and model of PV units serve as inputs to the design simulation for
the inverter. In general, the more inverter units in the PV system, the higher
the reliability of the solar power system. However, this would also mean
higher costs. The PV supplier used 2 units of SMA Sunny Boy SB3000TLST-21
model with a maximum efficiency of 97%.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 15

THE GROUNDWORK

III. Design Parameters for 6.16 kWp

Meralco Solar PV Solar Power Plant
The winning bidder conducted a site survey on March 9, 2013, to determine
the potential solar energy harvest based on the sunpeak hours and shading
in the area. Other factors considered include the rooftop wind load capacity,
safety during installation, cleaning and maintenance during the plant’s
operation.

Shading Analysis
One basic consideration to any Solar Rooftop design is the shading analysis of
the project site. Shading analysis will provide the solar resource that can be
harvested in the given project site. Solar resource is rated in terms of watt per
meter square (W/m2), which is also called Solar Irradiance.

Sunpeak Hours is defined as the equivalent number of hours per day when
solar irradiance averages 1,000 W/m2 . For example, six (6) sunpeak hours
means that the energy received during total daylight hours equals to the
energy that would have been received had the irradiance for six hours been
1,000 W/m2 . (www.ecowho.com).

Meralco Covered Tennis Court

FIGURE 1.6 Far-Shading Graph for the MERALCO Pilot Project

16 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

 Two types of shadings influence the
T H E G R AY A R E A F R O M T H E F A R - performance of the Solar Rooftop
performance. These are: (1) the
SHADING GRAPH REPRESENTS
linear shading which is the direct
THE SHADINGS IN DIFFERENT
casting of shadows into the solar
SEASONS THROUGHOUT THE PV modules and (2) the far-shading
YEAR WHILE THE YELLOW which pertains to the obstructions
FIGURE REPRESENTS THE within the 15 km radius of the solar
SOLAR WINDOW AND THE PV modules.
BLACK LINES REPRESENT THE
Shading can be determined using
S U N P A T H . For instance, Line 4
several equipment like solmetrics,
represents the sun path from March parabolic glass, etc. The results from
20 to September 23. This means this equipment are interpreted
that sunlight will strike the solar using the shading analysis software,
modules as early as 6:15 AM at the PVSYST.
suns’ height of 4.0 o and azimuth
o
The coordinates of the PV
of -90 until 5:13 PM at the sun’s
installation site is essential to the
height of 13 o and azimuth of 90 o. shading analysis as this ascertains
Azimuth refers to the sun's position the sun path with respect to the
with reference to the earth’s North- location. In this particular project,
South Axis. the coordinates of the Covered
Tennis Court rooftop are 14.6o North,
120.1o East at 42 meters above sea
level.
Roof Bearing Capacity
Determining the roof bearing capacity of the project site is very important
in designing a Solar PV Rooftop power plant. This is inherent to the design
consideration since the Philippines is visited by at least 20 typhoons per year.
Roof bearing capacity is the capability of a structure to withstand vertical
loads to include live loads, dead loads and wind pressure caused by weather
disturbance.

Investigation showed that the roof bearing capacity of the Covered Tennis
Court is 600 Pascal (Pa) or about 60 kgs/m2 .

Comparing this capacity with the projected solar facility load of about 15 kgs./
m2 load, the Covered Tennis Court would be able to bear this load easily since
it is only 25% of the roof bearing capacity of the site.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 17

THE GROUNDWORK

Meteorological Data
Meteorological data is important in designing a Solar PV Rooftop. This will
give the average temperature, wind velocity, global and diffused irradiance.
Meteorological data will dictate the performance of the Solar PV Rooftop.

Data from the PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical

Services Administration) Manila Science Garden weather station was integrated
with the shading analysis using a designer’s software. The result of which is
shown below:
Monthly  Meteorological  Values
Monthly  Meteorological  Values
Geographical  Site
Geographical  Site
MERALCO  Fitness  Center
MERALCO  Fitness  Center
Latitude 14.6  N
Latitude 14.6  N
Longitude 120.1  E
Longitude 120.1  E
Altitude 42  m
Altitude 42  m

