are

ooo
Page |
iÔj mod¾:fha we;s ffcj wKq

ffcj wKq hkq :

 iÔj mod¾:fha wvx.= jk ldnksl ixfhda.h fïjd m%Odk fldgia j¾. y;rls.

01) ldfndayhsfâ%g
02) fm%daàk
03) ,smsv
04) kshqlaf,hsla wï,

01) ldfndayhsfâ%g

 mDÓúh u;=msg we;s jvd;a u iq,n ldnksl ixfhda.h ldfndyhsâf¾ghs.

 m%Ndixiaf,aIKfhaoSo ldfndayhsfâ%Ü ksmofõ.
 WodyrK : mdka, n;,, OdkH j¾.
 ldfndyhsâf¾gj, m%Odk uQ,øjH ixhq;sh jkafka ldnka (C)" yhsv%cka (H) yd Tlaiscka ^O& h.
 ldfndyhsâf¾gj,, yhsv%cka yd Tlaiscka hk uQ,øjH ixfhdackh jkafka 2 ( 1 wkqmd;fhks'


ldfndyhsâf¾g m%Odk j¾. 03 ls.

 fudfkdielrhsv
 vhsielrhsv
 fmd,sielrhsv

fudfkdielrhsv

 fudfkdielrhsv hkq ldfndyhsâf¾gj, ;ekqï tallhhs'

fudfkdielrhsv j, ,laIK :

 iaMál iajrEmhla .kS'

 c, ødjH fõ.
 idudkHfhka fïjd meKs ri h'

 ksoiqka : 1) .aÆfldaia
2) mDlafgdaia
3) .e,elafgdaia

 mssgq wxl 03 ys j.=j 1.1 msgm;a lrkak.

2|Page

code
vhsielrhsv

 fudfkdielrhsv wKq 02 la tl;= ù vhsielrhsv iEfoa' tys § c, wKqjla msgfõ'

vhsielrhsv j, ,laIK :

 iaMál iajrEmhla .kS'

 c, ødjH fõ.
 idudkHfhka fïjd meKs ri h'

 ksoiqka : 1) fuda,afgdaia
2) iqlafrdaia
3) ,elafgdaia

 mssgq wxl 04 ys j.=j 1.2 msgm;a lrkak.

fmd,sielrhsv

 fudfkdielrhsv wKq rdYshla nyqwjhùlrKh ùfuka fmd,sielrhsv iEfoa'

 fïjdfha ;ekqï tallh .aÆfldaih.

fmd,sielrhsv j, ,laIK :

 we,a c,fha wødjHhs'

 ia:álrEmS fkdfõ'

 ksoiqka : 1) msIaGh
2) fi,shqf,daia
3) .a,hsfldacka

 fi,shqf,daia msIagh yd .a,hsfldcka hk fmd,sielrhsvj, ;ekqï tAllh .aÆfldaia jk kuq;a

mj;sk .aÆfldaia wKq ixLHdj iy wKq iïnkaO jk wdldrh úúO ùu ksid tAjdfha iajNdjh
tlsfklg fjkia fõ'

 mssgq wxl 05 ys j.=j 1.3 msgm;a lrkak.

3|Page
bae
ldfndyhsâf¾gj, jeo.;alu

 Yla;s m%Njhla f,i.

 ixÑ; wdydrhla f,i.
 Ôùkaf.a ffi, ì;a;sh ks¾udKh lsÍug.
 kshqlaf,hsla wï,j, ix>glhla f,i.

ldfndyhsâf¾g y÷kd .ekSfï mÍlaId

(1) msIagh y`ÿkd .ekSu i|yd mÍlaIdj.

 msIaguh wdydr iaj,amhla u;g whäka ødjKhlska (,d ÿUqre/msÿre ly) ìxÿ lsym
s hla
oukak.
 ksÍlaIKh : oïmdgg yqre ks,a mdgla ,efí'

(2) .aÆfldaia (fudfkdielrhsv) y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd mÍlaIdj.

 mßlaId k,hlg .aÆfldaia ødjKhla f.k thg fnkäla ødjKh iaj,amhla tla lr c,
;dmhl nyd r;a lrkak'
 ksÍlaIKh : my; mßos j¾K úm¾hdi ,efí'

(3) iqlafrdaia y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd mÍlaIdj'

 mÍlaId k<hlg iSks ødjKhla f.k fnkälaÜ ødjKfha iaj,amhla ne.ska tla lr c,
;dmlhl nyd l%ufhka r;a lsÍu'
 ksÍlaIKh : j¾K úm¾hdihla isÿ fkdfõ'

 s hla tla lrkak'

kej; ilid .;a iSks ødjKhlg ;kql i,a*shqßla wï, ìxÿ lsym
 túg vhsielrhsvh c, úÉfþokh ù fudfkdielrhsvh ,efí'
 oeka tu ødjKhg fnkäla ødjK iaj,amhla tla lrkak'
 ksÍlaIKh : my; mßos j¾K úm¾hdi ,efí'

