9 Physics 2

ELECTRIC

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
cover
Electromagnetic
Induction

In the early 1800 s, the only

current producing devices
were using chemical sources
of emf which produced 9.1 INDUCED CURRENT
small currents by dissolving The magnetic effect of electric current has been observed in many experiments
metals in acids. Many of the performed by either Ampere and Oersted. The question whether a current can be
components of present day generated or induced by using magnetic field is answered in 18th century
electric power systems, coincidentally both by Michael Faraday, and Joseph Henry (each working
independently and without knowledge of each other).
including generators,
transformers and motors, There are a number of ways to generate electric current by means of magnetic field.
A bar magnet and a helical coil of wire to which an ammeter is conneted is enough
depend directly on to obtain current as shown in Figure 9.1. When there is no relative motion between
magnetically induced emfs. the magnet and the coil, as in part a, the ammeter reads zero current. When the
This chapter provides the magnet is moved toward the coil the ammeter will deflect in a certain direction, when
principles that we need to the magnet is taken away the ammeter needle will deflect in the opposite direction.
understand electric energy
conversion devices including
motors, generators and
transformers.

v v
N S N S N S

I I

Figure 9.1 a) When there is no relative motion among the coil and magnet no current will be induced,
b) when the magnet is moved towards or c) away from the coil an induced current will be obtained.

The current in the coil is called an induced current and the emf produced is called
“induced emf”.

164 Electricity and Magnetism

9.2 MOTIONAL EMF +q Fm
+ +
+ +
The way of inducing emf by moving a conducting rod in a uniform magnetic filed is
Fe
called “motional emf”. This special case of electromagnetic induction arise as a v
result of the magnetic force that acts on a moving charges. Under influence of this l
force the mobile free electrons will move to the lower end of the rod, leaving behind
Fe
an equal amount of positive charge at the upper end. The positive and negative – –
B
– –
charges accumulate until the attractive electric force q · E that they exert on each +q F
other balanced by the magnetic force qvB. m

Fm = Fe ⇒ q E = q v B or E = v B Figure 9.2 When a conducting rod

moves at right angles to a constant
Since the electric field is constant the electric field produced in the conductor is magnetic field, the magnetic force
related to the potantial difference accross the ends according the relationship. causes opposite charges to appear
at the ends of the rod, giving rise to
V = Blv an induced emf.
So, V = El ⇒
This potential difference V is equal to the emf, ε of the wire. The emf exists as long
+
as the rod moves, (as expected ε = 0 volt when v = 0 m/s). Greater speeds and +
+

stronger magnetic fields lead to greater emfs for a given length, l . If the motion is l sin a l a
reversed, the polarity of ε is also reversed. v
– ––
The emf of the moving rod is analogous to that between the terminals of a battery.
B
However, the emf of a battery is produced by chemical reactions, whereas the
motional emf is caused by the effect that moves the rod through the magnetic field. Figure 9.3 The perpendicular
component of the wire to the
If the velocity makes an angle α with the wire and if the velocity and wire are both direction of velocity is taken for
perpendicular to the magnetic field as shown in figure 9.3, the potential difference calculation of induced emf.
accross the wire is,
++
ε = B v l sin α
current +
++
+

Assume that, the moving conductor is part of a closed conducting path. Due to the v
R
emf, electrons will flow in clockwise direction around the circuit. Positive charges
would flow in the direction opposite to the electron flow, so the conventional current –– –– B
I, is drawn counterclockwise as in the Figure 9.4. ––

The value of current, I can be calculated as, Figure 9.4 The induced emf
causes an induced current in the
| ε | Bv l circuit.
I= =
R R

Example 9.1 Motional emf

Consider the arrangement shown in Figure 5.4. Assume that R = 6 Ω, l = 1.2 m and a uniform 2.5 T magnetic field is
directed into the page. At what speed should the bar be moved to produce a current of 0.5 A in the resistor?
Solution
ε Bvl I⋅R (0.5 A)(6 Ω)
I= = ⇒ v= = ⇒ v =1 m/s
R R B ⋅ l (2.5 T)(1.2 m)