Hor.  Global Hor.  Diffuse Extraterrestrial Clearness  Index Amb.  Temper

Hor.  Global Hor.  Diffuse Extraterrestrial
Month Clearness  Index Amb.  Temper. Wind  Velocity  
Month 2
kWh/m /day 2
kWh/m /day 2
kWh/m /day °C
kWh/m2 /day kWh/m2 /day kWh/m2 /day °C m/s
January 3.66 2.12 8.29 0.441 26.3
January 3.66 2.12 8.29 0.441 26.3 2.7
February 4.38 2.54 9.19 0.476 26.8
February 4.38 2.54 9.19 0.476 26.8 3.0
March 5.29 3.07 10.03 0.528 27.9
March 5.29 3.07 10.03 0.528 27.9 3.2
April 5.41 3.14 10.57 0.512 29.2
April 5.41 3.14 10.57 0.512 29.2 3.2
May 5.11 2.96 10.69 0.478 29.4
May 5.11 2.96 10.69 0.478 29.4 3.0
June 4.38 2.54 10.63 0.412 28.2
June 4.38 2.54 10.63 0.412 28.2 2.7
July 4.18 2.42 10.62 0.394 27.9
July 4.18 2.42 10.62 0.394 27.9 2.9
August 4.27 2.48 10.56 0.404 27.6
August 4.27 2.48 10.56 0.404 27.6 2.9
September 3.88 2.25 10.20 0.380 27.1
September 3.88 2.25 10.20 0.380 27.1 2.7
October 3.80 2.20 9.46 0.402 27.7
October 3.80 2.20 9.46 0.402 27.7 2.1
November 3.65 2.12 8.52 0.428 27.0
November 3.65 2.12 8.52 0.428 27.0 2.2
December 3.19 1.85 7.99 0.399 26.4
December 3.19 1.85 7.99 0.399 26.4 2.3
Year 4.27 2.47 9.73 0.438 27.6
Year 4.27 2.47 9.73 0.438 27.6 2.7

Source:  GH  Solar  Pathfinder

Source:  GH  Solar  Pathfinder

TABLE 1.1 Monthly Meteorological Values.

From this table, the project site Sunpeak hours are 4.27 kWhr/m2/day.

18 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

Energy Projection
The Solar PV integrator
provides warranty on the
performance of the Solar PV
power plant for a period of 25
years.

Table 1.2 below is the projected

initial year performance of
the plant.

Global  Horizontal   Diffused  Horiz.   Array  Monthly   Projected  Monthly   Monthly  Performance   Projected  
Values
Irradiance Irradiance Energy  Production Energy  Production Ratio Efficiency

Month kWh/m2 /Day kWh/m2 /Day kWh/month kWh/month % %

January 3.66 2.12 559.8 535.0 72.92 95.57
February 4.38 2.54 593.7 568.7 65.24 95.79
March   5.29 3.07 768.1 736.6 71.92 95.90
April 5.41 3.14 723.6 693.9 69.90 95.90
May 5.11 2.96 682.2 652.8 71.92 95.69
June 4.38 2.54 567.7 542.2 69.90 95.51
July 4.18 2.42 562.6 536.6 72.23 95.38
August 4.27 2.48 590.4 563.4 71.92 95.43
September 3.88 2.25 538.0 512.6 69.60 95.28
October 3.80 2.20 560.6 535.5 71.92 95.52
November 3.65 2.12 533.7 509.4 69.90 95.45
December 3.19 1.85 493.8 471.2 72.92 95.42
Yearly  Ave. 4.27 2.38 7,174.2 6,857.9 70.69 95.57

TABLE 1.2 Projected Energy Generation for Initial Year

Initial year performance of a solar PV rooftop power plant is important

since this will be used as an input for computing the guaranteed AC Net of
the plant on the initial year without imputing the degradation factor.

The Meralco pilot project is designed to produce energy for the next 25
years or more. The projected energy generation during these years takes
into account the degradation factor and the projected irradiance on site for
25 years.

Table 1.3 on the next page will show the projected annual energy generation
of the 6.16 kWp Solar PV Power Plant for a period of 25 years.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 19

THE GROUNDWORK

Total  Derating   Performance   Total  Energy  

Year
Factor Ratio  (%) Generation  (kWh)
Initial 0.72 70.7 6857.8
6,857.80
1 0.65 69.29 6,269.72
2 0.66 69.47 6,286.19
3 0.66 69.47 6,286.19
4 0.66 69.47 6,286.19
5 0.66 69.47 6,286.19
6 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
7 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
8 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
9 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
10 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
11 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
12 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
13 0.65 69.27 6,268.25
14 0.65 69.27 6,268.25
15 0.65 69.27 6,268.25
16 0.65 69.27 6,268.25
17 0.65 69.27 6,268.25
18 0.65 69.27 6,268.25
19 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
20 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
21 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
22 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
23 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
24 0.65 69.35 6,275.77
25 0.65 69.35 6,275.77

TOTAL 156,884.76

TABLE 1.3 Projected Energy Generation in 25 Years

Equipment Selection
For the Meralco 6.16 kWp Solar PV Solar power plant, reliable and efficient
equipment were selected. Twenty two (22) units of Suntech STP 280-24/Vd
280 watt-peak solar modules were installed connected to two (2) SMA Sunny
Boy SB 3000TLST-21 inverter via XLPE cables.

