SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL
(Regulation-2019)

BRANCH /SECTION : EEE

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE : 1905307
SUBJECT : Electrical Machines Laboratory -I
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2021-2022 ODD

Prepared by,
Mr.M.Kamalakannan/AP-O.G

1
1905307 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY – I LTPC
0042

OBJECTIVES:
1. To expose the students to the operation of D.C. machines.
2. To expose the students to the operation of transformers.
3. To expose the students to the operation of generators.
4. To impart knowledge about open circuit and load characteristics.
5. To impart knowledge about performance characteristics.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Open circuit and load characteristics of DC shunt generator- critical resistance and critical speed.
2. Load characteristics of DC compound generator with differential and cumulative connections.
3. Load test on DC shunt motor.
4. Load test on DC compound motor.
5. Load test on DC series motor.
6. Swinburne’s test and speed control of DC shunt motor.
7. Hopkinson’s test on DC motor – generator set.
8. Load test on single-phase transformer and three phase transformers.
9. Open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer.
10. Sumpner’s test on single phase transformers.
11. Separation of no-load losses in single phase transformer.

12. Study of starters and 3-phase transformers connections.

13. Measurement of Magnetic Inrush current of Transformers (Single Phase).

COURSE OUTCOMES:
1. Ability to understand and analyze DC Generator.
2. Ability to understand and analyze DC Motor.
3. Ability to understand and analyze Transformers.
4. Ability to understand the performance characteristics.
5. Ability to understand the starters

2
 SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

1905307– Electrical Machines Laboratory -I

III Semester - Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Duration: 2021-2022 (ODD SEMESTER)
INDEX

1. Open circuit and load characteristics of DC shunt generator- critical resistance and critical
speed.
2. Load characteristics of DC compound generator with differential and cumulative connections.
3. Load test on DC shunt motor.
4. Load test on DC compound motor.
5. Load test on DC series motor.
6. Swinburne’s test and speed control of DC shunt motor.
7. Hopkinson’s test on DC motor – generator set.
8. Load test on single-phase transformer and three phase transformers.
9. Open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer.
10. Sumpner’s test on single phase transformers.
11. Separation of no-load losses in single phase transformer.

12. Study of starters and 3-phase transformers connections.

13. Measurement of Magnetic Inrush current of Transformers (Single Phase).

Additional Experiments

14. Polarity test on single phase transformer.

15. Open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited d.c generator.

3
 CYCLE-I

EXP. PAGE

NO. DATE EXPERIMENT NAME NO MARK SIGNATURE

CYCLE-II
EXP. PAGE

NO DATE EXPERIMENT NAME NO MARK SIGNATURE

4
 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF
EXCITED D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM:

To obtain the open circuit and load characteristics of a self-excited DC shunt

generator and hence deduce the critical field resistance and critical speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Name of the
Sl. No. Range Type Quantity
apparatus
1. Ammeter (0 - 2A) MC 1
2. Ammeter (0 - 10A) MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0 - 300V) MC 1
400 Ω/1.1 A,
4. Rheostat Wire wound 1 each
1000 Ω/0.8 A

PRECAUTION
 All the switches are kept open initially.
 The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.
 The generator field rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position
PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:-

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position
of generator held rheostat, The DPST switch is closed and starting resistance
is gradually removed.
 The motor is started using three point starter.

5
 By varying the field rheostat of the motor, the speed of the motor is adjusted to
the rated speed of the generator.

 By varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter and ammeter readings are
taken in steps upto 120% of rated voltage.
 After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of
motor to minimum position, the DPST switch is closed.
 Draw Rc line, such that it is tangent to the initial portion of O.C.C. at rated
speed and passes through origin.

6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Name Plate Details

Motor Generator

1. Supply Voltage : 220V 1. Supply Voltage : 220V

2. Current : 19A 2. Current : 13.6A

3. Speed : 1500 rpm 3. Speed : 1500 rpm

4. Power : 5 HP 4. Power : 3KW

7
TABULAR COLOUMN FOR OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

Field current, Generated EMF,

Sl. No.
If Amperes Eg volts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

MEASUREMENT OF RA FOR GENERATOR:

8
MEASUREMENT OF RA:

S.No. V I Ra
(Ohms)
(Volts) (Amps)

1
2
3
4
5

Mean =

MODEL GRAPH:

9
LOAD TEST:

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 The motor is started using three point starter.

 Run the MG set at rated speed
 Excite the Generator to its rated voltage after closing the SPSTS, and observe the
readings on no load.
 Close the DPSTS on load side, vary the load for convenient steps of load current
and
observe the meter readings.
 Note that on each loading the speed should be rated speed.
 Load the Generator upto its rated capacity.

TABULAR COLOUMN FOR LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

Speed = rpm No Load Voltage = Volts

S.No. Terminal Load If (Amps) Ia (Amps)= Eg = V+ IaRa

Voltage (V) Current (IL) (If+IL)
Volts Amps (Volts)

10
Formulas Required:

Load test:

For self excitation Ia = IL + If

So, induced emf on load, Eg = V + IaRa

MODEL GRAPHS:

11
 Inference :

RESULT:

Thus the open circuit and load characteristics of self excited D.C. Shunt Generator were drawn.
 LOAD TEST ON D.C. COMPOUND GENERATOR WITH DIFEERENTIAL

AND CUMULATIVE CONNECTION

AIM
To conduct the Load test on the given D. C. Compound Generator in the following modes.