Electromagnetic Induction 165

 Motional Emf and electrical energy
v When the motional emf causes a current, a second magnetic force arises because
l R Fm of the current I in the rod (Figure 9.5). The current, and hence the rod, experiences
Fapp a magnetic force, F whose magnitude is given by the equation F = B I l ·sin α.
B The direction of magnetic force is opposite to the velocity of the rod. To keep the
rod moving with a constant velocity, a counterbalancing external force must be
Figure 9.5 The applied force is applied to the rod. This external force does work during the motion and that energy
always balanced by the magnetic is equal to the electric energy produced.
force.
work F l q vB l
induced emf = , so ε= = ⇒ ε = Bvl
charge q q

The power delievered by the applied force is,

⎛ Bvl ⎞ 2 2 2 2
P = Fapp v = (BI l ) v = B ⎜ ⎟l v ⇒ P= B v l = ε
⎝ R ⎠ R R

This power is equal to the rate at which energy dissipated in the resistor, R.
It is important to realize that the direction of the current is consistent with the
principle of conservation of energy. If the direction of current is reversed, the
direction of the magnetic force F would be also reversed and the rod would
accelerate rather than deccelerate without the need for an external force. Thus the
circuit will produce energy out of nothing. This state of affairs would represent a
violation of the principle of energy conservation.

Example 9.2 Motional emf

A conducting rod of weight 2 N and length 10 cm is free to slide down between

two vertical copper tracks. Suppose that a resistance of 0.05 Ω is connected R=0.05 W
between the tops of the tracks. A constant magnetic field of 0.8 T is directed
perpendicular to the motion of the rod. If the rod is moving with constant velocity I
under the effect of gravitation force, calculate; Fm
a) the current on the resistor,
b) the velocity of the rod, and
I
c) the power of the resistor.
Fg=2 N
Solution
B=0.8 T
Fg 2N
a) Fg = Fm ⇒ Fg = B I l So I =
= = 25 A
B ⋅ l (0.8 T)(10 −1 m)
b) ε = I·R ⇒ ε = (25 A ) ( 0.05 Ω) = 1.25 V
ε 1.25 V 125
ε=B⋅ v⋅ l ⇒ v= = -1
= ≅ 15.6 m/s.
B ⋅ l (0.8 T)(10 m) 8

c) P = I2·R = (25 A)2(0.05 Ω) = 31.25 W

166 Electricity and Magnetism

9.3 MAGNETIC FLUX a)

Motional emf, as well as, any other type of induced emf can be described in terms B
of a concept called magnetic flux. Magnetic flux is the amount of the magnetic N
field lines that passes through a surface area (Figure 9.6.a).
Magnetic flux is the product of the magnetic field and the surface area through which
A
it passes.
Φm = B·A N
b)
If the magnetic field and the normal of the surface are not parallel, then the flux B
expression can be calculated by the relation, a
a
Φm = BA·cos α A^
A

where α is the angle between the normal of the surface and the magnetic field lines
(Figure 9.6.b). Figure 9.6 a) Flux is maximum
when the area is perpendicular to
The unit of flux is “Tesla·meter2” and this is called “weber”. 1 weber = 1 T · m2 magnetic field, b) Flux decreases as
angle between normal and field lines
increases.

Example 9.3 Induced emf and current

A rectangular loop of sides 1 m and 2 m is confined to a magnetic field of 0.5 T. 1m B=0.5 T

Calculate the magnetic flux through the loop if the angle between the normal of the loop
and the magnetic field is
N
a) 0° b) 30° c) 90° d) 120°. 2m

Solution
a) Φ1 = B A·cos 0°, A = a·b = 1·2 = 2 m2 c) Φ3 = B A·cos 90°

= (0.5 T)(2 m2) · 1 = 1 Wb = (0.5 T)(2 m2) · 0 = 0 Wb

b) Φ2 = B A·cos 30° (for α = 90° no lines pass through the coil)
d) Φ4 = B A·cos 120°
= (0.5 T)(2 m2) · 0,86 = 0.86 Wb
= (0.5 T)(2 m2) · (–0.5) = –0.5 Wb