20 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW
FIGURE 1.7 Single line diagram of the 6.16 kWp Solar PV Power Plant

21
THE GROUNDWORK

In order to ensure compliance to the distribution network system parameters,

the inverter supplier requested Meralco to provide the threshold values for
voltage, frequency, islanding detection and reconnection time. Attached in
Figure 1.8 is the accomplished inverter form, which was provided prior to the
release of the Net Metering Interconnection Standards.

FIGURE 1.8 Accomplished inverter form

22 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

THE METERING BLUEPRINT
Net Metering Setup

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 23

 THE METERING BLUEPRINT

Net Metering
In a net metering arrangement, the end-user maintains a two-way connection
to the distribution system. The customer is only charged or credited, as the
case may be, for the difference between the electricity supplied by the DU
(import energy) and the electricity it supplies to the DU during times when
it has excess RE generation (export energy), both of which are metered using
either 2 uni-directional meters, one for import and one for export, or a single
bi-directional meter1.

The Net Metering Rules also include the Interconnection standards, which
shall be complied with and observed by the net metering customer to address
engineering, electric system reliability, and safety concerns for net metering
interconnections, such as those concerning voltage level, frequency, and
power quality, and those relating to system protection.

N E T M E TE R I N G I S D I FFE R E NT I N OTH E R C O U NTR I ES

In a Net Metering setup, the generation facility

is connected to the utility grid via the customer's
SINCE THE
main service panel and energy meter. When
PHILIPPINES
the energy generated by the facility is greater
APPLIES A than the customer’s consumption, the excess
DIFFERENT PRICING energy will be exported to the grid through
METHODOLOGY FOR the power meter, reversing the meter from
BOTH IMPORT AND its usual direction. As a result of the energy
meter working in both directions – one way
E X P O R T, I T C A N N O T
to measure power purchased (when on-
A P P LY T H E “ N E T ”
site demand is greater than on-site power
FOR THE ENERGY production), the other way to measure power
READING BUT returned to the grid – the customer pays the
R AT H E R T H E “ N E T ” "net" of both transactions. In a deeper context,
FOR THE PRICE OF since the Philippines applies a different pricing
methodology for both import and export it
BOTH IMPORT AND
cannot apply the “net” for the energy readings
EXPORT READINGS.
but rather the “net” for the price of both import
and export readings.

1
Resolution No. 9, Series of 2013, Section 4 (n) Definitions

24 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

Metering Scheme AN ENERGY METER
For the pilot project, I S A D E V I C E T H AT
Meralco installed a MEASURES THE FLOW OF
working metering set- ELECTRICIT Y TO OR FROM
up that demonstrates
A RESIDENCE, BUSINESS,
both single bi-
O R A N E L E C T R I C A L LY
directional meter and
two uni-directional POWERED DEVICE.
meter schemes.

The two unidirectional

meters use simple Electricity meter has three
meters with detent types of configuration:
function to register
FIGURE 2.1 import kWh on 1st (1) Net Metering
Two uni- - registers forward energy and
directional meter and export on
meters scheme the 2nd meter. subtracts the reverse energy.

(2) Detent Metering

- registers forward energy and
ignores the reverse energy

(3) Non-Reversing Metering

- registers forward energy and
IMPORT METER also adds the reverse energy.
(Normal Socket Wiring)

With two simple and identical

EXPORT METER meters having detent feature,
(Reverse Socket Wiring) the connection is made in such
a way that the second meter is
wired in reverse fashion with
respect to the energy flow in
the first meter. When the two
meters are connected in series or
DISCONNECT DEVICE
(Visible Lockable Switch)
tandem as described, both meters
will see the same current flow.
But due to the detent feature of
the meters, only one meter will
FIGURE 2.2 Wiring diagram for two uni- register a consumption at any
directional metering scheme given instant.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 25

THE METERING BLUEPRINT

FIGURE 2.3 Typical one bi-directional metering scheme

If the net energy flow is towards the customer, the

import meter will register the consumption but the
export meter will just ignore it. On the other hand, if
the net energy flow is towards the utility, the export
meter will register the export kWh while the import
meter will just ignore it. It should be noted however
that the correct designation of the meters should be
done during the wiring or installation part to properly
identify which is the export and import meters.