1. Cumulative Modes

2. Differential Modes

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Name of the
Sl. No. Range Type Quantity
apparatus
1. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-15)A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
400 Ω/1.1A,
4. Rheostat Wire wound 1 each
800 Ω/0.8A

PRECAUTION

 All the switches should be kept open.

 The field rheostat of the motor should be kept at minimum resistance position.

 The field rheostat of the generator should be kept at maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 The DPST switch is closed.
 The motor is started using four point starter.
 The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to the rated
speed of the generator.
 The generator field rheostat is adjusted till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage
of the generator.
 DPST switch on the generator side is closed.

 The load is increased in steps.

 At each step of loading all the meter readings are noted.
 The above procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current.
 Switch off the load gradually and make the motor and generator rheostat resistance
position as instructed in the precaution.
 Turn off the supply
 Interchange the terminal connection of the generator series field coil and repeat the
procedure right from the first step.
 DIFFERENTIAL SHUNT

CUMULATIVE SHUNT

Name Plate Details

Motor Generator

1. Supply Voltage: 220V 1. Supply Voltage:220V

2. Current:19A 2. Current:13.6A

3. Speed :1500 rpm 3. Speed:1500 rpm

4. Power: 5 HP 4. Power: 3KW

 CUMULATIVE COMPOUND MOTOR

Sl. No. IL (A) VL (V)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND MOTOR

Sl. No. IL (A) VL (V)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
MODEL GRAPHS:

Inference :

RESULT

Thus the performance characteristics of the DC Compound Generator were drawn.

 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:

1. To determine the efficiency of DC Shunt Motor.

2. To obtain the performance characteristics of Shunt Motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0 - 2A) MC 1
2. Ammeter (0 - 10A) MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0 - 300V) MC 1
400 Ω/1.1A
4. Rheostat Wire wound 1 each

PRECAUTIONS:

At the time of switching on and switching off the supply,

 The field rheostat should be at the minimum resistance position.

 There should not be any load on the motor.

PROCEDURE

 The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 The DPST switch is closed.
 The motor is started using the starter.
 The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated value by varying the field rheostat.
 The no load readings are noted.
 The load on the brake drum increased in steps.
 At each step of loading the meter readings are noted.
 The procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR BRAKE TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

Name Plate Details

Motor

1. Supply Voltage: 220V

2. Current:12A

3. Speed :1500 rpm

4. Power: 3 Hp
 TABULAR COLUMN

Spring
Speed Torq Input Output
Sl. Voltage, Current balance Efficiency
Rpm -ue Pi Pm
No. VL (V) IL (A) In %
S1 S2 N-m watts watts
kg
Kg Kg

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
 MODEL GRAPHS:

FORMULA USED:-

Circumference of brake drum = 2 x  x R in meter

R – Radius of the brake drum

Torque, T =(S1-S2)x9.81xR Nm
Input power, Pi = VL x IL in Watts

Output power, P0 = (2 x  x N x T) / 60 in Watts

% Efficiency,  = (P0 / Pi) x 100

Inference:

RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of the DC Shunt Motor were drawn.

 LOAD TEST ON D.C. COMPOUND MOTOR

AIM

To perform the load test on the given DC Compound M otor and draw
the performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. Quantity
Name of the Apparatus Range Type
No.
1. Ammeter (0 - 20) A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0 - 2) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0 - 300) V MC 1
4. Rheostat 400Ω, 1.1 A - 1
PROCEDURE

 The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 The DPST switch is closed.

 The motor is started using the four point starter.

 The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated value by varying the field rheostat.

 The no load readings are noted.

 The load on the brake drum increased in steps.

 At each step of loading the meter readings are noted.

 The procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current.

PRECUATION

 All the switches are kept open initially.

 The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

 There should not be any load when start and stop the motor.
 While starting the motor, the starter handle is moved slowly from OFF to ON
position.
 While running on load, the brake drum should be cooled by pouring water inside
the brake drum.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR:

Name Plate Details

Motor

1. Supply Voltage: 220V

2. Current:19Amps

3. Speed :1500 rpm

4. Power: 5 HP

FORMULA USED:-

Circumference of brake drum = 2 x  x R in metre

R = Radius of the brake drum

Torque, T = (S1~S2) x9.81xR in Nm

Input power, Pi = VL x IL in Watts

Output power, P0 = (2 x  x N x T) / 60 in Watts

% Efficiency,  = (P0 / Pi) x 100

 TABULAR COLOUMN

Spring
Speed Torq Input Output
Sl. Voltage, Current balance Efficiency
Rpm -ue Pi Pm
No. VL (V) IL (A) In %
S1 S2 N-m watts watts
kg
Kg Kg

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
 MODEL GRAPHS:

Inference:

RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of the DC Compound Motor were drawn.

 LOAD TEST ON D.C. SERIES MOTOR

AIM:

 To determine the efficiency of D.C Series Motor.

 To obtain the performance characteristics of DC Series Motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. Name of the Quantity

Range Type
No. Apparatus
1. Ammeter (0-15)A MC 1
2. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

PRECAUTION:

The motor should be started with some initial load.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2. Before starting the motor some initial load is applied to the motor by using the brake
drum with spring balance.
3. Using two-point starter the motor is started to run.
4. The meter readings are started at its initial condition.
5. Gradually load the machine up to rated current and corresponding meter readings
were noted.
6. After the observation of all the readings the load is released gradually up to the initial
load condition.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR BRAKE TEST ON D.C. SERIES MOTOR:

Name Plate Details Fuse Rating

Motor

1. Supply Voltage: 220V

2. Current:12 Amps

3. Speed : 1500 rpm

4. Power: 3 HP
 TABULAR COLOUMN

Radius of brake drum, r = mts.