Now let us see how the motional emf given as ε = B v l is related to magnetic flux.
Assume the rod of length l moves from the inital distance x0 to final distance x in a
time interval of ∆t (Figure 9.7). v
l
The speed of the rod is the distance travelled divided by elapsed time, so
∆x x − x 0 B
v= = , substituting this expression for v into ε = B v l gives,
∆t ∆t x0
x
⎛ x − x0 ⎞ B ⋅ l ⋅ x − B ⋅ l ⋅ x0 B ⋅ A − B ⋅ A 0 Φ − Φ0 ∆Φ
ε =B⎜ ⎟⋅l = so, ε = = ⇒ ε= Figure 9.7 Induced emf and
⎝ ∆ t ⎠ ∆ t ∆t ∆t ∆t magnetic flux are related to each
So induced emf is related to change in the magnetic flux per unit time. other.

Electromagnetic Induction 167

 9.4 FARADAY ’S LAW OF INDUCTION
Two scientists are given credit for the discovery of the electromagnetic inductance,
Englisman Michael Faraday (1791-1864) and the American Joseph Henry (1797-
1878). Although Henry was the first to observe induction, Faraday investigated it in
more detail and published his studies first. Therefore the law is known as with his
name. Faraday discovered that,
“The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change
of magnetic flux through the loop.”
This is consistent with the relation we obtained for the specific case of motional emf
ε = ∆Φm/∆t.

Often the flux passes through a coil of wire containing more than one loop. If the
loop consists of N loops, the total induced emf is N times greater than each loop.
For the general case the total induced emf is described by Faraday as follows;
I
⎛ Φ − Φ0 ⎞ ∆Φ
ε = −N ⎜ ⎟ = −N
⎝ t − t 0 ⎠ ∆t
I
Where ∆Φm is the change in magnetic flux through one loop, ∆t is the time internal
Figure 9.8 Inducing an emf by
during which the change occurs and N is the number of loops in the coil.
changing the area of the coil.
One of the ways of inducing current is changing the area of the coil. In a uniform
magnetic field, assume that we have a coil being distorted so as to reduce its area.
As long as the area is changing, an induced current and emf is produced; they
vanish when the area is no longer changing (Figure 9.8).
Either by changing the area or by changing the magnetic field, the process of
inducing current and electromotive force (emf) is called “electromagnetic
induction”.
From Faraday’s Law it can be deduced that an induced emf can be generated if the
magnetic flux changes for any reason. Since the flux depends on three factors B, A
and α, any of which may change will cause an induced emf.

Example 9.4 Inducet emf

A flat coil of wire has an area of 0.5 m2 and consists of 10 turns. At t0 the coil is perpendicular to the field so its normal is
parallel to the field. The coil is rotated through an angle of α = 30° in a time of 0.1 s. Determine the average induced emf
if the magnetic field strength is 1.5 T.
Solution

∆Φ ⎛ Φ − Φ0 ⎞ B ⋅ A ⋅ cos α − B ⋅ A ⋅ cos α 0 ⎛ cos α − cos α 0 ⎞

ε = −N = −N ⎜ ⎟ = −N ⋅ = − NBA ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
∆t ⎝ t − t 0 ⎠ t − t 0 ⎝ t − t0 ⎠
⎛ cos 30 − cos 0 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 0.86 − 1 ⎞ 2 ⎛ −0.14 ⎞
ε = −10 ⋅ (1.5 T)(0.5 m 2 ) ⎜ ⎟= − (7.5 T ⋅ m ) ⎜ ⎟ = −(7.5 T ⋅m ) ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ ε=+ 10.5 volt.
⎝ 0.1 s − 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0.1 s ⎠ ⎝ 0.1 s ⎠

168 Electricity and Magnetism

 Example 9.5 Inducet emf and current

A coil of wire consists of 20 turns, each of which has an area of 25 cm2. A magnetic field is N=20 turns
B
perpendicular to the surface of each loop. At time t0 = 0 s, the magnitude of the magnetic field
at the location of the coil is B0 = 5·10–2 Tesla. At a later time t = 0.1 s, the magnitude of the
field at the coil has increased to B = 7×10–2 T.
a) Find the average emf induced in the coil during this time.
b) What would be the value of the average induced current if a resistor of R = 10–2 Ω is R=10–2 W
connected to the coil?
Solution
a) ∆Φm (B ⋅ A − B 0 ⋅ A) b) | ε | 10 −2 V
ε = −N ⋅ = −20 I= = −2 =1 A
∆t ∆t R 10 Ω
(7 × 10 −2 T) (25 × 10 −4 m 2 ) − (5 ×10 −2 T) ⋅ (25 ×10 −4 m 2)
= −20 ⋅
0.1 s
50 × 10 −6 T ⋅ m 2
ε = −20 = −10 −2 V
10 −1 s