4|Page
apt
(02) fm%daàka

 fm%daàka ish¨ u iÔù ffi,j, w;HjYH ix>glhla fõ'

 fm%daàkaj, iEuúg u ldnka (C)" yhsv%cka (H)" Tlaiscka (O) yd khsg%cka (N) wvx.= fõ'
 óg wu;r j we;eï úg i,a*¾ (S) o wvx.= fõ'
 mßK; ñksia isrerl 17% la muK fm%daàk we;.
 fm%daàk j, ;ekqï tallh weuhsfkda wï, fõ.

 fm%daàk wvx.= wdydr

- uia - uqx
- ud¨ - uE
- lsß - fndaxÑ
- ì;a;r - lv,

fm%daàka j, jeo.;alu :

 Yla;s m%Njhla f,i.

 jHqyd;aul ix>gl iE§u i|yd.
 tkaihsu f,i l%shd lsÍu.
 fyda¾fudak f,i l%shd lsÍu.
 m%;sfoay f,i l%shd lsÍu.

fm%daàka y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd mÍlaIdj'

 nhshqf¾Ü mÍlaIdj

 fm%daàkfha c,Sh ødjKhlg (mßmamq l=vqlr oshlr.;a ødjKhla fyda ì;a;r iqÿ uo ødjKhla)
,nd.kak.
 thg fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ (NaOH) jeä mßudjla ñY% fldg miqj fldm¾ i,af*aÜ (CuSO4)
ìkaÿ lsym
s hla ±óu'
 ksÍlaIKh : ødjKh oï meye fõ.

tkaihsu

 Ôùka ;=< isÿ jk ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shdj, YS>%;dj jeä lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk Ôùka úiska
u ksmojkq ,nk úfYaIs; fm%daàka ^ldnksl W;afm%arl&" tkaihsu f,i yeÈkafõ'
 tkaihsu u.ska wvq WIaK;ajhloS m%;sl%shdj isÿlrkq ,nk w;r m%;sl%shd iS>%;dj jeä lrhs.
tkï ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shd W;afm%arKh lrhs.

5 |000
Page
msIagh u; weuhsf,aia tkaihsufha l%shdldß;ajh fmkaùu.

wjYH øjH :

l%uh :

 mdka msá c,fha Èh lr idod.;a ñY%Khlska ñ,s ,Sg¾ 2 la mÍlaId k<hlg tla lsÍu.
 thg weuhsf,aia tkaihsuh ^m%frdayKh jk uqx îc c,h iaj,amhla iu. wUrdf.k fmrd.;a
ødjKh& iu m%udKhla ^2ml& tl;= lsÍu.
 ñks;a;= follg muK miq ñY%Kfhka ìkaÿj ne.ska iqÿ msÕka .fvd,la u; ;eîu.
 thg whäka ødjKh ìkaÿjla ne.ska tla lsÍu.
 kej;;a ñks;a;= follg miqj" fmr mßÈ ñY%Kfhka ìkaÿjla msÕka .fvd, u; ;nd whäka
ìkaÿjla tla lsÍu.
 fufia ñks;a;= 20 l muK ld,hla ;=< ñks;a;= foflka folg ,nd.;a ñY%K ìkaÿj,g whäka
ìkaÿ tl;= lsÍu.

 ksÍlaIKh : jßka jr ,nd.;a ñY%Kfha j¾Kh ks,a meyefha isg l%ufhka ÿUqre meyehg
yereKq w;r wjidkfha whäkaj, j¾Kh ^ly$ÿUqre meyeh& ,nd foa'

 ksÍlaIKhg fya;=j : msIagh" whäka iu. l¿ ks,a j¾Khla ,nd fohs'

ñks;a;= 20 lg miq ñY%Kh whäka ødjKh iu. j¾K fjkila
fkdfokafka tys msIagh fkdue;s neúks' tfia jkafka msIagh u;
weuhsf,aia l%shdlr fuda,afgdaia idok ksid h'

weuhsf,aia
msIaGh fuda,afgdaia

03) ,smsv

f;,a yd fïo fuu ldKavhg wh;a fõ'

 f;,a - ,smsv" ldur WIaK;ajfha § øj f,i mj;sk úg f;,a f,i y÷kajhs

 fïoh - ,smsv" ldur WIaK;ajfha § >k f,i mj;sk úg fïoh f,i y÷kajhs

,smsv j, ,laIK :

 ldfndyhsâf¾gj, fuka u fïofhys o wka;¾.; j we;af;a ldnka " yhsv%cka yd Tlaiscka h'
kuq;a ldfndyhsâf¾gj,g idfmalaIj ,smsvj, we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh wvq h'

 ,smsv" c,h we;=¿ O%eùh ødjlj, Èh fkdfõ' kuq;a ldnksl ødjlj, Èh fõ'

,smsv wvx.= wdydr

 rglcq" fmd,a" ;," ng¾ iy ud.ßka

6|Page
at
 fïo wï, yd .a,sifrda,a tl;= ùfuka ,smsv iE§ we;'

,smsvj, jeo.;alu

 Yla;s m%Njhla f,i.