S.No. Voltage Current Spring Balance (Kg) Speed Torque Output Input Efficiency
VL IL F1 F2 F1~ F2 N T Power Power Pi η
(Volts) (Amps) (rpm) (Nm) Po (Watts) %
(Watts)
1.

2.

3.

4.
 MODEL GRAPHS:

FORMULAE USED:

Circumference of the brake drum = metre

Radius of the brake drum, r = metre

Torque applied on the shaft of the rotor, T = (F1 ~ F2)* r × 9.81 Nm

Output power, Po = (2πNT)/60 Watts

Input power Pi = V × IL Watts Efficiency = (Po / Pi )

Inference:

RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of the DC Series Motor were drawn.

 SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM
To predetermine the efficiency o the DC Machine when it act as
(i) Motor
(ii) Generator

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
Sl.No. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1. Ammeter (0 -5) A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0 - 2) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0 - 300)V MC 1
4. Rheostat 400, 1.1 A Wire wound 1
5. Tachometer Digital 1

PRECAUTION:

1. The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

2. There should be no load at the time of starting the experiment.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DPST switch is closed.

3. The motor is started with the help of three point starter.

4. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to the rated
value.
5. The no load current, voltage and shunt field current are noted.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SWINBURNE’STEST :

Name Plate Details Fuse Rating

1. Supply Voltage : 220V

2. Current :12 Amps

3. Speed : 1500 rpm

4. Power: 3 HP
 TABULAR COLOUMN

Field current, If No load current, I0

Voltage, V (volts)
(A) (A)

For Motor
Line Field
Ia = IL -If Total Input Output
S.No Current Current WCu Constant Efficiency
(A) Loss Power Power
IL(A) If (A) =I2aR Loss %
(watts) (watts) (watts) (watts)
 For Generator

Line Field
Ia = Total Input Output
S.No. Current, current WCu Constant Efficiency
IL+If Loss Power Power
IL If = Ia2 Loss %
(A) Ra (watts) (watts) (watts) (watts)
(A) (A)
 Measurement of
Ra:
Voltage (v) Current(A) Armature resistance
Ra(ohms)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mean ==

Model Graph

FORMULA USED:
Constant loss Wc = V Io – (Ia –If)2 Ra
Ra = Resistance of armature
 For Motor

1. Armature Current Ia = IL – If
2

2. Armature Copper Loss Wcu = Ia Ra

3. Total loss Wt = Wc + Wcu
4. Input power Pi = VIL
5. Output Power Po = Pi – Wt

6. Efficiency  (Output Power / Input Power)

For Generator

1. Armature Current Ia = IL + If
2

2. Armature Copper Loss Wcu = Ia Ra

3. Total loss Wt = Wc + Wcu
4. Output power Po = VIL
5. Input Power Pi = Po + Wt

6. Efficiency  (Output Power / Input Power)

Inference:

RESULT:
Thus the efficiency of the DC Machine has been predetermined and
characteristics were drawn.
 SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To draw the speed characteristics of DC Shunt Motor by
(1) Armature control method
(2) Field control method

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
Sl.
Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
No.
1. Ammeter (0 -5) A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0 - 2) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0 - 300)V MC 1
4. Rheostat 400, 1.1 A Wire wound 1
5. Tachometer Digital 1

PRECAUTION:

1. All the switches are kept open initially.

2. The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
3. The armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE:

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:-

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. The field current is varied in steps by varying the field rheostat.
4. In each step of field current the armature voltage is varied in steps by varying
the armature rheostat.
5. In each step of armature rheostat variation the meter readings (Voltmeter &
Tachometer) are noted.
FIELD CONTROL METHOD:-

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. The armature voltage is varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat.
4. In each step of armature voltage the field current in steps by varying the field
rheostat.
5. In each step of field rheostat the meter readings (Ammeter & tachometer) are
noted.

37
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Name Plate Details Fuse Rating

Supply Voltage : 220V

Current :12 Amps

Speed : 1500 rpm

Power: 3 HP
TABULAR COLOUMN:

ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL:

IF1 = A IF2 = A
S.No Voltage Speed N Voltage Speed N
V rpm V rpm

FIELD CONTROL:

Voltage V1 = V Voltage V2 = V
S.No Field current IF Speed N Field current IF Speed N
A rpm A rpm
1.

2.

3.

4.
ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL FIELD CONTROL

Inference:

RESULT:

Thus the speed characteristics of the DC Shunt Motor were drawn.

 HOPKINSON’STEST

AIM:
To conduct Hopkinson’s test on a pair of identical DC machines to pre-
determine the efficiency of the machine as generator and as motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

(0-1)A MC 2
1 Ammeter
(0-20) A MC 2
(0-300) V MC 2
2 Voltmeter
(0-600)V MC 1
3 Rheostats 400Ω, 1.1 A Wire 1
800Ω, 0.8 A wound 1

PRECATUIONS:

1. The field rheostat of the motor should be in the minimum position at the time
of starting and stopping the machine.
2. The field rheostat of the generator should be in the maximum position at the
time of starting and stopping the machine.
3. SPST switch should be kept open at the time of starting and stopping the
machine.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of field rheostat of motor, maximum
position of field rheostat of generator, opening of SPST switch, DPST switch is
closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat of the
motor.
4. The voltmeter V1 is made to read zero by adjusting field rheostat of
generator and SPST switch is closed.
5. By adjusting field rheostats of motor and generator, various Ammeter
readings, voltmeter readings are noted.
6. The rheostats and SPST switch are brought to their original positions and
DPST switch is opened.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR HOPKIN’S TEST