Example 9.6 Inducet emf

A rectangular coil of sides 20 cm × 10 cm contains 100 turns and it is positioned perpendicular to a magnetic field of
B = 2 T. The loop is pulled out of the magnetic field in a time of 0.2 s. Find the induced emf on the coil.
Solution
∆Φm Φ − Φ0 B ⋅ A − B0 ⋅ A
ε = −N ⋅ = −N = −N ⋅
∆t t − t0 t − t0
(0 T)(0.02 m 2 ) − (2 T)(0.02 m 2)
ε = −100 ⋅ =+100 ⋅ 0.2
0.2 s
ε = 20 V

9.5 LENZ ’S LAW

An induced emf causes a current in a circuit as the emf of a battery does. The
polarity of a battery is obvious but the polarity of induced emf and induced current
can be identified by Lenz’s law as follows;
“The polarity of induced emf is such that it leads an induced current whose direction
induces a magnetic field opposing to the external flux change.” The minus sign in
Faraday’s Law of induction is the reminder for this opposition to the external flux
changes.
The reasoning strategy of Lenz’s Law to determine polarity of induced emf
1. Determine whether the magnetic flux that penetrates the coil is increasing or decreasing.
2. Find what direction of the induced magnetic field must be so that it can oppose the change in flux by adding to or
subtracting from the external field.
3. Determine the direction of induced current that can produce the induced magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction 169

 Consider the situation as in the Figure 9.9.a in which a bar magnet is moved to the
right toward a stationary loop of wire. As the magnet moves to the right toward the
loop, the magnetic flux through the loop increases with time. To counteract this
increase in flux to the right, the induced current produces a flux to the left as in the
Figure 9.8.b; therefore the induced current is in the direction shown.
On the other hand, if the magnet were moving to the left, the magnetic flux through
the loop decreases with time. The counteract to this decrease is increasing the flux
to the right. So the induced current produces a flux to the right. In this case the
induced current will be just the opposite of the previous case.

induced
magnetic induced
field lines current
B I
S N N S

magnetic
field lines

(a) (b)

Figure 9.9 a) As the magnet moves towards the stationary conducting loop the flux through the loop
will increase. b) The induced current produces its own flux to the left to counteract the increasing
external flux to the right.

Example 9.7 Induced current on a falling ring

There is a constant magnetic in a rectangular region of space. This field is directed

perpendicularly into the plane of the paper. A copper ring slides through the region, from
position 1 to position 5. For each of the five positions, determine if an induced curent exits in
the ring and, if so, find its direction. 1

Solution
Position 1: Magnetic field is zero so flux is zero, so no induced current is produced 2

Position 2: Magnetic field is uniform and directed inwards and the flux is increasing through
the ring, since flux is increasing the induced flux must be outwards. In order to produce an
outward magnetic field the induced current must be in counter-clockwise direction. 3

Position 3: Magnetic field is nonzero and flux is constant. Since flux is not changing no
current is induced on the ring.
4
Position 4: As the ring leaves the field, flux decreases. Since flux is decreasing the induced
flux must be directed inwards as the external one. In order to produce an inward magnetic
field, the induced current must be in clockwise direction.
5
Position 5: As in the 1st case, magnetic field is zero so flux is zero, so no induced current is
produced.

