Electromagnetic Induction

Objectives: After completing this

module, you should be able to:
• Calculate the magnitude and direction of
the induced current or emf in a conductor
moving with respect to a given B-field.
• Calculate the magnetic flux through an
area in a given B-field.
• Apply Lenz’s law and the right-hand rule
to determine directions of induced emf.
• Describe the operation and use of ac and
dc generators or motors.
 Induced Current
When aa conductor
conductor moves
moves B
When
across flux
across flux lines,
lines, magnetic
magnetic
forces on
forces on the
the free
free electrons
electrons
Down I
inducean
induce anelectric
electriccurrent.
current.
I
Right-hand force
Right-hand force rule
rule shows
shows
current outward
current outward for
for down
down and
and
inward for
inward for up
up motion.
motion. Up
(Verify)
(Verify)
Down Up v F
B B
F v
 Induced EMF: Observations
Faraday’s observations: B Flux lines  in Wb

• Relative motion induces emf.

• Direction of emf depends on
direction of motion. N turns; velocityv
• Emf is proportional to rate at
Faraday’s Law:
which lines are cut (v).
• Emf is proportional to the

number of turns N. E = -N t

The negative sign means that E opposes its cause.

 Magnetic Flux Density
• Magnetic flux lines  
 are continuous
B A
A
and closed.
• Direction is that
of the B vector at Magnetic Flux
any point. density:

When
When area
area AA isis 
perpendicular
perpendicular to
to flux:
flux: B ;  = BA
A
The unit of flux density is the weber per square meter.
 Calculating Flux When Area is
Not Perpendicular to Field
The flux penetrating the
area A when the n
normal vector n makes A 
an angle of  with the
B-field is: 
 B
BAcos
The angle  is the complement of the angle  that the
plane of the area makes with B field. (Cos  = Sin )
 Example 1: A current loop has an area of 40 cm2
and is placed in a 3-T B-field at the given angles.
Find the flux  through the loop in each case.

x x x x n n
x xA x x n 
x x x x
x x x x

A = 40 cm 2 (a)  = 00 (b)  = 900 (c)  = 600

(a)  = BA cos 00 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(1);   12.0 mWb

(b)  = BA cos 900 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0);   0 mWb
(c)  = BA cos 600 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0.5);   6.00 mWb
Application of Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Law: A change in flux  can
occur by a change in area or
by a change in the B-field:

E = -N t  = B A  = A B

Rotating loop = B A Loop at rest = A B

n
n

n
Example 2: A coil has 200 turns of area 30 cm2.
It flips from vertical to horizontal position in a
time of 0.03 s. What is the induced emf if
constant
the B-field is 4 mT?
N = 200 turns
A = 30 cm2 – 0 = 30 cm2 n
 = B A = (3 mT)(30 cm2) 
N B S
 = (0.004 T)(0.0030 m2)

 = 1.2 x 10-5 Wb B = 4 mT; 00 to 900

E  (200) 1.2 x 10-5 Wb EE== -0.080

N  -0.080
t 0.03 VV
s
The negative sign indicates the polarity of the voltage.
Seatwork
1. A uniform electric field with a magnitude
of E=400\,{\rm N/C}E=400N/C incident on a
plane surface of area A=10\,{\rm
m^2}A=10m2 and makes an angle
of \theta=30^\circθ=30∘ with it. Find the electric
flux through this surface?
2. What is the magnitude of electric flux of a
constant E of 4\,{\rm N/C}4N/C in the z-
direction through a rectangle with surface
area 4\,{\rm m^2}4m2 in the xy-plane?
3. A cube of side 1 cm is placed within an electric
field of 100 N/C oriented in the x-direction.
What is the electric flux through each of the
surfaces of the cube and then find the net
 Lenz’s Law
Lenz’s
Lenz’s law:
law: An
An induced
induced current
current will
will bebe in
in such
such aa direction
direction
as
as to
to produce
produce aa magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that will
will oppose
oppose thethe
motion
motion of of the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that isis producing
producing it. it.

Induced B Induced B
Left motion I Right motion

N N S
I S
Flux increasing to left induces Flux decreasing by right move
loop flux to the right. induces loop flux to the left.
Example 3: Use Lenz’s law to determine direction
of induced current through R if switch is closed
for circuit below (B increasing).
Close switch. Then what is
direction of induced current?