 úúO jHqyd;aul ix>gl iE§u i|yd.
 c, ixrCIKh i|yd.
 foay WIaK;ajh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd.
 wNHka;r bkaøshshj, wdrlaIdj i`oyd.
 we;eï fyda¾fudak ixYaf,aIKh i`oyd.

,smsv y÷kd.ekSfï mÍlaIdj

iqvdka III mÍlaIdj

 ;,f;,a fyda fmd,af;,a iaj,amhla mÍlaId k<hlg ±óu'

 thg iqvdka III m%;sldrlh tl;= lr fyd¢ka fi,ùu'

 ksÍlaIKh : f;,a ia;rh r;= meye;s fõ'

04) kshqlaf,hsla wï,

kshqlaf,hsla wï, hkq kshqla,sfhdghsv keue;s ;ekqï tall rdYshla f¾Çh j iïnkaO ùfuka iEfok
ffcj wKq ldKavhls'

kshqlaf,hsla wï, j, ,laIK :

 kshlq af,hsla wï,j, ldnka (C)" yhsvc

% ka (H)" Tlaiscka (O), khsg%cka (N) yd fmdia*ria
(P) wvx.= fõ'
 m%fõKslj b;d jeo.;ah

iEu kshqla,sfhdghsvhla u ;ekS we;af;a ix>gl j¾. ;=klsk's tajd kï"

1) khsg%ckSh Niauhla
2) fmkafgdaia iSks ldKavhla
3) fmdiaf*aÜ ldKavhla

7|Page
get
kshqlaf,hsla wï, m%Odk wdldr folls'

 DNA - äTlais rhsfnd kshqlaf,hsla wï,

 RNA - rhsfnd kshl
q af,hsla wï,

DNA wkqfjys ;ekqï tallh äTlais rhsfnda kshqla,sfhdaghsv fõ.

DNA j, ld¾hh m%fõKsl f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍu yd iïfm%aIKhhs.

RNA wkqfjys ;ekqï tallh rhsfnda kshqla,sfhdaghsv fõ.

RNA j, ld¾hh fm%daàk ixYaf,aIKhhs.

kshqlaf,hsla wï, j, jeo.;alu

 Ôùkaf.a m%fõKsl f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

 Ôùkaf.a m%fõKsl f;dr;=re mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg iïfm%I a Kh lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a
fõ'
 fm%daàka ixYaf,aIKh lsÍug wod< l%shdj,sh i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
 ffi,fha isÿ jk ish¨ u Ôj lsh% dj,s md,kh lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a fõ' tu Ôj l%shd
md,kh lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re we;=<;a jkafka DNA ;=< h'
 we;eï ffjrij, m%fõKsl f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;nd.ekSug RNA jeo.;a fõ'
 DNA wKqj úlD;sj,g Ndckh ùug yelshdjla we;' tu fjkiaùï ksid m%fNaok
we;sfõ' fuu m%fNaok Ôùkaf.a mßKduh i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

by; i|yka lrk ,o ffcj wKq ;=< m%Odk jYfhka ldnka, yhsv%cka, Tlaiscka yd khsg%cka hk
uQ,øjH wka;¾.; fõ' tu uQ,øjH tajd ;=< wvx.= nj ;yjqre lrk mÍlaIK my; oelafõ.

l%shdldrlu : ffcj wKq ;=, ldnka we;s nj y÷kd .ekSu.

wjYH øjH

 fldaj lsysmhla" ksú;s Ydl l`o fldgia" ud¿ lene,a,la" lv,

l%uh

 by; i|yka wdydr iaj,amh ne.ska fldajj,g oud r;alrkak.

 wjidkfhaoS ,efnk M,h iqÿ lvodishla u; w;=,a,kak.

ksÍlaIKh

 iqÿ lvodish u; wÕ=rej,ska we÷Kq f¾Ld ,efí'

ks.ukh

 Ôù øjH fldgiaj, ldnka (C) wvx.= nj.