170 Electricity and Magnetism

9.6. APLIC ATIONS OF INDUCTANCE
The tape recorder is one of the many practical devices that
make use of magnetisation and induced emf. At the heart of a
tape deck are the recording and playback heads. The sound to tape head
be recorded is transformed to an electric current by a
microphone and amplifier. This current is then through the coil of
the electromagnet, the recording head. The tape is pulled across amplifier
microphone
a gap in the magnet and, since the tape is coated with tiny magnetic
particles
magnetic particles, it provides a pathway across the gap for the tape
field lines. These field lines magnetite the tape in proportion to
the current in the coil and thus in proportion to the sound signal
being recorded (Figure 9.10).
before after
As the magnetised tape moves across the gap in the playback recording recording
head, it causes a varying flux through the playback coil. Hence an
emf is generated in this coil by use of appropriate circuitry current
in the microphone. When this current is fed to a loudspeaker, it
reproduces the sound originally used to magnetite the tape
(Figure 9.11). Figure 9.10 Recorder of tape head works by induction.

a) b)
cone
Figure 9.11 a) An oversize view of
coil S one type of speaker design which
F shows a cone, a voice coil, and a
N permanent magnet. b) Because of
F the current in the voice coil (shown
S as  and 8), the magnetic field
current causes a force F to be exerted on the
magnetic
field voice coil and cone.
from
receiver

9.7 SELF INDUCTANCE l A

The induced emfs produced by a coil is either because of the external magnetic flux
changes due to permanent magnets and electromagnets or the magnetic flux B0
changes due to the current that the coil produces by itself. N turns
I1
Consider the solenoid given in the Figure 9.12 which has a length l, cross section + –

area A and number of turns N. Initially the current through the solenoid is; I1 = ε e R1
R1
and when the rheostat is displaced, the current on the solenoid becomes I2 = ε .
R2
B
(R1 is initial, R2 is final resistance). The magnetic field produced by a solenoid is
µ NI
calculated by the equation B = 0 . So initial and final magnetic flux through the N turns
l
I2
solenoid are;
+ –

µ 0NI1 µ0NI2 e R2
Φ0 = B0 ⋅ A = ⋅A Φ=B ⋅A = ⋅A
l l
Figure 9.12

Electromagnetic Induction 171

 So, self induced emf produced by the solenoid is,
µ 0NI2 µ NI
⋅A − 0 1 ⋅A
∆Φ B ⋅ A − B0 ⋅ A l l
ε′ = −N = −N = −N
∆t ∆t ∆t

µ 0N ⋅ A I2 − I1 ⎛ µ N 2 ⋅ A ⎞ ∆I
ε′ = −N ⋅ ⇒ ε′ = − ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ ⋅
l ∆t ⎝ l ⎠ ∆t

µ 0N 2 A
" " is called self-inductance or simply the inductance of the solenoid and it
l
is represented by “L”. In SI unit system L is measured in “henry”.

∆I
ε′ = −L
∆t

Because of their self inductance, coils are known as inductors and are widely used
in electronics.

Example 9.8 Induced current on a falling ring

A long solenoid of length 10 cm and cross sectional area A = 5 cm2 contains n = 3000 turns per meter.
a) Find the self-inductance of the solenoid,
b) Determine the emf induced in the solenoid when the current increases from 1 A to 3 A in a time of 0.1 s.

Solution
a) ⎧ (4 π × 10 −7 N/A 2 )(300) 2(5 ×10 −4 m 2 )
⎪ A = 5 cm 2 = 5 ×10 −4 m 2 L=
⎪ 0.1 m
2
µ ⋅N ⋅ A ⎪
L= 0 , ⎨ l =10 cm = 0.1 m = 5.4 × 10 −4 Henry
l ⎪
⎪ turn
⎪⎩N = 3000 ⋅ meter ⋅ 0.1 m = 300 turns. ∆I 3 A −1 A
b) ε = −L ⋅ = −( 5.4 × 10 −4 H) ⋅
∆t 0.1 s

= −10.8 × 10 −3 V

172 Electricity and Magnetism

Summary
Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of inducing an emf in a coil of wire
by using magnetic field sources.
When a conducting rod of length l moves through a magnetic field B with a speed
v such that B is perpendicular the rod, the emf induced in the rod is

ε = B·v·l

The magnetic flux Φ, is the number of the magnetic field lines and calculated as that
passes through a surface is Φ = B·A cos α.
Faradays law of induction states that the average emf ε induced in a coil is directly
proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux;

∆φ
ε = −N ⋅
∆t
where ∆Φ is the change in the magnetic flux through one loop and ∆t is the time
interval during which the change occurs.
Lenz’s Law states that the induced current and induced emf in a conductor are in a
such a direction as to oppose the change in the magnetic flux that produced them.