Name Plate Details

Motor Generator

Supply Voltage : 220V Supply Voltage : 220V

Current : 19Amps Current : 13.6Amps

Speed : 1500 rpm Speed : 1500

Power : 5 HP Power : 3KW

Fuse Rating
MODEL GRAPH:

As a
Generator
%η

As a
Motor

OUTPUT POWER P0 (W)

TABULAR COLUMN:

Supply
IS IFM VA IFG ILG
S.No. Voltage
(A) (A) (A) (A) (A)
VS (V)
 AS MOTOR:

Armature Total
Field Stray O/P I/p
S.No. ILG Cu Loss Losses
Loss loss Power Power % 
(A) W (Watts) Wt
(Watts) (Watts) (W) (W)
(Watts)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

AS GENERATOR:

Armature Total
Field Stray O/P I/p
S.No. ILG Cu Loss Losses
Loss loss Power Power % 
(A) W (Watts) Wt
(Watts) (Watts) (W) (W)
(Watts)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
FORMULAE USED:

Input Power = VI1watts

Motor armature cu loss = (I1+ I2)2 Ra watts

Generator armature cu loss = I22 Ra watts

Total Stray losses W = V I1 - (I1+I2)2 Ra + I 22 Ra watts.

Stray loss per machine = W/2 watts.

AS MOTOR:

Input Power = Armature input + Shunt field input

= (I1+ I2) V + I3V = (I1+I2+I3) V

Total Losses = Armature Cu loss + Field loss + stray loss

(I1 + I2)2 Ra + VI3 + W/2 watts

Input power – Total Losses

Efficiency % = ------------------------------------- x 100%

Input Power

AS GENERATOR:

Output Power = VI2 watts

Total Losses = Armature Cu loss+ Field Loss + Stray loss

= I22 Ra + VI4 + W/2 watts

Output power

Efficiency % = --------------------------------------- x 100%

Output Power+ Total Losses

Inference:

RESULT:
Thus Hopkinson’s test is conducted on a pair of identical DC machines the
efficiency of the machine as generator and as motor are pre-determined.
 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:

To determine the efficiency and also to find the variation of secondary terminal
voltage with respect to the load current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Auto Transformer 230/(0-270) V, 1φ - 1

300 V, 5A UPF 1
2 Wattmeter
150 V, 5 A UPF 1

(0-10) A MI 1
3 Ammeter
(0-5) A MI 1

(0-300) V MI 1

4 Voltmeter (0-150) V MI 1

5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

6 Load (5 KW,230V) - 1

PRECAUTION:

1. The Variac should be kept in minimum position while switching on and switching
off the supply side DPSTS.

2. At the time of switching on the supply there should not be any load connected.
RANGE FIXING:
Rated capacityin VA
Rated primary current, I 
1
Primary voltage, V1

Rated secondary current, I 2  Rated capacityin VA

Secondaryvoltage, V2

The load used is resistive in nature.

 The range of Ap, Vp, Wp are …………A, ……………V, ................. W respectively.

The range of As, Vs, Ws are ……………A, …………….V,....................W respectively.

PROCEDURE:

1. Excite the transformer to its rated voltage on no load.

2. Observe the meter readings at no load.

3. Gradually load the transformer and note the meter readings for each
loading.
4. Load the transformer to its rated capacity i.e. till it draws rated current from
the supply.
Note that applied voltage to the primary side should be kept at its rated voltage on
loading.

FORMULA USED:

Output power = WS

Input Power = WP
WS
%=  100
WP
V
S0 VS
% Regulation =  100 (where VS0 – no load secondary rated terminal voltage)
VS 0
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VRL-Variable Resistive Load

Name Plate Details

1. Single phase transformer
2. Primary voltage: 230V
3. Secondary voltage:115V
4. Power capacity:1KVA
 TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. VP IP WP (Watts) VS IS WS (Watts) % %

No. Regula
Volts Amps Observed Actual Volts Amps Observed Actual Efficie tion
ncy

MODEL GRAPHS:

Inference:

RESULT:

Thus the efficiency and regulation of a Three phase Transformer were

calculated.
 LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:

Determination of Regulation & Efficiency of three-phase transformer by direct

loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Name of the
Sl. No. Range Type Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter 0-600 V MI 1
2. Voltmeter 0-300V MI 1
3. Ammeter 0-10A MI 1
4. Ammeter 0-20A MI 1
5. Wattmeter 600V,5/10A,UPF 1
6. Resistive load 3ph 415V,5kw 1

PRECAUTIONS:
All the switches should be kept open.

The auto transformer should be kept at minimum potential position.

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2) Keep load on transformer at off position.

3) Keeping dimmer stat at zero position, switch on 3-Phase supply.

4) Now increase dimmer stat voltage for 440 V.

5) Note down the no-load readings.