8|Page
Ight
l%shdldrlu : ffcj wKq ;=< khsg%cka (N) we;s nj y÷kd .ekSu.

wjYH øjH

 ì;a;r iqÿ uoh" ud¿ lene,a,la mÍlaId k< folla" fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ ødjKh"
fldm¾ i,af*aÜ ødjKh" c,h iaj,amhla

l%uh

 ud¿ lene,a, c,h iaj,amhla iu. fyd¢ka fmdä lr fmrd .kak'

 mÍlaId k< folg ì;a;r iqÿ uoh yd ud¿ lene,a, Ndú; lr iE¥ hqIh 2 ml ne.ska
fjk fjk u oukak'
 fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ jeä m%udKhla tl;= lrkak'
 th u;g fldm¾ i,af*aÜ ìkaÿ lsysmhla tl;= lrkak'

ksÍlaIKh

 by; ødjKj, oï meyehla we;s fõ'

ks.ukh

 oï meyehla we;s jkafka tu wdydrj, fm%daàka wvx.= ù we;s ksid h' fm%daàkaj, khsg%cka
we;' tneúka fuu Ôù fldgia ;=< khsg%cka ;sfnk nj ;yjqre fõ'

l%shdldrlu : wdydrfha ix>glhla f,i c,h wvx.= nj y`ÿkd .ekSu.

wjYH øjH

 uia" ì;a;r lgq" Ydl m;%" úh<s fldaj

l%uh

 uia" ì;a;r lgq" iy Ydl m;% úh<s ;;a;ajfhka f.k fjk fjk u fyd¢ka l=v tajd fjk
fjk u fldafõ oud c,h bj;ajk ;=re r;a lrkak'
 r;a lrk w;r;=r § Bg by<ska ùÿre ;yvqjla w,a,kak'
 ùÿre ;yvqj u; iEfok øj ìkaÿ c,h o hkak y÷kd .ekSug ks¾c,Sh fldfnda,aÜ
laf,darhsâ$ ks¾c,Sh fldm¾ i,af*aÜ Ndú; lrkak'

ksÍlaIKh

 ks¾c,Sh fldfnda,aÜ laf,darhsâ Ndú; lf<a kï tys j¾Kh ks,a meyefha isg frdai
meyehg yef¾'
 ks¾c,Sh fldam¾ i,af*aÜ Ndú; lf<a kï tys j¾Kh iqÿ meyefha isg ks,a meyehg yef¾'

ks.ukh

 Ndú; l< øjH fldgiaj, ix>glhla f,i c,h we;s nj ;yjqre fõ'

9|Page
FOETAL
c,h (H2O)

 Ôùkaf.a foay nfrka 2/3 la muK we;af;a c,hhs.

 c,h iÔj mod¾:fha meje;au i|yd w;HdjYH udOHhls.
 Ôùka ;=, jQ nyq,u wldnksl ixfhda.h jk fuys ixhq;sh b;d ir,h.
 c,h i;= iqúfYaIS .=K ksid Ôjh mj;ajd .ekSug úYd, odhl;ajhla imhhs.

 mssgq wxl 15 ys j.=j 1.4 msgm;a lrkak.

LKsc ,jK

 Ôùkaf.a Ôj l%shd mj;ajd .ekSug w;HdjYH fmdaIK ix>ghls.

 LKsc ,jK m%Odk j¾. folls.

(1) wêud;% uQ,øjH

 jeä m%udKfhka wjYH jk uQ,øjH wêud;% uQ,øjH

(2) wxY=ud;% uQ,øjH

 iq¿ m%udKj,ska wjYH uQ,øjH wxY=ud;% uQ,øjH

 ñksia isref¾ nßka 7% la muK LKsc ,jK we;s w;r thska ¾ la muK le,aih s ï
(Ca) yd fmdiamriah (P).
 Bg wu;rj fmdgEishï (K)" hlv (Fe)" ue.akSishï (Mg)" ;U (Cu)" whäka (I) wdÈh o
wjYh fõ'
 fïjd wjYH m%udK j,ska fkd,enqkq úg W!k;d ,laIK we;s fõ.

udkj foayh ;=< Lksc ,jKj, ld¾hNdrh iy tAjd ysÕùfuka we;sjk W!k;d ,laIK.

 mssgq wxl 16 ys j.=j 1.5 msgm;a lrkak.

Ydl ;=< Lksc ,jKj, ld¾hNdrh iy tAjd ysÕùfuka we;sjk W!k;d ,laIK.

 mssgq wxl 18 ys j.=j 1.6 msgm;a lrkak.

DREAM
10 | P a g e
úgñka

 úgñka ldnksl ixfhda.hls.

 fïjd foayh ;=, isÿjk ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%h
s d j,g iyNd.s ù ksfrda.S nj mj;ajd
.ekSug WmldÍ fõ.

c,fha ødjH úgñka - B, C

c,fha wødjH úgñka - K,A,D,E

fuu úgñka W!k ùfuka úúO frda.dndO we;s fõ.

 mssgq wxl 20 ys j.=j 1.7 msgm;a lrkak.

110| P a g e
0
00dg
 o¾YSh Ydl ffi,h

 o¾YSh i;a;aj ffi,h

2|Page
DIETER
  i;a;aj yd Ydl ffi,j, jHqyh ie,l+ úg tajd w;r iudklï fuka u úúO fjkialï o we;' i;a;aj
yd Ydl ffi, w;r m%Odk fjkialï my; oelafõ.

