1.

Introduction to Internet
and Intranet
Compiled by
Bibek Ropakheti
Kathmandu Engineering
College
 Outline
• Background
• Internet
– History of Internet
– Types of Internet Connection
• Intranet
• IANA and Internet Number Management
– RIR/ NIR/ LIR and ISPs
• Internet Domain
• Domain Name System
• Internet Access
• Internet Back Bone Network
– Optical Backbone
• Marine Cables
• Terrestrial Links
– Teleports
– Satellite
 Background
• Telecommunications
• Computer Networks
• Intranet
• LAN/ WAN/ MAN
• Distributed Systems
• Internet
• WEB
• Grid Computing
• Cloud Computing
Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Transmission
Transmission of of all
all forms
forms of
of communication
communication
including
including digital
digital data,
data, voice,
voice, fax,
fax, sound,
sound, andand video
video
from
from oneone location
location toto another
another over
over some
some type
type of
of
network
network Networks
Networks
AA group
group of
of computers
computers and and peripheral
peripheral devices
devices
connected
connected by by aa communication
communication channel
channel
capable
capable of
of sharing
sharing information
information and and other
other
resources among users
Channel Bandwidth users
Channel resources
Bandwidthamong
Is
Is the
the carrying
carrying capacity
capacity of of aa
telecommunications
telecommunications network. network. (i.e.
(i.e. the
the size
size of
of
the
the telecommunications
telecommunications channelchannel or or pipeline)
pipeline)
4-4
 Internet
• Simply, a collection of interconnected
networks is termed internetworking
or in short Internet.
• Worldwide collection of millions of
computers and networks
• No one actually owns or runs the
Internet
 History of Internet
• Started in 1969 as a U.S. Department
of Defense project called Advanced
Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET)
• Evolved into National Science
Foundation Network (NSFNET) in
1987
• Later, Internet.
Internet History
 Intranet
• An internal, private network using
Web technologies to securely
transmit information within the
organization.
• Private and internal Web limits
viewing access to authorized users
within the organization
 Intranets
• Improved information access to
authorized user
• Improved delivery and accuracy of
information
• Global reach allowing employees
access from anywhere
• Cross-platform integration
• Positive return on investment
 Intranet Applications
Collaboration
Collaboration Training
Training

Intranet
Intranet Hub
Hub

Online
Online Entry
Entry of
of Application
Application
Information
Information Integration
Integration

Real-time
Real-time Access
Access
To
To Information
Information
 Types of Internet
Connections
• Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
– Up to 1.5 Mbps in both directions
• Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
– Upstream rates 3.5 Mbps
– Downstream rates typically 24 Mbps
• Very High Speed DSL (VDSL)
– Downstream/ upstream transmission rate up to
100 Mbps over short distances
• T1 or T3 lines
– Equivalent of 24 conventional telephone lines
 Extranets
Extranets
• secure networks that provide customers,
suppliers, and employees with access to internal
systems
• replacedBenefits
Extranet EDI for smaller firms
• timeliness &accuracy of communications,
reducing errors & misunderstandings
• Allows central management of documents
allowing single updates
• Uses standard web protocols
• Easy to use, requires little training
• Used to automate transactions, reducing cost and
cycle time
 Extranet Applications
Supply
Supply Chain
Chain
Management
Management
Procurement Real-Time
Real-Time
Procurement
Portals Info
Info Access
Access
Portals
Exchanges
Exchanges