6) Then increase the load in steps till rated current of the transformer & note
down corresponding readings.
7) Calculate efficiency & regulation for each reading.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Page 54 of 94
 MODEL CALCULATION:-

Input power = W1 + W2 Watts

Output power = √3 V2 I2Watts

% Efficiency = (output / Input) x 100

% Regulation = (VNL - VL) / VL

TABULAR COLOUMN

V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2
Sl. No. Efficiency Regulatio
Volts Amperes Watts Volts Amperes Watts
n

Inference:

RESULT:

Thus the efficiency and regulation of a three phase transformer were calculated.
 OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON SINGLE- PHASE
TRANSFORMER
AIM:

1. To obtain the equivalent circuit of transformer.

2. To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of transformer.
3. To predetermine the maximum efficiency of transformer
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MI (0-2A) 1

(0-5A) 1

2 Voltmeter MI (0-150V) 1

3 Wattmeter LPF (150V,2A) 1

UPF (150V,5A) 1

4 Connecting wires Copper Few

PRECAUTION:

1. Variac must be kept in minimum position while switching on and switching

off the supply.
2. LPF wattmeter for O.C. test and UPF wattmeter for S.C. circuit test should
be used.
RANGE FIXING:

O.C. Test:

Full load primary current I1 

Full loadcapacityinVA
PrimaryvoltageV1
 Full load secondary current I2
SecondaryvoltageV2

Let both O.C. and S.C. test be conducted on primary side.

On O.C. test the current drawn by the transformer is about 5 – 10% of Full
load Primary current.  Ammeter range is (0 - )A

The rated primary voltage will be applied.  Voltmeter range (0 -

)V Observation:

O.C. Test: S.C. Test:

M.F. = M.F. =

V0 I0 W0 (Watts) Ish Wsh (Watts)

Vsh
(Volts) (Amps) Observed Actual (Volts) (Amps) Observed Actual
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE TRANSFORMER REFERRED TO PRIMARY
SIDE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR O.C. & S.C. TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER:

O.C. TEST:

S.C. TEST:
MODEL GRAPHS:

%
regulation
% UP
 F
0.8
p.f.
Leading UPF
p.f. Laggin

Po

WATTMETER:

The current rating and voltage rating of Wattmeter are to be nearer to the value
calculated above.

On O.C. condition the reactive power drawn is more and the active power drawn is less.

So power factor on no-load will be very low.

LPF wattmeter can be used.

The range of wattmeter is V, A, LPF.

S.C. TEST:

The voltage applied to the transformer primary to circulate rated full load current is
about 5 to 10% of rated primary voltage.

 The voltmeter range is (0 - )V

Ammeter range is (0 - )A

The active power drawn by the transformer on S.C. condition is more and reactive
power drawn is less.UPF wattmeter can be used.

Range of wattmeter is ………V,............. A, UPF.

 PROCEDURE:

1. With the help of Variac, apply rated voltage to the transformer in O.C. test and
circulate rated current in S.C. test. Note down the corresponding meter
readings.

MODEL CALCULATION:

1) EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
W0
Power factor on no load Cos 
0
V0I0

Working component of no load current, Iw = I0 Cos0

Magnetising component of no load current, I = I0 Sin0

V
Resistance to account iron losses, R0  I
0

V0
Reactance to account magnetization of the core, X 0 
I 

Wsc
Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to primary, R 
01
I sc2

(assuming S.C. test is conducted on primary side)

PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY:

Copper T.L. = Cos = 1 Cos = 0.8 Cos = 0.6

loss
% of Wi + Po
S. Po Pi Pi Po Pi
load Wc Wc
No.
x =X2Wsc (Wa (Wat  (W
(Wa  (Wat (Wat 
(Watts atts
tts) ts) tts) ts) ts)
(Watts) ) )

1 0

2 20

3 40

4 60

5 80

6 100

7 120
 PREDETERMINATION OF FULL LOAD REGULATION:

S.No. CosΦ SinΦ % Regulation

Lagging p.f. Leading p.f.

1 0

2 0.2

3 0.4

4 0.6

5 0.8

6 1.0

Vsc
Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to primary, Z 
01
Isc

Equivalent leakage reactance of the transformer referred to primary, X 01 Z 2

R2

V2
Voltage transformation ratio, K 
V1


Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to secondary, R02 = K2R01

Equivalent leakage reactance of the transformer referred to secondary, X02 = K2X01.

I2’ - Secondary rated current referred to Primary side

V2’ – Secondary rated voltage referred to Primary side

II) PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY:

Let the load be x% of FL kVA and cos - load power factor

Power output, P0 = x (FL kVA) cos 1000

Copper Losses, Wc = x2Wsc

Total Losses, W = Wi+ Wc (where Wiis approx. equal to W0)

Power input Pi = P0 + W

P0
Efficiency,  
Pi

III) PREDETERMINATION OF FULL LOAD REGULATION:

(I2 R02 CosI2 X02 sin)

% Regulation =  100
V2

Where I2- Full load secondary current.

V2- rated secondary voltage

Cos - Load power factor

+ve sign for lagging power factor load

-ve sign for leading power factor load

IV) MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY –PREDETERMINATION:

For maximum , copper loss = Iron loss

 i.e. I22 R02 = Wi

Load current corresponding to maximum efficiency I2  Wi

R0 2

Then, maximum  can be determined for any load power factor as below.