Ydl ffi,h i;a;aj ffi,h

(1) ffi, ì;a;shla ke;' (1) ffi, ì;a;shla we;'

(2) ffi, ;=< jeä wjldYhla .kafka ffi, (2) ffi, ma,diauh ffi,fha m¾hka;hg ;,a¨ ù
ma,diauhhs' mj;S'
(3) úYd, ßla;l ke;' ^iuyr úfgl ;djld,sl b;d (3) úYd, uOH ßla;lhla fyda ßla;l lsym
s hla ;sìh
u l=vd ßla;l lsym
s hla ;sìh yels h'& yels h'
(4) yß;,j ke;' (4) fndfyda úg yß;,j we;'

ffi, bkaøshsld yd jHqy

(1) ffi, ì;a;sh (Cell wall)

 Ydl ffi,j, ndysr wdjrKh ffi, ì;a;shhs'

 ffi, ì;a;sh wÔù h'
 ffi, ì;a;sh iE§ we;s m%Odk ix>glh fi,shqf,daia h'
lD;H

 ffi,fha yevh mj;ajd .ekSu" ikaOdrKh yd wdrlaIdjhs'

(2) ma,diau mg,h /ffi, mg,h (Plasma membrane)

 Ydl ffi,j, ffi, ì;a;shg we;=<;ska ma,diau mg,h msysghs' i;a;aj ffi,j, wdjrKh idokafka
ma,diau mg,h u.sks'
 ma,diau mg,h iE§ we;af;a m%Odk jYfhka fmdiafmd,smsv yd fm%dà
a kaj,sks'
 ma,diau mg,h, w¾O mdr.uH mg,hls'
lD;H
 ffi,fha we;=¨ fldgia j,g wdrlaIdj iemhSu yd wdjrKh lsÍu.
 øjH we;=¨ ùu yd msgùu md,kh.
(3) ffi, ma,diauh (Cytoplasm)

 ffi, bkaøshsld yereKq úg ffi,h ;=< wvx.= c,a,u

s h ;r,uh fldgi ffi, ma,diauh f,i y÷kajhs'
tys wldnksl fuka u ldnksl øjH wvx.= fõ'
lD;H

 ffi,hg yevhla ,nd §u.

 ffi, bkaøshsld ±Íu.
 úúO mßjD;a;sh l%shd isÿlsÍu.

iga
3|Page
(4) kHIaáh (Nucleus)

 kHIaáh" ffi,hl mj;sk m%Odk bkaøshsldjhs'

 th kHIaá mg,fhka wdjrKh fõ' oaúmg,uh fõ
 kHIaáh ;=< kHIaáldj yd fl%dueáka øjH wvx.= fõ'
ffi, úNdckfha § fuu fl%dueáka øjH j¾Kfoay f,i Èiafõ'
 Ôù úfYaIhl mj;sk j¾Kfoay ixLHdj tu úfYaIhg wdfõKsl fõ'
ksoiqka ( ñksidf.a foay ffi, ;=< j¾Kfoay 46 la we;'
f.ïndf.a foay ffi, ;=< j¾Kfoay 26 la we;'
ù Ydlfha foay ffi, ;=< j¾Kfoay 24 la we;'
lD;H

 kHIaáfha m%Odk lD;H jkafka ffi,fha Ôj l%shd md,kh lsÍuhs'

 m%fõKsl øjH .nvd lsÍu;a" mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg wdfõKsl ,laIK Wreulr §u.

(5) uhsfgdfldkaä%hu (Mitochondrion)

 uhsfgdfldkaä%hu wKavdldr fyda oKavdldr yeve;s mg,uh

ffi, bkaøshsldjls'
 uhsfgdfldkaä%hd ;=< iajdhq Yajik m%;sl%h
s d isÿ ù Yla;sh ksoyia
lrk neúka ffi, ;=< mj;sk cjfmd<j,a ^power plants& kñka ye¢kafõ'
lD;H
 iajdhq Yajik m%;sl%shd isÿ ù Yla;sh ksoyia lsÍu.

(6) f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh (Golgi Complex)

 tl u; tl msyá s mg,hlska udhsï jQ me;,s ;eá rdYshla f,i

ms<sfh, jQ f.d,a.s foay iy wjg msysá i%dùh wdYhsld iuqyhlska
f.d,a.S ixlS¾Kh iukaú; fõ'
lD;H
 i%dùh øjH ksmoùu yd wiqrd ;eîu;a i%dùh lD;Hh;a isÿlrhs.

(7) rhsfndfidau (Ribosome)

 rhsfndfidau hkq mg, fkdork b;d l=vd ffi, bkaøshsldjls'

 fuh Wm tall follska iE§ we;' tlla úYd, Wm tallhla jk
w;r wfkl l=vd Wm tallh fõ'
 rhsfndfidau ffi, ma,diaufha ksoyia f,i yd r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh
cd,sldjg iïnkaO ù mj;S'
lD;H

 fm%daàka ixYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd ia:dk iemhSu'

4|Page
not
(8) wka;#ma,diañh cd,sld (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

 wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld ffi, ma,diauh ;=< wvx.= me;,s fyda kd<dldr fyda uäj,ska hqla; wka;¾ mg, moaO;s
cd,hls'
 wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld wdldr folls' tkï r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld yd isks÷ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld f,i h'

(a) r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld

 r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld mDIaGhg iïnkaO rhsfndfidau

ksid r¿ neúka hqla; fõ'
lD;H

 fm%daàka mßjykh lsÍu.