Self induction is the effect in which a change in current ∆I in a coil induces an emf
∆I
ε = −L in the same coil. The constant L is the self inductance of the coil and is
∆t
measured in henries.

Electromagnetic Induction 173

 9.2 Motional emf 6. A conductor 0.3 m
1. As the conducting bar moves to ® in length is placed
++
+ B
the right, an electric field is set up + into a magnetic
directed downward. If the bar ® v field of 0.5 N/m·A 0.3 m 30°0.8 m/s
E
magnet were moving left, explain as shown in the
––– figure. Find the
why the electric field would be –
upward. induced emf on B=0.5 N/A·m
the wire, if the wire
is moved with a velocity of 0.8 m/s.

2. A wire 1 m long is moved at right angles to the

earth's magnetic field where the field strength is
5×10–5 T at a speed of 4 m/s. What emf is induced
in the wire?
7. A car is travelling Northward at a speed of 15 m/s.
The vertical component of the Earth’s magnetic field
is 4.8×10–5 T in that place. An emf of 1.5×10–3 V is
induced between the sides of the car. (a) which side
of the car is positive, the driver’s side or the
passenger’s side? (a) what is the width of the car.
3. An emf of 0.002 V is induced in a wire 0.1 m long
when it is moved perpendicularly across a uniform
magnetic field at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the
magnetic field strength in that region?

8. The wingspan of a Being 747 jetliner is 59 m. The

plane is flying horizontally at a speed of 720 km/hour.
The vertical componet of the Earth’s magnetic field
is 4.5×10–5 T. Find the emf induced between the
4. At what speed must a wire conductor 0.5 m long be wing tips.
moved at right angles to a magnetic field of
induction 0.2 T to induce an emf of 1 volt in it?

9.
z

vB ®
B
5. A conductor 0.2 m vA y
in length is placed
into a magnetic x vC
field of 0.02 0.2 m 0.6 m/s
N/A·m, as shown The tree identical rods have the length, of L=1 m
in the figure. Find and moving with a velocity of v = 2 m/s. If the
the induced emf B=0.02 N/A·m magnetic field is directed in +y direction and has a
on the wire, if the magnitude of 0.6 T, find the magnitude of the
wire is moved with a velocity of 0.6 m/s. motional emf for each rod.

174 Optics
10. A conducting rod of 14. z
length l=0.4 m is free R=0.05 W b
to slide between two 3m ®
A B=1.2 T
a
vertical copper tracks.
A constant magnetic
field of B=10 T is 3m d f y
directed as shown. v
c 4m
Under the effect of e
® x
gravitation force the B=10 T
rod moves with a A five-sided object, whose dimensions are shown in
terminal velocity of v=5 m/s. the figure, is placed in a uniform magnetic field. The
a) Calculate the emf induced between the ends of magnetic field has a magnitude of 1.2 T and directed
the rod. along +y direction. Determine the magnetic flux
through each of the five sides.
b) Calculate the induced current on the resistor.

9.3 Magnetic flux

11. What is the difference between magnetic flux and
magnetic field? 15.
12. I

® II
B=15 T

37°
A long solenoid has 1000 turns per meter. A ring of
diameter 20 cm is located to the interior region of
A rectangular loop of sides 10 cm×20 cm, is located the solenoid. Calculate the magnetic flux through the
in a uniform magnetic field of B=15 T. The loop is ring if the current on the solenoid is I=2 A.
initially perpendicular to the field then it is rotated
and aligned to the field as in the figure. Calculate
initial and final magnetic flux during this rotation?
9.4 Faraday’s Law of induction
13. ®
16. If an aluminum sheet is held between the poles of a
B=3´10–5 T large bar magnet it requires same force to pull it out
of the magnetic field even tough the sheet is not
ferromagnetic and does not touch the poles of the
15 m
magnet. Explain the reason.

8m

The outside wall of a building has sides 15 m×8 m.

If the earth’s magnetic field’s horizontal component 17. Explain what is meant by the statement “a motor
is 3×10–8 T, what is the magnetic flux through the acts as a motor and generator at the same time”.
wall. Can the same be said for a generator?