One bi-directional meter is a net meter that records both

the import and export kWh registrations. The readings FIGURE 2.4
are displayed alternately on the LCD of the meter. One bi-directional
meter scheme

26 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

 PEEKING INTO PQ
Assessment of Power Quality Parameters

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 27

PEEKING INTO PQ

Power Quality Monitoring Report

Under Article III of the Net Metering Rules, the RE System to be installed
must be compliant with the standards set by Philippine Electrical Code
(PEC), Philippine Distribution Code (PDC), Distribution Service Open Access
Rules (DSOAR) and the Net Metering Interconnection Standards.

To check for any disturbance being introduced by the RE facilities to the

distribution system, power quality monitoring was conducted at different
periods.

Methodology
A . EQ U I PM E NT U S E D
A power quality analyser was used to capture the behaviour of the voltage,
current, demand in kw and other power quality parameters.

Power Quality Analyzers

- Fully Class-A
compliant: Conduct
tests according to the
stringent international
I EC 610 0 0 - 4 -3 0 C l a s s-A
standard
FIGURE 3.1
Power Quality Analyzer

28 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

 CONNECTED LOAD

1. Lighting 7. Spare

2. Hand dryer 8. ACU-3

3. Lighting 9. ACU-4

4. ACU-1 10. SPARE

5. ACU-2 11. ACU-5

6. E. Light 12. SPARE

FIGURE 3.2 Main Circuit Breaker - Meralco Fitness Center Canteen

To verify if the RE source is creating unwanted disturbance to the distribution

system, the analyser was installed at the main circuit breaker of the MFC
canteen.

2  Meter  Setup   Bi-­‐direc/onal  Meter  

POWER  HOUSE   M M M PQ  Device  

(SOURCE)  

3-­‐WIRE  L-­‐L  230V  

M METER  
INVERTER  1   INVERTER  2  
BREAKER,  30A  2P  

AC   AC   M

PV  PANEL   DC  DISCONNECT  
Genera/on  Meter  

FIGURE 3.3 Monitoring Setup

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 29

PEEKING INTO PQ

B . M O N ITO R I N G D U R ATI O N
To verify any unwarranted effect of the RE facility to the distribution system,
three measurements were made: 1st was for the establishment of a baseline
data; 2nd and 3rd were conducted to check the system after the installation
of the RE source during the wet and dry season respectively.

Baseline Data
(Prior to installation of
Wet Season Dry Season
solar PV system)

Start of
January 16, 2013 July 30, 2013 April 30, 2014
Measurement

End of
January 23, 2013 August 6, 2013 May 7, 2014
Measurement
 

TABLE 3.1 Power Quality Parameter Monitoring Period

Parameters Measured
A . VO LTAG E VA R IATI O N
Voltage variation is the deviation of the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the
voltage from its nominal value, expressed in percent. The voltage variation
at the utilization level should be within ±10% of the nominal value limit1.
Maintaining the voltage level within the standard range is imperative to avoid
the following common power quality problems:

• SHORT DURATION VOLTAGE VARIATION. Occurs for a time greater than ½

cycle but not exceeding one minute.
Voltage Sag: RMS value of the voltage decreases to between 10% and 90% of
the nominal value. This is manifested by electronic equipment malfunction,
unnecessary operation of protective relays, nuisance tripping of adjustable
speed drives, and/or facility shutdown.
Voltage Swell: RMS value of the voltage increases to between 110% and 180% of
the nominal value. This is manifested by unnecessary tripping of overvoltage
relay, nuisance tripping of adjustable speed drives, and/or facility shutdown.

1
Philippine Distribution Code (PDC) Section 3.2.3.1

30 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

• LONG DURATION VOLTAGE VARIATION. Occurs for a time greater than one
minute.
Under Voltage: RMS value of the voltage is less than or equal to 90%of the
nominal voltage. This is manifested by the actuation of under voltage relay,
dropping out of motor controllers, increased heating losses, and/or facility
shutdown.
Over Voltage: RMS value of the voltage is greater than or equal to 110% of the
nominal voltage. This is manifested by the actuation of over voltage relay,
immediate malfunction of electronic devices, accelerated aging of equipment
insulation, and/or facility