Cos -- load power factor (assume)

Power output, Po = V2I2cos

Total losses, W = 2 Wi

Power output, Po = Pi + W
 Po
Maximum efficiency max    100
Pi

RESULT:

Thus the efficiency and regulation of the Single phase Transformer was predetermined
and Equivalent circuit was drawn.
 SUMPNER’S TEST ON TRANSFORMERS

AIM :
To predetermine the Efficiency and Regulation of a given Single phase Transformer by
conducting back-to-back test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Auto Transformer 230/(0-270) V - 2

150 V, 2A LPF 1
2. Wattmeter
150 V, 5 A UPF 1
(0-2) A MI 1
3. Ammeter
(0-5) A MI 1
(0-75) V MI 1

4. Voltmeter (0-150) V MI 1

(0 -600) V MI 1
5. Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be kept in zero position, before switching on the ac supply.
2. Transformer should be operated under rated
values.
FORMULA USED:

Core loss =Wo

Copper Loss= full load cu loss X (1/x)2
Total loss =Core loss +Cu loss
Output = V2 I2 Cosφ
Input= output + total loss
% Efficiency = output/input *100
POWER FACTOR ON NO LOAD:
CosΦ=(Wo/VoIo)
Working component IW=IO*CosΦ
 Magnetizing component Iμ =IO*SinΦ Resistance Ro= Vo/Iw in Ω
FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

Equivalent resistance R01= Wscc/ Is 2

Equivalent impedance Z01= Vsc / Isc in Ω

Equivalent leakage reactance X01= √(Z012-R012) in Ω
Voltage ratio= V2/V1
R02=K2*R01
X02=K2*X01
PERCENTAGE OF REGULATION

Lagging PF = (I2R02 CosΦ+ I2X02 SinΦ)/ V2

Leading PF = (I2R02 CosΦ- I2X02 SinΦ)/ V2

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Rated voltage of 110V is adjusted to get in voltmeter by adjusting the variac of the
Auto Transformer which would be in zero before switching on the supply at the primary side.

3. The readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted on the primary side.

4. A voltmeter is connected across the secondary and with the secondary supply off i.e switch
S is kept open. The voltmeter reading is noted.

5. If the reading of voltmeter reads higher voltage, the terminals of any one of secondary
coil is interchanged in order that voltmeter reads zero.

6. The secondary is now switched on and SPST switch is closed with variac of auto
transformer is zero.
7. After switching on the secondary the variac of transformer (Auto) is adjusted so that full
load rated secondary current flows.
8. Then the readings of wattmeter, Ammeter and voltmeter are noted.
9. The Percentage Efficiency and percentage regulation are calculated and equivalent
circuit is drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:

VO IO WO (watts) VSc ISc WSc (watts)

(V) (A) OBSERVED ACTUAL (V) (A) OBSERVED ACTUAL

To find Efficiency

Load Core loss Cu loss Total loss Output Input %η

Wo Wc(Watts) WT(watts) power power
(Watts) Wo(watts) Wi(watts)
UPF 0.8 UPF 0.8 UPF 0.8

To find Regulation
Load Cosφ Sinφ I2Re2 I2 Xe2 %Regulation
Cosφ Sinφ
LAG LEAD

Inference:

RESULT:
Thus the efficiency and regulation of a given single phase Transformer is carried out by
conducting back-to-back test.
 SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES IN A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To separate no load losses of a transformer in to eddy current loss and hysteresis loss.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Rheostat 400Ω,1.1A Wire Wound 1

2 Wattmeter 300 V, 5A LPF 1

3 Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1

4 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1

5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
2. The alternator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. The DC motor is started by using the 3 point starter and brought to rated speed by adjusting its
field rheostat.
4. By varying the alternator filed rheostat gradually the rated primary voltage is applied to the
transformer.
5. The frequency is varied by varying the motor field rheostat and the readings of frequency are
noted and the speed is also measured by using the tachometer.
6. The above procedure is repeated for different frequencies and the readings are tabulated.
7. The motor is switched off by opening the DPST switch after bringing all the rheostats to the
initial position.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No. Speed Frequency Voltage Wattmeter Iron loss Wi / f

N (rpm) f (Hz) V (Volts) reading Wi (Watts) Joules
Watts
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
 FORMULAE USED:
1. Frequency, f = (P*NS) / 120 in Hz
P = No.of Poles & Ns = Synchronous speed in rpm.
2. Hysteresis Loss Wh = A * f in Watts A = Constant (obtained from graph)
3. Eddy Current Loss We = B * f2 in Watts B = Constant (slope of the tangent
drawn to the curve)
4. Iron Loss Wi = Wh + We in Watts
Wi / f = A + (B * f)
Here the Constant A is distance from the origin to the point where the line cuts the
Y- axis in the graph between Wi / f and frequency f.
The Constant B is Δ(Wi / f ) / Δf

MODEL GRAPH:
Wf

x
A

Inference:

RESULT:

Thus separation of Eddy current and Hysteresis loss from the iron loss on
a Single-phase Transformer is conducted.
 STUDY OF STARTERS AND THREE PHASE CONNECTIONS OF A TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To Study about the starters and Three phase connection of a Transformer.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

Sl No. Name of the Apparatus Quantity

1 Two Point starter 1

2 Three Point starter 1

3 Four Point starter 1

4 DOL Starter 1

5 Auto transformer Starter 1

6 Star-Delta Starter 1

7 Rotor Resistance Starter 1

THEORY :

The value of the armature current in a D.C Shunt Motor is given

by
Ia = ( V – Eb )/ Ra

Where
V = applied voltage.

Ra = armature resistance.

E b = Back .e.m.f .
In practice the value of the armature resistance is of the order of 1 ohms and at the instant of starting the value

of the back e.m.f is zero volts. Therefore under starting conditions the value of the armature current is very

high. This high inrush current at the time of starting may damage the motor. To protect the motor from such

dangerous current the D.C motors are always started using starters.

The types of D.C motor starters are

i) Two point starters

ii) Three point starters

iii) Four point starters.