(b) isks÷ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld

 fïjd rhsfndfidau rys; kd,dldr uä cd,hls'

lD;H
,smsv yd iafgfrdhsv ksmojd mßjykh lsÍu.

(9) ßla;lh (Vacuole)

 ßla;lh hkq Ydl ffi,j, mj;sk mg,hlska jg jQ ;r,hlska msreKq úYd, bkaøshsldjla fõ'
 ßla;lfha mg,h ßla;l mg,h fyj;a ;dkma,diagh f,i y÷kajhs'
 ßla;lfha jQ ;r,h ffi, hqIh f,i y÷kajhs' tys c,h" iSks"
fkdfhl=;a j¾.j, whk yd j¾Kl øjH .nvd lrhs'
 i;a;aj ffi,j, idudkHfhka ßla;l olakg fkd,efnk w;r
iuyr úg l=vd ßla;l ;sìh yels h' tal ffi,sl Ôùkaf.a ixfldapl
ßla;l olakg ,efí'
lD;H
 ffi,j, c, ;=,H;dj mj;ajd .ekSu.
 ikaOdrKh mj;ajd .ekSu.
 j¾Kl u.ska ffi,j,g j¾Kh ,nd§u.

5|Page
get
It
 ñksidf.a l,, úlikh isÿjk whqre o< igyklska :

ñksia isrer ;=< we;s úúO ffi, j¾. :

(1) iakdhq ffi, (2) wiaÓ ffi,

(3) fmaIs ffi, (4) ckaudKq ffi,

(5) reêr ffi, (6) ifuys ffi,

Ydl foay ;=, we;s úúO ffi, j¾. :

(1) mrd. ffi, (2) wmsp¾óh ffi,

(3) bksuDÿia:r ffi, (4) md,l ffi,

(5) ffY,u mgl ffi, (6) maf,dahu mgl ffi,

(7) uQ,flaY ffi,

 mgl - ksYaÑ; ld¾hhla i|yd úfYaIKh jQ ffi, iuQyhla mglhla f,i ye|skf
a õ'

 Ôúfhl= ;=< y÷kd.; yels ixúOdk uÜgï my; oelafõ.

2|Page
D
(2) fmdaIKh

 Ôjh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd Yla;sh yd øjH ,nd.ekSfï l%h

s dj,sh fmdaIKh f,i y`ÿkajhs'

fuys wdldr folls.

(i) iajhxfmdaIS fmdaIKh

(ii) úIufmdaYS fmdaIKh

(i) iajhxfmdaIS fmdaIKh

 fmdaIH øjH ke;fyd;a wdydr ;uka úiska u ksmojd .ekSu iajhxfmdaIS fmdaIKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

Ndú;d jk Yla;sh wkqj iajhxfmdaIS fmdaIKh wdldr folls.

(a) m%Nd iajhxfmdaIS fmdaIKh - iQ¾h Yla;sh Ndú;d fõ.

Wod : yß;m%o wdOdrfhka isÿjk

m%NdixYaf,aIKh l%h
s dj,sh

m%NdixYaf,aIKh :

 CO2 iy H2O wuqøjH f,i fhdodf.k iQ¾h Yla;sh Wmfhda.S lrf.k yß;,j ;=< we;s iqúfYaIS
ldnksl øjHhla jk yß;m%o wdOdrfhka wdydr ksmoùfï l%h
s dj,sh m%NdixYaf,aIKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

 s dj,shls.
fuh f.dvkexùfï l%h

 m%NdixYaf,aIKfha jpk iólrKh :

 m%NdixYaf,aIKfha ;=,s; ridhksl iólrKh :

(b) ridhksl iajhxfmdaIS fmdaIKh - ridhksl m%;sl%shdjlska wjYH Yla;sh ksmojd .kS.

Wod : fndfyda nelaàßhd ridhksl iajhxfmdaIS fõ.