FIGURE 3.4 Comparison of Voltage Variation Across PQ Monitoring Periods

Baseline Voltage. The line-to-line voltages varied from a minimum of 227.31

V (between lines 2 and 3) and to a maximum of 242.90 V (between lines 3
and 1). These values translate to a variation of 1.17% below and 5.61% above the
nominal value of 230V.
The post-installation voltage variation readings (Wet Season and Dry Season)
in Figure 3.4 show a wider variation range compared to the Baseline readings.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 31

PEEKING INTO PQ

B . TOTA L HA R M O N I C D I STO RTI O N

Harmonics are the sinusoidal voltages and currents having Frequencies
that are integral multiples of the fundamental Frequency. The following are
effects of harmonics on equipment:
• Transformers: abnormal heating, iron and copper losses, stray flux
• Capacitors: resonance, dielectric failure
• Metering: inaccurate measurement

The total harmonic distortion (THD) is the industry standard used to measure
the level of harmonic distortion for voltage. Voltage THD is defined as the
ratio of the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) of the harmonic content to the RMS
value of the fundamental quantity, expressed in percent2 . The PDC requires
that voltage THD should not exceed 5% during normal operating conditions3.

The THD readings for the Baseline, Wet, and Dry Season are within the standard
threshold as shown in Figure 3.5.

FIGURE 3.5 Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion Across PQ Monitoring Periods

2
PDC Section 3.2.4.2
3
PDC Section 3.2.4.4

32 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

C . FLI C KE R S E VE R IT Y
Flicker shall be defined as the impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation
induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or spectral distribution
fluctuates with time. Manifestation of flicker include video monitor distortion,
nuisance tripping of electrical equipment, and light flicker. Typical causes of
flicker are operation of arc furnaces, and constant switching on and off of
electrical equipment.

The Flicker Severity at the Connection Point of any User shall not exceed 1.0
unit for short term (Pst) and 0.8 units for long term (Plt)4. Readings for Pst
(see Figure 3.6) and for Plt (see Figure 3.7) are within their respective standard
thresholds.

FIGURE 3.6 Comparison of Short-Term Flicker Severity Across PQ Monitoring Periods

4
6.3.2 Net Metering Interconnection Standards, Annex A-1, ERC Resolution No 9, Series of 2013

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 33

PEEKING INTO PQ

FIGURE 3.7 Comparison of Long-Term Flicker Severity Across PQ Monitoring Periods

D. FREQUENCY VARIATIONS
According to PDC 3.2.2.1, the nominal fundamental Frequency shall be 60Hz.
It should be maintained within the limits of 59.7 and 60.3 Hz during normal
conditions. Figure 3.8 shows the summary of the recorded Frequency. The
Frequency readings remained within the threshold set in the Net Metering
Interconnection Standards5.

Over frequency and under frequency may cause high core loss and overheating
of the machines and possible failure, lower equipment efficiency, increase or
reduction in speed of rotating machines, and increase in fault levels due to
the reduction of reactance.

5
6.2 Net Metering Interconnection Standards, Annex A-1, ERC Resolution No 9, Series of 2013

34 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

 FIGURE 3.8 Comparison of Frequency Variation Across PQ Monitoring Periods

O V E R - A L L , T H E R E S U LT S O F T H E P O W E R Q U A L I T Y M O N I T O R I N G
RE V E A LED T HE A B SENCE OF A N Y U N WA RR A N T ED DIS T U RBA NCE
IN T RO D U C E D BY T H E R E FAC ILI T IE S TO T H E DIS T RIBU T IO N
SYSTEM. THROUGH THE PROPER DESIGN, SOLUTION AND
O P E R A T I O N O F T H E R E S Y S T E M , T H E V O LT A G E V A R I A T I O N ,
V O LT A G E T O T A L H A R M O N I C D I S T O R T I O N , L O N G A N D S H O R T
TERM FLICKER AND FREQUENCY FELL WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED
L I M I T S A F T E R T H E I N S TA L L AT I O N O F T H E R E S O U R C E .

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 35

PEEKING INTO PQ

E . TEST FOR ANTI-ISLANDING AND SYNCHRONIZATION

Under Section 7.5 of the Interconnection Standards6, the RE facility should
immediately disconnect when the distribution system is down. The RE facility
should wait for two (2) minutes until the recloser has normalized before
synchronizing back to the system. To test the compliance of the installed RE
system, a live test detailed in Table 3.7 was conducted.