The functions of the starters are

i) It protects the from dangerous high

speed. ii) It protects the motor from

overloads.

i) TWO POINT STARTERS

It is used for starting D.C. series motors which has the problem of over speeding due to the loss of load

from its shaft. Here for starting the motor the control arm is moved in clock-wise direction from its OFF position

to the ON position against the spring tension. The control arm is held in the ON position by the electromagnet

E. The exciting coil of the hold-on electromagnet E is connected in series with the armature circuit. If the motor

loses its load, current decreases and hence the strength of the electromagnet also decreases. The control arm

returns to the OFF position due to the spring tension, Thus preventing the motor from over speeding. The starter

also returns to the OFF position when the supply voltage decreases appreciably. L and F are the two points of

the starter which are connected with the motor terminals

ii) THREE POINT STARTER: ( Refer fig 2 )

It is used for starting the shunt or compound motor. The coil of the hold on electromagnet E is connected

in series with the shunt field coil. In the case of disconnection in the field circuit the control arm will return to its

OFF position due to spring tension. This is necessary because the shunt motor will over speed if it loses excitation.

The starter also returns to the OFF position in case of low voltage supply or complete failure of the supply. This

protection is therefore is called No Volt Release (NVR).

Over load protection:

When the motor is over loaded it draws a heavy current. This heavy current also flows through the exciting

coil of the over load electromagnet ( OLR). The electromagnet then pulls an iron piece upwar6.ds which short

circuits the coils of the NVR coil. The hold on magnet gets de-energized and therefore the starter arm returns to

the OFF position, thus protecting the motor against overload. L, A and F are the three terminals of the three point

starter.

iii) FOUR POINT STARTER:

The connection diagram of the four point starter is shown in Fig 3. In a four point starter arm touches the

starting resistance, the current from the supply is divided into three paths. One through the starting resistance and

the armature, one through the field circuit, and one through the NVR coil. A protective resistance is connected

in series with the NVR coil. Since in a four point starter the NVR coil is independent of the of the field ckt

connection , the d.c motor may over speed if there is a break in the field circuit. A D.C motor can be stopped by

opening the main switch. The steps of the starting resistance are so designed that the armature current will remain

within the certain limits and will not change the torque developed by the motor to a great extent.
Three Phase Transformer Connections

The primary and secondary windings of a transformer can be connected in different configuration as

shown to meet practically any requirement. In the case of three phase transformer windings, three forms of

connection are possible: “star” (wye), “delta” (mesh) and “interconnected-star” (zig-zag). The combinations of

the three windings may be with the primary delta-connected and the secondary star- connected, or star-delta,

star-star or delta-delta, depending on the transformers use. When transformers are used to provide three or more

phases they are generally referred to as a Polyphase Transformer.

Three Phase Transformer Star and Delta Configurations

But what do we mean by “star” and “delta” three-phase transformer connection. A three phase

transformer has three sets of primary and secondary windings. Depending upon how these sets of windings are

interconnected, determines whether the connection is a star or delta configuration. The available voltage which

are each displaced from the other by 120 electrical degrees and flow of the transformers currents are also decided

by the type of the electrical connection used on both the primary and secondary sides. With three single- phase

transformers connected together, the magnetic flux’s in the three transformers differ in phase by 120 time-

degrees. With a single the three-phase transformer there are three magnetic flux’s in the

core differing in time-phase by 120 degrees.

The standard method for marking three phase transformer windings is to label the three primary windings with

capital (upper case) letters A, B and C, used to represent the three-phases of RED, YELLOW and BLUE. The

secondary windings are labelled with small (lower case) letters a, b and c. Each winding has two ends normally

labelled 1 and 2 so that, for example, the second winding of the primary has ends which will be labelled B1

and B2, while the third winding of the secondary will be labelled c1 and c2 as shown.

Transformer Star and Delta Configurations

Symbols are generally used on a three phase transformer to indicate the type or types of connections used with
upper case Y for star connected, D for delta connected and Z for interconnected star primary windings, with
lower case y, d and z for their respective secondaries. Then, Star-Star would be labelled Yy, Delta-Delta would
be labelled Dd and interconnected star to interconnected star would be Zz for the same types of connected
transformers.

Transformer Winding Identification

Connection Primary Winding Secondary Winding
Delta D d
Star Y y
Interconnected Z z
 We now know that there are four ways in which three single-phase transformers may be
connected together between primary and secondary three-phase circuits. The configurations are delta-delta,
star-star, star-delta,
and delta-star. Transformers for high voltage operation with the star connections has the advantage of reducing
the voltage on an individual transformer, reducing the number of turns required and an increase in the size of
the conductors, making the coil windings easier and cheaper to insulate than delta transformers.

The delta-delta connection nevertheless has one big advantage over the star-delta configuration, in that if one
transformer of a group of three should become faulty or disabled, the two remaining ones will continue to
deliver three-phase power with a capacity equal to approximately two thirds of the original output from the
transformer unit.
Transformer Delta and Delta Connections

In a delta connected ( Dd ) group of transformers, the line voltage, VL is equal to the supply
voltage, VL = VS. But the current in each phase winding is given as: 1/√3 × IL of the line current, where IL is
the line current. One disadvantage of delta connected three phase transformers is that each transformer must
be wound for the full-line voltage, (in our example above 100V) and for 57.7 per cent, line current. The greater
number of turns in the winding, together with the insulation between turns, necessitate a larger and more
expensive coil than the star connection. Another disadvantage with delta connected three phase transformers
is that there is no “neutral” or common connection.

In the star-star arrangement ( Yy ), (wye-wye), each transformer has one terminal connected to a common
junction, or neutral point with the three remaining ends of the primary windings connected to the three-phase
mains supply. The number of turns in a transformer winding for star connection is 57.7 per cent, of that
required for delta connection.