The rising
The rising current
current inin right
right circuit
circuit causes
causes flux
flux to
to increase
increase
to the
to the left,
left, inducing
inducing current
current ininleft
leftcircuit
circuitthat
thatmust
must
produce aa rightward
produce rightward field
field to
to oppose
oppose motion.
motion. Hence
Hence
current II through
current resistor RR isis to
through resistor to the
the right
right as
as shown.
shown.
 Directions
Directions of
of x x x x
x x x x x x
Forces
Forces and
and EMFs
EMFs x x xx x
x xI x x
x x x xx x
x
x
An x x I x xx xv x vx
An emfemf EEisis induced
induced by by x x x x L x x x
x
x x x x
moving
moving wirewire at velocity vv
at velocity x x
x x x x
in constant BB field.
in constant field. Note
Note x
x xx x
direction
direction of of I.I. x x x
x
From
From Lenz’s
Lenz’s law,
law, we
we see
see I x
I
that
B x
that aa reverse
reverse field
field (out)
(out) isis v
created. This field
created. This field causes
causes x x
aa leftward
leftward force
force onon the
the wire
wire x
v
that
that offers
offers resistance
resistance toto x
the Induced x x B
the motion.
motion. UseUse right-
right-
emf x
hand
hand force
force rule
rule to
to show
show
this.
this. x x
 Motional EMF in a Wire
Force F on charge q in wire:
x x x
F = qvB; Work = FL = x x F
B
qvBL x x x x x
xI x xx x
Work x
E=
qvBL
 x xx x xx L x x
q Ixx x x xx x x xvxx x v
q x
xxx x x
EMF: E = BLv xx x
x
If wire of length L moves with
velocity v an angle  with B: B

v sin 
E = BLv v
Induced Emf
sin E
Example 4: A 0.20-m length of wire moves
at a constant speed of 5 m/s in at 1400 with
a 0.4-T B-Field. What is the magnitude and
direction of the induced emf in the wire?
E = BLv sin v North

E = (0.4 T)(0.20 m)(5 m/s) B
sin1400
E = -0.257 V South

North
Using
Using right-hand
right-handrule,
rule,point
pointfingers
fingers v I
totoright,
right,thumb
thumbalong
alongvelocity,
velocity,and
and B
handhandpushes in direction
pushes of induced
in direction of
emf—to the
induced north in
emf—to thethe diagram.
north in the
South
diagram.
 The AC Generator
• An alternating AC current is
Rotating Loop in B-field
produced by rotating a B
loop in a constant B-field. v
• Current on left is outward I v
by right-hand rule. I
B
• The right segment has an
inward current.
• When loop is vertical, the
current is zero.

I in R is right, zero, left, and then zero as loop rotates.

Operation of AC Generator

I=0

I=0
 Calculating Induced EMF
Rectangular
loop a x b a n . n
B  B
Each segment a b 
has constant b/2 x v
velocity v. Area A =
ab
Both segments a moving with v
v=
at angle  with B gives emf: n
r 
E = Bav sin v   r   
2
B
; r = b/2
 v
E  2Ba  b 2
b

v sin  x 
T

ET  BA

sinsin
Sinusoidal Current of Generator

x
. .

x
+E

-E
The emf varies sinusoidally with max and min emf

For N turns, the EMF is: E  NBA sin

 Example 5: An ac generator has 12 turns of
wire of area 0.08 m2. The loop rotates in a
magnetic field of 0.3 T at a frequency of
60 Hz. Find the maximum induced emf.
 = 2f = 2(60 Hz) = 377 rad/s
. n
Emf is maximum when  = 900.  B
Emax = NBA; Since sin  1 x
E
max
= (12)(0.3 T)(.08 m2 )(377 rad/s) f = 60 Hz

The maximum emf generated is therefore: Emax = 109 V

IfIf the
the resistance
resistance isis known,
known, then
then Ohm’s law ((VV == IR
Ohm’s law IR)) can
can
be
be applied
applied to
to find
find the
the maximum
maximum induced
induced current.
current.
 The DC Generator
The simple ac generator Commutator
can be converted to a dc
generator by using a single
split-ring commutator to
reverse connections twice
per revolution.
E
t
DC Generator

For
For the
the dc
dc generator:
generator: The
The emf
emf fluctuates
fluctuates in
in magnitude,
but always has
magnitude, butthe samehas
always direction (polarity).
the same direction
(polarity).
 The Electric Motor
In
In aa simple
simple electric
electric motor,
motor, aa current
current loop
loop experiences
experiences a
atorque
torquewhich
whichproduces
produces rotational motion.
rotational motion.Such motion
Such
induces induces
motion a back emf to oppose
a back emf to the motion.
oppose the motion.