  Action  on  the  Main  Panel   Checklist  on  the  Inverter  

1   De-­‐energize  load  side  by  opening  the  main  breaker   Check  if  inverter  ceases  to  
energize;    
2   Hold  for  2  seconds  
Record  time  when  inverter  
re-­‐synchronizes    
3   Re-­‐close  main  breaker  

4   Re-­‐open  main  breaker  

5   Hold  for  15  seconds  

6   Re-­‐close  main  breaker  

 
TABLE 3.2 Test Procedure for Anti-Islanding and Synchronization

Anti-Islanding Test
As shown in Figure 3.9, turning off the AC source from the distribution
network by opening the main breaker instantaneously disconnected the
inverter from grid. A quick "ON and OFF" (i.e. items 2 and 3 of Table 3.7) of
the AC source showed that the inverter remained disconnected from the
grid. This demonstrates the cease-to-energize functionality of the inverter.

1
7.5 Net Metering Interconnection Standards, Annex A-1, ERC Resolution No 9, Series of 2013

36 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

 FIGURE 3.9 Comparison of Voltage Levels at the Inverter Side
and at the Main Panel During the Anti-Islanding Test

Synchronization Test
After turning "ON" the AC source from the grid (i.e. item 6 of Table 3.2), the
inverter was fully synchronized within 72 seconds which is shorter than the
minimum period of two (2) minutes set in the Interconnection Standards.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 37

 FIGURE 3.10 Comparison of Active Power (in kW) at the Inverter
Side and at the Main Panel During the Synchronization Test

To address this issue and ensure compliance to the Interconnection

Standards, the inverter re-synchronization setting was adjusted by
the supplier.

38 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

F. E N E R GY G E N E R ATI O N
The energy generated by the pilot installation from July 2013 to June 2014
was 7 MWh, matching the Projected Annual Generation for the initial year
guaranteed by the RE integrator. This translates to a capacity factor of 18.8%.
Figure 3.11 shows that the actual peak generation months of March, April, and
May correspond to the projected peaks.

900  

800  

700  
PV  GeneraEon  (kWh)  

600  

500  

400  

300  

200  

100  

0  
Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov   Dec   Jan   Feb   Mar   Apr   May   Jun  
Actual   Projected  
 

FIGURE 3.11 Comparison of Monthly Projected and Actual Energy Generation

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 39

40 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW
 WAY FORWARD
Learnings and Future Considerations

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 41

WAY FORWARD

Learnings and
Future Considerations
With the completion of the first year of Meralco’s Net Metering pilot study,
the team presents the following selected learnings and recommendations
based on its experience and observations in interconnecting a 6.16 kWp solar
PV system to the distribution system:

• ON THE RELIABILITY OF THE GRID. With solar PV systems, it is essential

that the grid to which it will be interconnected is reliable for smooth
and successful synchronization. The provision of accurate grid form
configuration of the DU is crucial as the inverter would be configured based
on the information supplied. It is also important to note that a grid-tied
solar PV system would not work properly without a good AC feed from the
distribution grid and that the efficient performance of a solar PV system is
highly dependent on its seamless interconnection to the distribution system.
This may point to increasingly stringent reliability requirements in the near
future from customers, as interconnected inverter-based RE-systems become
more prevalent.

• ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE SOLAR PV COMPONENTS WITH THE

DU SYSTEM. With the absence of Philippine product standards or an
official certification that the components of a solar PV system conform to
local standards, end-users and DUs need to adopt processes to ensure the
quality and reliability of each component of the solar PV system. During
the development of Meralco’s pilot system, we were pleased to note that
even before the installation of the solar PV system, SMA, the supplier for
the inverter, requested for Meralco’s DU system parameters, including the
grounding scheme - a practice that we strongly encourage other inverter
suppliers to adopt. For end-users, it will be a challenge to ensure that the
solar facility they will acquire is of a quality that will perform through
the years according to their expectations under local conditions. Thus, it is
recommended that the industry establish a certification process for the solar
PV system components, as well as the accreditation of system installers and
integrators, to assure the safety and quality of the Net Metering installations.

42 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

• ON COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARD TECHNICAL PARAMETERS. During the
pilot system’s initial synchronization, it was determined that the inverter had
to be reconfigured to conform with the then-contemplated Interconnection
Standards. This observation re-affirmed the need to conduct a testing and
commissioning step for interconnection applications of customers. After the
inverter was reconfigured, the team conducted a series of tests, with the use
of power quality analyzers, and the installation was found to be compliant
with the technical parameters as mandated in the final Net Metering
Interconnection Standards.