Geometrical Optics 175

18. A solenoid is connected to an 23. The strength of a magnetic field passing through a
ac source. A copper ring is square loop 10 cm on a side increases from zero to
placed inside the solenoid, with 0.09 Tesla in 0.03 s. What emf is induced in the
the normal to the ring being square loop?
parallel to the axis of the
solenoid. The copper ring gets
hot, yet nothing touches it. 24. A square wire loop 0.1 m on a side is rotated around
Why? a horizontal axis in a horizontal magnetic field of
strength 5×10–2 T. (a) If the plane of the loop turns
from horizontal to vertical in 0.2 s, what is the
average emf induced in the loop during each half
turn?
19.

25. A square loop of sides 10 cm is in a magnetic field

of 1.6 T. It is removed from the field in 0.1 s. What is
the average induced emf?

26.

Two pots of water were placed on an induction stove.

The stove itself is cool to touch. The water in the
metal pot is boiling while that in the glass pot is not.
How can such a “cool” stove boil water, and why isn’t
the water in the glass pot boiling?
A 20 cm diameter loop of wire is in a 2.4 T magnetic
field. It is rotated so its plane is parallel to the field
direction in 0.3 s. What is the average induced emf
20. The magnetic flux through a coil of 100 turns is in the loop?
changing at a rate of 0.05 Weber / second. (a) What
is the emf induced in each turn? (b) What is the total
emf induced in the coil?
27.

5 cm

21. The magnetic field strength through a loop wire

having an area of 0.02 m2 decreases from 0.5 T to B=1.2 T
zero in 0.02 s. What emf is induced in the loop?
A wire is bent into the shape of a circle. The radius
of the circle is 5 cm. A constant magnetic field of
magnitude 1.2 T is directed perpendicular to the
22. A circular metal ring held vertically between the poles plane of the paper. Someone grabs the ends of the
of a horseshoe magnet has a magnetic flux of 0.04 wire and pulls it out, so the radius of the circle
Weber passing through it. If the ring is then pulled shrinks to zero in a time of 0.2 s. Find the magnitude
out of the magnetic field in 0.1s, what emf will be of the average induced emf between the ends of the
obtained on the ring? wire.

176 Optics
28. 32.
1

N S
2
2 1 0 1
3 2
4
5 3
4

5
mV

A rectangular loop of sides 10 cm×20 cm is + –

wounded by a copper wire by 100 times. The loop
rotates and aligns in the direction of the magnetic A long straight wire lies on a table and carries a
field in 0.2 s. If the induced emf is 0.3 volts, what is current I. As the drawing shows, a small circular loop
the magnetic field strength in this region? of wire is pushed accross the top of the table from
9.5 Lenz’s Law position 1 to position 2. Determine the direction of
29. When the switch in the the induced current, clockwise or counterclockwise,
metal
circuit is closed a current ring as the loop moves through (a) position 1 and (b)
iron
is established in the coil core switch
position 2.
and the metal ring
“jumps” upward. Explain
coil 9.6 Self inductance
the reason.
+ – 33. If the current in a 50 mH coil changes steadily from 10
battery A to 25 A in 0.025 s, what is the magnitude of the self
30. induced emf?

34. What is the inductance of a coil if it produces an emf

of 1.5 V when the current in it changes from 0.1 A to
1 2 3.1 A in 0.2 A?
The north pole of the magnet is being inserted into
the coil. In which direction is the induced current
flowing the resistor R? 35. How many turns of wire would be required to make a
300 mH inductance out of a 20 cm long air filled coil
31. The bar magnets with a diameter of 8 cm.
are falling through
the metal rings. In
part-a the ring is 36. A 2.5 V emf is induced in a 0.5 H coil by a current that
solid all the way
rises uniformly from zero to I in 0.1 s. What is the value
around, but in part
of I?
b it has been cut (a) (b)
through.
a) Explain why the motion of the magnet in part a is 37. Two coils of equal radii, A and B, are wound using
retarded when the magnet is above the ring and equal lengths of wire. Each coil has the same number
below the ring as well. of turns per unit lengths but coil A has twice as many
b) Explain why the motion of the magnet is turns as coil B. What is the ratio of the self-inductance
unaffected by the ring in part b. of A to the self-inductance of B?

Geometrical Optics 177