The star connection requires the use of three transformers, and if any one transformer becomes fault or
disabled, the whole group might become disabled. Nevertheless, the star connected three phase transformer is
especially convenient and economical in electrical power distributing systems, in that a fourth wire may be
connected as a neutral point, ( n ) of the three star connected secondaries as shown.

.
The voltage between any line of the three-phase transformer is called the “line voltage”,
VL, while the voltage between any line and the neutral point of a star connected
transformer is called the “phase voltage”, VP. This phase voltage between the neutral
point and any one of the line connections is 1/√3 × VL of the line voltage. Then above, the
primary side phase voltage, VP is given as.

Result:
Measurement of Magnetic Inrush current of Transformers (Single Phase).

AIM:
To measure of Magnetic Inrush Current of a Single phase Transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Auto Transformer 230/(0-270) V - 2

2. Single phase transformer 5KVA,115/230V - 1

(0 -300)V MI 1
3. Voltmeter

(0 -150)V MI 1
4. Voltmeter

MI 1
5. Ammeter

MI 1
6. Ammeter

1
7. Digital Storage Oscilloscope

8. Multimeter

9. Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

PRECAUTION:

1. Auto transformer must be kept in minimum position while switching on

and switching off the supply.
2. Transformer should be operated under rated values.
PROCED
URE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the single phase AC supply.
3. Record the voltages V1 and V2.
4. Close the switch S at time, t=0
5. Capture the current magnitude versus time using a storage oscilloscope.
6. Measure and analyze current transient differ for different instants of switching.
7. Switch off the supply.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PROPOSED TRANSFORMER FOR INRUSH

CURRENT:

INTRODUCTION:
INRUSH current is the transient response to the switching of a sinusoidal voltage supply upon the
transformer, arising from a temporary saturation of the core.
Electrical transformers are essential parts of power supply networks and it is important that their
life-time to be preserved. The inrush current of this devices could determine malfunctioning of the
transformers or even others component of the network. For this reason, determining the inrush
current for single-phase transformers is an important issue in power quality analysis of electrical grids.
Any iron-core transformer absorbs an inrush current when they are instant connected to the
power supply grid. This current has a typical waveform characterized by a high amplitude (even
20 time higher than the rated current of the device) and has a single polarity for a few periods
until it reaches its state value. These inrush currents determine numerous unfavourable effects
on the devices and on the power supply network. The inrush current is directly influenced by the
B-H allure of the magnetic core and especially by the remanence of the magnetic flux density. The
measure of the inrush current peak value and duration) becomes very significant in conserving
the life-time of a transformer. The high value of the inrush current may cause electro dynamical
and thermal stresses which may determine damaging or malfunctioning of equipment
components.

TABULAR COLOUMN:

Time Frequency Current Voltage

RESULT:

Thus the magnetic current of single phase transformer is measured and analyzed for current
transient differ for different instants of switching.
 POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To determine the polarity of a Single phase Transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Auto Transformer 230/(0-270) V - 2

(0 -600)V MI 3
2. Voltmeter

3. Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

PRECAUTION:

3. Auto transformer must be kept in minimum position while switching on and switching
off the supply.
4. Transformer should be operated under rated values.

PROCEDURE:
8. Connect the circuit as shown circuit diagram.

9. Switch on the single phase AC supply.

10. Record the voltages V1 V2 and V3. In Case V3< V1 polarity is subtractive.

11. Repeat the step 3 after connecting terminals A1 and a2. In case V3> V1 polarity is additive.

12. Switch of the supply.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER:

TABULAR COLOUMN:
Subtractive polarity:

S.No V1 V2 V3= V2- V1

Additive polarity:

S.No V1 V2 V3= V2+ V1

Inference:

RESULT:
Thus the Polarity of a given single phase Transformer is determined
by conducting a polarity test.
 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY EXCITED D.C
GENERATOR

AIM:

To obtain open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited d.c shunt
generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-1)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostats 400Ω , 0.8A Wire 2

PRECAUTION
 All the switches are kept open initially.

 The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.

 The generator field rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:-

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of

generator field rheostat, the supply side DPST switch is closed and starting
resistance is gradually removed.
 The motor is started using three point starter.

 By varying the field rheostat of the motor, the speed of the motor is adjusted to the
rated speed of the generator.
 By varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken.

 After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor
to minimum position, the DPST switch is closed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULAR COLOUMN:

Field current, Generated EMF,

Sl. No.
If Amperes Eg volts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
MODEL GRAPH:-
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:-

MODEL CALCULATION:-

Armature current, Ia = IL = If
Generated EMF, Eg = (V + Ia Ra)

LOAD TEST:

 Keeping the generator side DPST open, the field rheostat in the generator side is
adjusted for the rated voltage of the generator which is seen in the voltmeter.
 Now the DPST switch is closed and the resistive load is put up on the generator step
by step. The terminal voltage, armature and load current values are noted down for
each step from the respective meters.

 Note that while taking each set of readings, the field current is maintained constant
as that for rated voltage [because due to heating, shunt field resistance is
increased.
TABULAR COLOUMN:

Sl. Voltage, Armature Generated

Current, IL
No. VL Current, Ia EMF, Eg
(Amperes)
(Volts) (Amperes) (Volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

MODEL GRAPH:-
LOAD TEST:

MODEL CALCULATION:-

Armature current, Ia = IL = If
Generated EMF, Eg = (V + Ia Ra)

RESULT:

Thus the open circuit and load characteristics of Separately excited D.C. Shunt
Generator were drawn.