The Net Metering Pilot Project provided Meralco’s technical personnel a

venue for learning and evaluating an actual connection and synchronization
of low voltage renewables, which is something that has not been widely
done before in the Philippines. With the pilot project, the engineers were
familiarized with the intricacies of low voltage interconnection, and
learnings were applied in the actual handling of Net Metering customers
of Meralco. Procedures such as load assessment and profiling, provision of
a disconnect switch to ensure system protection, and the conduct of testing
and commissioning were adopted as integral steps in Meralco’s application
process, following observations made from the company’s pilot system.

Since the pilot project scope was limited to a single installation, the study
may be expanded to cover several solar PV systems connected to a single
distribution transformer, so that the aggregate impact of multiple systems on
the operation of the distribution network may be assessed. The distribution
network needs to prepare for the increased adoption of end-use generation
and integration of these variable renewable energy while maintaining the
integrity and stability of the system.

With the pilot project and other initiatives to prepare for Net Metering, Meralco
is working towards continuously improving the Net Metering Program’s
implementation, especially, in terms of the assurance that the whole process
of installation and interconnection is done in a safe and efficient manner
– from the acquisition of quality products and components that conform
to industry and technical standards, contracting of accredited installers/
integrators, up to the actual interconnection and operation of the facility. All
these will redound to the protection of consumers, the distribution system’s
reliability, and the sustainability of the Net Metering Program.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 43

44 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW
 Appendix
READING A NET METER
Reading a net meter is typically the same as with another electronic meter. The
only difference is the inclusion of sequence number 11 for the bi-directional
meter that indicates that it is the export kWh registration. Sequence number
is normally on the upper left corner of the LCD display.

Notice also that the emulator bar (the arrow) is

pointing to the left, this indicates that the energy
flows back to the grid.

Sequence Number for Net Meters

Net meter display sequence Sequence

number as shown in the Number Function
example below for a net 01 kWh (+) – Import
meter connected to a CT 02 kW Demand
rated service. 03 kVarh
04 Cumulative Demand
However, for our two meter
scheme only the sequence 11 kWh (-) - Export
number 01 will be visible for
TABLE 1. Description
both import and export.

1 2
E L EC T RO N I C
M E T E R D I S P L AY
The display of an electronic
meter is typically composed
of 5 parts which are as 5
follows:

1. Sequence Number. Sequence number is the indicator on which value is

being displayed in the Reading Display.
2. Reading Display. Reading display simply shows the reading, which can be
in kWh, kVar, kW demand, etc.
3. Display ID. This aids the sequence number on what value is being shown.
4. Emulator Bar. Emulator bar is an indicator of the energy flow. This blinks
to the right if an energy is being drawn from the grid (import). A blink to the
left indicates energy returning to the grid (export).
5. Phase Indicator. Shows which phase is active.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 45

APPENDIX

C H EC K L I S T FO R I N S P EC T I O N A N D T E S T I N G O F S O L A R
P H O T OVO LTA I C ( P V ) G E N E R AT I O N SYS T E M FO R
N E T M E T E R I N G A P P L I C AT I O N S
Project/Customer Name:
Location:
PV Capacity (kWp):
Checklist for Commissioning of
Date Installed: Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Generation System for
PV Service Provider: Net Metering Applications
Project/Customer Name:
Location:
START-UP SYSTEM
PV Capacity (kWp):
Refer Date Installed: manual for the inverter and follow start-up procedure. This
to system
Date Commissioned:
generally involves turning on the PV DC main switch followed by the PV AC
PV Service Provider:
main switch but the procedures as recommended by the inverter manufacturer
must be followed.
procedures as recommended by the inverter manufacturer must be followed.

TEST YES NO

1. System connects to grid after 2 minutes when

the AC grid or normal supply is turned ON and
the inverter start-up procedure was followed
(Cease to Energize)

2. Input power of the inverter (if available) W

3. Output power of the inverter (if available) W

4. Output power as expected? (If Item # 3 has

value)

5. System disconnects from grid within 2 seconds

when AC grid or normal supply was turned
OFF? (For Unintentional Islanding)

Date:
6. Initial reading of Generation Check
Time:
Meter
Reading: kWh

Criteria: Items 1, 4, and 5 should be “YES”

DECLARATION

46 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

D EC L A R AT I O N
I hereby certify that the work done on the installation of this Solar PV
generation system meets the requirements of Meralco.