Distribution
Distribution Collaboration
Collaboration
Portals
Portals
Enterprise
Enterprise
Portals
Portals
 IANA & Internet Number
Management
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
• responsible for global coordination of
– the Internet Protocol addressing systems
– the Autonomous System Numbers used
for routing Internet traffic.
• In Internet terminology, the record-
keeping service IANA performs is
called a registration service, and
IANA serves as a registry.
 IANA & Internet Number
Management
• IP Address or number is the address
of any device required to connect
through the internet.
• Currently there are two types of
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses in
active use:
– IP version 4 (IPv4): 32 bit
– IP version 6 (IPv6): 128 bit
 IANA & Internet Number
Management
• An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of one or
more IP prefixes run by one or more network
operators that maintains a single, clearly defined
routing policy.
• AS Numbers are used by various routing protocols.
• IANA allocates AS Numbers to RIRs.
• The RIRs further allocate or assign AS Numbers to
network operators in line with RIR policies.
• Its 16 bit number.
• The network operators must have an ASN to
control routing within their networks and to
exchange routing information with other ISPs.
RIR
 RIR
• Industry self-regulatory body
– Established in 1993
– Consensus-based, open and transparent
– Non-profit, neutral and independent
– Open membership-based structure
• Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are
nonprofit corporations that administer and
register Internet Protocol (IP) address
space and Autonomous System (AS)
numbers within a defined region.
 RIR
• Registry Area Covered
– AFRINIC Africa Region
– APNIC Asia/Pacific Region
– ARIN North America Region
– LACNIC Latin America & few Caribbean
Islands
– RIPE NCC Europe, Middle East, &Central
Asia
 NIR
• An organization under the umbrella of a
Regional Internet Registry with the task
of coordinating IP address allocations and
other Internet resource management
functions at a national level within a
country or economic unit.
• NIRs operate primarily in the Asia Pacific
region, under the authority of APNIC, the
Regional Internet Registry for that region.
 NIR
• The following NIRs are currently operating in
the APNIC region:
– APJII (Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet
Indonesia), Indonesian ISP Association
– CNNIC, China Internet Network Information Center
– JPNIC, Japan Network Information Center
– KRNIC, Korea Internet & Security Agency
– TWNIC, Taiwan Network Information Center
– VNNIC, Vietnam Internet Network Information
Center
– Indian Registry for Internet Names and Numbers
 LIR
• an organization that has been
allocated a block of IP addresses by a
regional Internet registry (RIR), and
that assigns most parts of this block
to its own customers
• Most LIRs are Internet service
providers, enterprises, or academic
institutions.
 ISPs
• Users are assigned IP addresses by
Internet service providers (ISPs).
• ISPs obtain allocations of IP
addresses from a local Internet
registry (LIR) or National Internet
Registry (NIR), or from their
appropriate Regional Internet
Registry (RIR)
 ISPs
• A commercial organization that
provides its subscribers with access
to the Internet.
• It must have Web Site Infrastructure
– Standby Electric Power
– Redundant “Fault-Tolerant” Servers
– Redundant Communications Lines
– One or More Firewalls
 ISPs
• Procedure for being an ISP
– Contract with a regional network
providing with bandwidth
– Procure a leased communications line to
one of the company’s routers
– Procure hardware and software to
manage Internet communication
– Set up dial-in lines to connect users
– Maintain enough manpower to manage
ISP traffic and deal with users
 ISPs
• How to choose?
– Bandwidth Size
• E.g. High-speed T1 and T3 lines
– Connection Availability and Performance
• Normal: 5 – 10MB
– Virtual Hosting
– E-mail Aliases
– Stability and Staying Power
– Local Access
– Customer Service and Technical Support
– Reliability
– Price
 Internet Domain
• A domain name is an identification
string that defines a realm of
administrative autonomy, authority
or control within the Internet.
• Domain names are formed by the
rules and procedures of the Domain
Name System (DNS).
• Any name registered in the DNS is a
domain name.
 Domain Name
• Domain names are the alias or English
language equivalent of a computer’s IP
addresses
• Domain Name System (DNS) allows the
use of easier to remember domain names
instead of IP addresses to locate
computers on the Internet
• Domain Name Resolvers scattered across
the Internet translate domain names into
IP addresses
 Domain Name
• Domain names have two parts:
– First part names the host computer
– Second part identifies the top level domain
• Top level domains (TLD) – identifies the
type of host
– Generic Top Level Domains
– Country Code Top Level Domains
• Domain names are used in URLs and e-
mail addresses
 How does the Internet
work?
Top Level Domains
• .com – commercial/company site
• .edu/ac - educational/academic
• .gov – government site
• .org – non-profit organization
• .mil – military sites
• .int – international organizations
• .net – network providers
 Domain Name
Additional Top Level Domains
• .aero - restricted use by the air transportation
industry
• .biz - general use by businesses
• .coop - restricted use by cooperatives
• .info - general use by both commercial and non-
commercial sites
• .museum - restricted use by museums
• .name - general use by individuals
• .pro - restricted use by certified professionals and
professional entities
 Domain Name
• Country Code Top Level Domains
• .au – Australia .np – Nepal
• .cn – China .sg – Singapore
• .fj – Fiji .uk – United Kingdom
• .in – India .us – United States
• .jp – Japan .tw - Taiwan
• The complete list can be accessed at
http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm
Internet Access
 Internet Access
• Protocols – standardized rules that define
how computers communicate and
exchange data
• IP address – unique number used to
identify computers on the Internet
• Domain name – structured naming system
to locate computers on the Internet
• URL – uniform naming scheme that
specifies unique addresses of Internet
resources
• Client and server – computing architecture
used by most Internet services
 Internet Access
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol)
• The Internet is a packet-switching network
that uses TCP/IP as its core protocol
• TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that govern
network addresses and the organization
and packaging of the information to be
sent over the Internet
– TCP – flow control and recovery of packets
– IP – addressing and forwarding of individual
packets
 Internet Access
Internet Protocols
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Protocol) - for
accessing and transmitting World Wide Web
documents
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol Protocol) - for
transferring files from one computer to another
• Gopher Protocol - for accessing documents via
Gopher menus (no longer widely used)
• Telnet Protocol - allows users to logon to a remote
computer
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending
and managing electronic mails (e-mail)
 Internet Access
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Each Internet document or file has a unique
address called a URL
• The URL comprises of three parts:
– Protocol – lets the computer know how to
process the information it receives
– Domain name – Internet address of the
computer hosting the site and storing the
documents
– Path – lets the computer which directory and
file to access
 Internet Access
UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR
Address
Address of
of Internet
Internet server
server that
that uses
uses the
the hypertext
hypertext transfer
transfer protocol
protocol