3|Page
00006
 (ii) úIufmdaYS fmdaIKh

 Ydl úiska ksmojk ,o wdydr fyda fjk;a Ôù iïNjhla we;s ldnksl wdydr m%fhdackhg .kakd
ksid i;=ka úIufmdaIS fldgig wh;a fõ'

Wod : i;=ka

(3) Yajikh

 Ôj ffi, ;=< § ixÑ; wdydr u.ska Yla;sh ksmojk l%h

s dj,sh ffi,Sh Yajikh f,i ye¢kafõ'

 s d oduhls.
fuh ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%h

 fuu ffi,Sh Yajikhg wjYH Tlaic s ka (O2) wdYajdifhka ,nd .kakd w;r YajikfhaoS ksmofjk
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2) m%dYajdih u.ska msg lrhs.

 s djls.
fuh ì|fy,Sfï m%;sl%h

4|Page
Did
Yajikfha§ ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2) msgjk nj mÍlaIKd;aulj fmkaùu

wjYH øjH ( wen iys; iu m%udKfha fnda;,a myla" U yeve;s iu m%udKfha ùÿre k< myla" pQIlhla"
ueäfhla

 l%uh : rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg wegjqu ilia lr E fnda;,fha we;s c,h fiñka bj;a
lrkak'

 úfYaI lreKq yd ksÍlaIK :

(1) E fnda;,fha we;s c,h fiñka bj;a lrk úg A isg E olajd jdhq Odrdjla .,d hhs' P
fl<jfrka we;=¿ jk jd;fha wvx.= ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2), A Ndckfha we;s KOH j,
Èhfjk ksid B fj; CO2 fkdmeñfKa" tneúka B ys wvx.= yqkq Èhrj, j¾Kh fjkia fkdfõ'

(2) ál fõ,djlska D n`ÿfka wvx.= yqkq Èhr lsß meyehg yef¾' thg fya;=j jkafka C n`ÿfka isá
ueähd Yajikh lr ldnkavfhdlaihsâ msg lsÍuhs'

 ks.ukh : i;=ka Yajikfha § M,hla f,i ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ksmojk nj ;yjqre fõ'

50ft
|Page
Yajikfha § Tlaiscka (O2) wjfYdaIKh lrk nj mÍlaIKd;aulj fmkaùu

wjYH øjH ( m%frdayKh jk îc" l=vd mÍlaIKd k<" rn¾ k<" j¾K l< c,h"
fmdgEishï yhsâfrdlaihsâ (KOH)

 l%uh ( rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg rn¾ k<h yd U yeve;s ùÿre k<h iïnkaO l< fmdfrdmamfhka
ma,dial=j jikak' ál fõ,djlg miq rn¾ k<fha la,sm ;o lr U k<fha fl<jr j¾K l< c,fha
.s,ajkak' c, n÷fka .s,ajd we;s k<fha c, uÜgu ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

 úfYaI lreKq yd ksÍlaIK :

(1) A wegjqfï we;s îc YajikfhaoS msglrk CO2 mÍlaIK k,h ;=< jQ KOH j, oshfõ. îc
YajikfhaoS ma,dial=j ;=, jQ O2 wjfYdaIKh lrk ksid we;sjk ysia wjldYh msrùug ùÿre
k<h osf.a j¾Kj;a c,h by<g weoS ths.

(2) kuq;a B wegjqfï we;s îc YajikfhaoS msglrk CO2 wjfYdaIKh i|yd tys KOH ke;. Yajikhg
wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd O2 m%udKh Yajikfhka msglrk CO2 m%udKhg fndfydaÿrg iudkh.
Tneúka B wegjqfï we;s ùÿre k,h osf.a by<g j¾Kj;a c,h weoS fkdhhs.

fuu mÍlaIKfha § Wml,amk folla isÿ lrhs'

(i) mÍlaIKh wdrïNfha § ma,dial= ;=< wvx.= CO2 mßudj fkdie,lsh yels ;rï l=vd nj.
(ii) Yajikfha § msgjk CO2 mßudj yd wjfYdaIKh lrk O2 mßud iudk nj.

6|Page
Off
(4) Woa§mH;dj yd iudfhdackh

 ndysr fyda wNHka;r mßirfha isÿjk fjkialï fyj;a ixfõok W;af;ac f,i yeoskf
a õ.

Wod : wdf,dalh Yíoh

.kaOh rih
fõokdj mSvkh
hdka;%sl lïmk ridhksl lïmk

 W;af;ac ,nd.kakd bkaøsh ixfõoS bkaøh

s kï fõ

Wod : wei osj

lk kdih
iu

 m%;spdr h - mßirfha isÿjk fjkiaùï j,g wkqj isÿjk l%shd m%;spdr f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs.

 Woa§mH;djh - Woa§mH;djh hkq ndysr yd wNHka;r mßir j,ska meñfKk W;af;ac j,g
m%;spdr oelaùfï yelshdjhs.

 iudfhdackh - iudfhdackh hkq W;af;ac j,g m%;spdr oelaùfïoS úúO bkaøhs h w;r we;sjk
iïnkaëlrKhhs. fï i|yd iakdhq, fmaIs yd .%kaÓ jeo.;a fõ.

Wod : lDóka w÷rg mshEìu.

ksosl=ïnd m;% iam¾Y l, úg yels,Su.
f;dar l;=reuqrex.d m;% w÷rg yels,Su.
ri wdydr ÿgq úg fl< bkSu.
weilrd hula tafïoS wei mshùu.