Applied voltage – back emf

= net voltage Eb

VV –– EEbb== IR
IR I
Since
Since back
back emf
emf EEbb increases with
increases with
rotational frequency,
rotational frequency, the the V
starting
starting current
current isis high
high and
and the
the
operating
operating current
current isis low:
low: EEbb =
= Electric
Motor
NBA
NBAsinsin 
 Armature and Field Windings
In the commercial motor,
many coils of wire
around the armature will
produce a smooth
torque. (Note
directions of I in wires.)
Series-Wound Motor: The
field and armature Motor
wiring are connected in
series.
Shunt-Wound Motor: The field windings and the
armature windings are connected in parallel.
Example 6: A series-wound dc motor has an
internal resistance of 3 . The 120-V supply
line draws 4 A when at full speed. What is the
emf in the motor and the starting current?

Eb Recall that: VV –– EEb == IR

IR
b

I 120 V – Eb = (4 A)(3 
V
The back emf
Eb = 108 V
in motor:

The starting current Is is found by noting that Eb =

0 in beginning (armature has not started rotating).

120 V – 0 = Is (3  Is = 40 A
 Summary
Faraday’s Law: A change in flux  can
occur by a change in area or
by a change in the B-field:

E = -N t  = B A  = A B

Calculating flux through an area in a B-field:

B

;  = BA 
A
BAcos
 Summary (Cont.)
Lenz’s
Lenz’s law:
law: An
An induced
induced current
current will
will bebe in
in such
such aa direction
direction
as
as to
to produce
produce aa magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that will
will oppose
oppose thethe
motion
motion of of the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that isis producing
producing it. it.

Induced B Induced B
Left motion I Right motion

N N S
I S
Flux increasing to left induces Flux decreasing by right move
loop flux to the right. induces loop flux to the left.
 Summary (Cont.)
An emf is induced by a wire
moving with a velocity v at an B
angle  with a B-field. 
v sin 
v
E = BLv Induced Emf
sin E
In
In general
general for
for aa coil
coil of
of NN turns
turns of
of area
area AA rotating
rotating
with
with aa frequency
frequency in in aa B-field,
B-field, the
the generated
generated
emf
emf isis given
given by
by the
the following
following relationship:
relationship:

For N turns, the EMF is: E  NBA sin

 Summary (Cont.)
The
The ac
ac generator
generator isis
shown
shown toto the
the right.
right. The
The
dc
dc generator
generator andand aa dc
dc
motor
motor are
are shown
shown below:
below:

V
DC Generator Electric
Motor
 Summary (Cont.)
The
The rotor
rotor generates
generates aa back
back
emf
emf in
in the
the operation
operation of
of aa
motor
motor that
that reduces
reduces the
the
applied
applied voltage.
voltage. The
The
following
following relationship
relationship exists:
exists:
Applied voltage – back emf
= net voltage
VV –– EEbb== IR Motor
IR
Quiz
1. A loop of wire in a magnetic field. A square loop of wire of side is in a uniform
magnetic field What is the magnetic flux in the loop (a) when is perpendicular to the
face of the loop and (b) when is at an angle of 30° to the area of the loop? (c) What is
the magnitude of the average current in the loop if it has a resistance of and it is
rotated from position (b) to position (a) in 0.14 s?
2. In an induction stove , an ac current exists in a coil that is the “burner” (a burner that
never gets hot). Why will it heat a metal pan, usually iron, but not a glass container?
3. Pulling a coil from a magnetic field. A 100-loop square coil of wire, with side and
total resistance is positioned perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field as shown in fig
below It is quickly pulled from the field at constant speed (moving perpendicular to )
to a region where B drops abruptly to zero. At the right edge of the coil is at the edge
of the field. It takes 0.100 s for the whole coil to reach the field-free region.
Determine (a) the rate of change in flux through one loop of the coil, and (b) the total
emf and current induced in the 100-loop coil. (c) How much energy is dissipated in
the coil? (d) What was the average force required (Fext)?
1. An airplane travels in a region where the Earth’s magnetic field is
about and is nearly vertical (Fig. 21–12). What is the potential
difference induced between the wing tips that are 70 m apart?
2. The rate of blood flow in our body’s vessels can be measured
using the apparatus shown in Fig. 21–13, since blood contains
charged ions. Suppose that the blood vessel is
2.0 mm in diameter, the magnetic field is 0.080 T,
and the measured emf is 0.10 mV.
What is the flow velocity of the blood?
3. An ac generator. The armature of a 60-Hz ac generator
rotates in a 0.15-T magnetic field. If the area of the coil is how
many loops must the coil contain if the peak output is to be
e0 = 170 V?
4. Back emf in a motor. The armature windings of a dc motor
have a resistance of The motor is connected to a 120-V line, and when the
motor reaches full speed against its normal load, the back emf is 108 V. Calculate
(a) the current into the motor when it is just starting up, and (b) the current when
the motor reaches full speed.
5. Motor overload. When using an appliance
such as a blender, electric drill, or sewing machine, if the appliance is overloaded
or jammed so that the motor slows appreciably or stops while the power is still
connected, the motor can burn out and be ruined. Explain why this happens.
CONCLUSION: Chapter 31A
Electromagnetic Induction
 What are transformers?
Transformers are
electrical devices used to
convert or "transform" AC
voltage from one level to
another. (high to low or
low to high)
Input and output are AC
They do this by the
principle of
electromagnetic induction
Transformer
Symbol of
Transformer
Parts of a Transformer