The
The top
top level
level
The
The secondary
secondary domain
domain signifying
signifying a
a File
File type
type
domain
domain name
name commercial site
commercial site

http://www.amazon.com/books/children.html

Signifies
Signifies that
that the
the site
site is
is part
part of
of the
the World
World Wide
Wide Web
Web Actual
Actual page
page

Signifies
Signifies folder
folder
where
where webpage
webpage is
is
located
located
 Domain Name System

Domain
• Identifies the Website IP Address
(host) • Each domain is
• Comes in many suffixes associated with one or
such as: more IP addresses
.edu (educational • Format: a 32-bit
institutions) address written as 4
.org (organizations; non- numbers (from 0-255)
profit) separated by periods
.mil (military) Example:
(URL) Uniform
.net (network Resource Locator
1.160.10.240
• organizations)
Identifies particular Web pages within a domain
Example:
Example:
microsoft.com
http://www.microsoft.com/security/default.mspx
 Domain Name System
http://www.amazon.com/books/children.html

• "http“
– transfer protocol
• "www"
– server name
• “amazon"
– second-level domain name
• “com"
– top-level domain name
• "books"
– directory name
• “children"
– file name
• "html"
– file type
 Internet Backbone Network
• The Internet backbone may be defined by
the principal data routes between large,
strategically interconnected computer
networks and core routers on the Internet.
• These data routes are hosted by commercial,
government, academic and other high-
capacity network centers, the Internet
exchange points and network access points,
that interchange Internet traffic between the
countries, continents and across the oceans.
Internet Backbone Network
Marine Cables
Marine Cables
Optical Backbone
Terrestrial Links
 Teleports
• A regional telecommunications
network that provides access to
communications satellites and other
long distance media
• Telecommunication hubs
 Satellite
• THAICOM 7 provides data & media
services for South Asia’s, Southeast
Asia’s, as well as Australia’s and New
Zealand’s broadcast, entertainment,
and telecoms industries via its
regional beam.
Satellite- Thaicom
 New Trends: The Web 2.0 and 3.0
Eras
• Web 2.0
– Trend of Web applications that are more
interactive than traditional Web
applications
– Collaboration or e-collaboration
• Blogs
– Short for “Weblog”
– Journal or newsletter that’s updated
frequently and intended for the general
public
• Such as Blogger.com
– Wikis
• Allows users to add, delete, and sometimes
modify content
• Wikis have caught on at many companies
• Social Networking Sites
– Facebook , twitter
• RSS Feeds
– “Really simple syndication”
• Podcasting
– Electronic audio file posted on the Web
for users to download to their mobile
devices
THANK YOU