05. nysiai%djh

 ffi, ;=, isÿjk f.dvkeÕSfï yd ì|fy,Sfï m%;sl%shd ish,a,u mßjD;a;sh m%;sl%shdh.

 s d j,oS ksmofjk wmøjH neyer lsÍu nysiaid% jhhs.
fuu mßjD;a;sh l%h

 i;=kaf.a m%Odk;u nysiaid% ù wjhj ;=kls.

i. jDlal - uq;%d (c,h, hQßhd, ,jK)

ii. fmky¨ - m%Yajdi jd;h (c,jdIam,CO2)
iii. iu - oyosh (c,h yd ,jK)

 Ydl, jd isÿre yd m;%j, mQáld yryd YajikfhaoS CO2 o, m%Ndixiaf,aIKfhaoS O2 o msglrhs. fuho
s dj,shls.
nysiai%dùh l%h

oof
7|Page
06. p,kh

 wdydr, wdrlaIdj, m%ckkh jeks wjYH;d i|ydo, W;af;achkag m%;spdr f,i Ôùyq m%;spdr oelaùu
i|ydo, Ôùyq p,kh Wmfhda.s lr.ks;s. fuys § Ôùhdf.a iïmQ¾K foayh u fyda foay fldgila fyda
p,kh fõ'
 a , nyqffi,slhska fmaIs u.sko
talffi,slhska mlaIu, lYsld fyda jHdcmdo j,sko a p,kh fõ.
 Ydlo p,k olajhs.
 Wod : Ydl l| wdf,dalh foig keóu. - Ok m%Ndj¾;S
uq, .=re;ajh foig jeãu. - Ok .=re;ajdj¾;S

07. m%ckkh

 talffi,sl fyda nyqffi,sl Ôùyq ;u j¾.hdf.a bosß meje;au i|yd kj mrïmrdjla ìyslsÍfï
l%h
s dj,sh m%ckkhhs
 fuh m%Odk wdldr folls.

(a) ,sx.sl m%ckkh

 tlu úfYaIhlg wh;a Ôùka fofofkl=f.a mqx yd cdhd ckaudKq ffi, folla tl;=fjka hqla;dKqjla
iEfoa.

mqx ckaudKqj + cdhd ckaudKqj = hqla;dKqj Ôúhd

(b) w,sx.sl m%ckkh

 ;ks Ôúfhla ;j;a tjeksu Ôúfhl= ìyslsÍuhs.

Wod : Ydl j¾Ol fldgilska kj Ôùka we;sùu.

8. j¾Okh yd úlikh

 nyqffi,slhskaf.a j¾Okh isÿjkqfha ffi, úNdckh u.ska ffi, ixLHdj jeä lr.ekSfuks.
 kuq;a talffi,slhskaf.a j¾Okh hkq ffi,fha m%udKh iy mßudKh jeäùuhs.
 ffi, j¾Okh hkq Ôù ffi,hl m%;Hdj¾; fkdjk úh<s nfrys jeäùuhs.

 úlikh hkq ffi, ixls¾K ndjfhka by< hduhs.

0ha
8|Page
  j¾Okfha iy úlikfha m%Odk mshjr ;=kls.

(i) m%;Hdj¾; fkdjk mßÈ ffi, m%udKfhka úYd, ùu.

(ii) ffi, úNdckh u.ska ffi, ixLHdj jeä ùu.
(iii) ffi, úfYaIKh ùu.

Ydl j¾Okh fmkaùug jDoaêudkh kï WmlrKh Ndú; fõ.

l%uh ( wegjqfï wdldrhg fmdaÉÑhl isg jQ me<hla f.k tys w.%i:

a hg ;ka;=jla iïnkaO lr th

lmamh
s la yryd hjd tys fl<jr nrla t,a,kq ,efí'

9|Page
if
ffjri

 ffjri m%udKfhka b;du;a l=vd jk w;r ksÍlaIKh l< yelafla bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaIfhka mu‚'
tys úYd,;ajh nelaàßhdjlska 1000 ka mx.=jla muK fõ'
 ffjri kHIaál wï, iy tA jgd ieliqkq fm%daàka fldmqjlska iE§ we;'
fuu kHIaál wï, fldgi DNA fyda RNA fyda úh yels h'
 fïjd mj;sk wjia:dj wkqj Ôù fukau wÔù ,laIK o fmkajhs'
 ffjri, ffi, f,i fkdie,fla'
wod< bkaøh
s sld lsij
s la fkdue;s neúka ffjri ;=< lsisÿ mßjD;a;Sh l%shdjla isÿ fkdfõ'
tneúka ffjrihlg ls%hd;aul úh yelafla iÔù Odrl ffi,hla ;=< muKs'
 úúO yevfhka iy úYd,;ajfhka hq;= ffjri y÷kdf.k we;'

 iq,Nj olakg ,efnk Ydl ffjria frda. : ....................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................
 i;a;aj ffjria frda. : ....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................

10 | P a g e
0