PV Service Provider
Date / Signature over printed name

C H EC K L I S T FO R I N S P EC T I O N A N D T E S T I N G O F
S O L A R P H O T OVO LTA I C ( P V ) G E N E R AT I O N SYS T E M FO R
N E T M E T E R I N G A P P L I C AT I O N S

I. PHYSICAL INSPECTION

Project/Customer Name:
Location:
PV Capacity (kWp):
Date Installed:
PV Service Provider:

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 47

APPENDIX

48 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

II. FUNCTIONAL / INSPECTION TEST

A. PV Array (DC Side). Disconnect the array string fuses and/or circuit
breakers. With the PV DC main switch OFF:

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 49

APPENDIX

B. Inverter (AC Side). Ensure that the AC grid or normal supply is isolated and
the PV AC main switch is OFF:

C. Inverter Response Time. Refer to system manual for the inverter and follow
start-up procedure. This generally involves turning on the PV DC main switch
followed by the PV AC main switch but the procedures as recommended by
the inverter manufacturer must be followed.

50 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

D EC L A R AT I O N
I hereby certify that the work done on the installation of this Solar PV
generation system meets the requirements of Meralco.

PV Service Provider
Date / Signature over printed name

L I V E T E S T S I M U L AT I O N

1. Voltage Level. The PV system shall operate their facility to maintain the
same voltage level as Distribution System at the Connection Point.
- The voltage level is within the limits (refer to load logger data results)

2. Frequency. The PV system shall operate at a frequency of 60 Hz.

- The frequency is within the limits (refer to load logger data results)

3. Power Quality

3.1. Limitation of DC Injection. The RE Facility and its interconnecting

system shall not inject DC current greater than 0.5% of the full load rated
output current at the Connection Point.
- Based on the inverter specifications, it complied.

3.2. Flicker Severity. The flicker severity at the Connection Point shall not
exceed 1.0 unit for short term and 0.8 units for long term as specified in
Section 3.2.6 of the PDC.
- The impact of PV inverters on flicker is generally low because a PV
inverter does not represent a considerable flicker source, as long as the
controller of the PV inverter is properly tuned. The inverter has this
characteristic.

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 51

APPENDIX

3.3. Harmonics. The harmonic content of the voltage and current

waveforms in the Distribution System shall be restricted to levels which
will not cause interference or equipment-operating problems. The
harmonics shall be within the limits defined in Section 3.2.4 of the PDC.
- The harmonic level is within the limits (refer to load logger data results)

4. Cease-to-Energize Functionality Test. System connects to grid after

2 minutes when the AC grid or normal supply is turned ON and the
inverter start-up procedure was followed.
- The system synchronized by about 50 seconds on average. The supplier
adjusted the setting to comply for the 2-minute synchronization.

5. Anti-Islanding Functionality Test. System disconnects from grid within

2 seconds when AC grid or normal supply was turned OFF.
- The system disconnects instantaneously.

52 EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

M E R A LC O PI LOT PR O J E C T TE A M
U TI LIT Y E C O N O M I C S
Lawrence S. Fernandez
Anna Maria A. Reodica
Jan Jerome F. Kuizon
Julie B. Dulce

DISTRIBUTION CON N ECTION SERVIC ES ASSET MANAGEM ENT (DCSAM)

Ronoel M. Dellota
Bryan B. Navarro

C O R PO R ATE B U S I N E S S G R O U P – TE C H N I CA L S U PPO RT
Rhonniel M. Caringal

M E TE R I N G S E RVI C E S AS S E T M A N AG E M E NT (M S A M)
Melchor Mateo L. Luber

LO G I STI C S PR O C E S S M A N AG E M E NT (LPM)
Ricardo L. Mendoza
Alexander L. Fandialan

C O R PO R ATE C O M M U N I CATI O N S
Ma. Teresita T. Bueno
Renee Joy F. Basa
Kevin Niccolo M. Kison

N E T W O R K AS S E T PL A N N I N G (N A P)
Froilan J. Savet

FAC I LITI E S M A N AG E M E NT
Christopher Martin H. Ocampo
Carlito L. Dela Cruz

S O L A R PV SYSTE M I NTE G R ATO R

PR O PM E C H – G R E E N H E AT D IVI S I O N
Roberto R. Martin

S PE C IA L TH A N KS TO
D I STR I B U TI O N M A N AG E M E NT C O M M IT TE E

EMPOWERING YOUR TOMORROW 53

PUBLISHED BY MERALCO UTILITY ECONOMICS AND CORPORATE COMMUNICATIONS
IN COOPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COPPER ASSOCIATION SOUTHEAST ASIA.
COPYRIGHT C 2014

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