A transformer consists of 3 basic components

Primary Coil or Primary Winding : It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on the
input side
Secondary Coil or Secondary Winding: It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on the
output side
Core : A ferromagnetic material that can
conduct a magnetic field through it. Example:
Iron
Transformer
Structure
Transformer Operation

An electrical transformer normally consists of a

ferromagnetic core and two coils called
"windings".
A transformer uses the principle of mutual
inductance to create an AC voltage in the
secondary coil from the alternating electric
current flowing through the primary coil.
The voltage induced in the secondary can be
used to drive a load.
What is Mutual Inductance?

The principle of mutual inductance says that

when two electrical coils are placed near to each
other, AC electrical current flowing in one coil
induces an AC voltage in the other coil.
This is because current in the first coil creates a
magnetic field around the first coil which in turn
induces a voltage in second coil
Mutual
Inductance
The transformer improves the efficiency of the
transfer of energy from one coil to another by
using a core to concentrate the magnetic field.
The primary coil creates a magnetic field that is
concentrated by the core and induces a voltage in
the secondary coil
Transformer
Operation
Turns Ratio
The voltage at the secondary coil can be
different from the voltage at the primary. This
happens when the number of turns of the coil in
primary and secondary are not the same
The Turns Ratio (TR) is the ratio of the number
of turns in the primary coil to the number of
turns in the secondary coil
 Formulas
TR= Vp / Vs
Also TR= Np /Ns
So we can say
Vp / Vs = Np /Ns
Also Vp/Vs=Is /Ip
Transformer Voltages & Currents
seatwok

1. A transformer has a primary voltage of 230v and

turns ratio of 5:1. Calculate the secondary
voltage
2. A transformer has 200 turns in the primary, 50
turns in the secondary, and 120 volts applied to
the primary (Vp). What is the voltage across the
secondary (V s)?
Seatwok
1. There are 400 turns of wire in an iron-core coil.
If this coil is to be used as the primary of a
transformer, how many turns must be wound
on the coil to form the secondary winding of
the transformer to have a secondary voltage of
one volt if the primary voltage is five volts?
2. A 12 volts transformer has 20 turns in the
primary, 5 turns in the secondary. What is the
voltage across the primary side (VP)?
Input Power and Output Power of a
Transformer
Under ideal conditions input power and output
power should be the same. But there is power loss
between the primary and secondary and so
practically they are not exactly equal.
So, Pin = Pout + Ploss
 Transformer Efficiency

The power loss is converted to heat . The heat

produced can be found by calculating the
transformer efficiency.
Transformer Types

Isolation Transformer
Autotransformer
 Isolation
Transformer
In isolation transformer, the primary and secondary
are physically isolated (no electrical connection)
Advantages of Isolation
Transformer
Voltage spikes that might occur on the primary
are greatly reduced or eliminated in the
secondary
If the primary is shorted somehow, any load
connected to the secondary is not damaged
Example: In TV monitors to protect the picture
tube from voltage spikes in main power lines
Autotransformers
An autotransformer uses only one coil for the
primary and secondary.
It uses taps on the coil to produce the different
ratios and voltages.
 The Control Transformer
A control transformer is used to
reduce voltage from the main
power line to a lower voltage
that operates a machine’s
electrical control system.
The Control Transformer
The most common type of control transformer has
two primary coils (H1H2 and H3H4) and one
secondary coil (X1X2). Note that the primary
windings are crossed
To get 120V at the secondary from
240 V at the primary using a
control transformer
It is actually a parallel
connection of the primary coils
To get 120V at the secondary from
480 V at the primary using a
control transformer
This is actually a series connection
of the primary coils
Problem 1
Connect the primary coils in parallel and calculate
the secondary voltage if the primary voltage is 48
Volts and the number of turns in each primary is 50
turns and the secondary has 25 turns.
Problem 2
Connect the primary coils in series and calculate the
secondary voltage if the primary voltage is 48 Volts
and the number of turns in each primary is 50 turns
and the secondary has 25 turns.
Problem 3:Make connections in the transformer coils to
produce a turns ratio of 1:1. Use both primary and secondary
coils.
Problem 4:Make connections in the transformer coils to
produce a turns ratio of 2:1. Use both primary and
secondary coils.
Problem 5:What is the turns ratio in
the circuit?
Problem 6:What is the turns ratio in
this circuit?