L2, Gland, Epithelial T.

/2nd week
Glands:
Are organs in the human & animal's body that
synthesize substances i.e. hormones to release
‫(الغدد‬into the bloodstream(endocrine gland,
‫الصماء‬
or into cavities inside the body or its outer
surface (exocrine gland) via ducts.

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)

 Accessories of epithelial cells

1. Glands: as in skin & Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT).

2. Hair follicles: as in skin.
3. Nails, and claws: as in skin, .
4. Microvilli: Liver cells (Hepatocytes), Ependymal
cells (CNS) & GIT.
5. Keratin: as in skin.
6. Pigments: as in skin.
7. Taste buds: as in tongue.
8. Cilia as in Trachea, oviduct, Epididymis.
9. Spines and discs.
Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Classification of Glands
(1). According to number of cells they made up of:
(A). Unicellular: Goblet cells in GIT
(mucous); Pancreatic cells (endocrine) i.e.
Insulin secreting cells (ß-Cells) or adrenal
glands as in kidneys.

(B). Multicellular: Exocrine part of pancreas;

Salivary glands, mammary glands (breast),
sebaceous (skin).
3 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI) 23/06/1444
The differences between Endocrine and Exocrine glands. The major
difference is that Exocrine glands secrete substances out of the body or out
of tissues inside the body and Endocrine glands secrete substances into
capillaries and blood vessels.

4 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI) 23/06/1444

 Mucus
- Is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by covering and
mucous membranes. It is typically produced from cells
found in mucous glands, although it may also originate
from mixed glands, which contain both serous and mucous
cells i.e. salivary glands.
- It is a viscous colloid containing inorganic
salts, antimicrobial enzymes (i.e.
lysozymes), immunoglobulins (especially IgA),
and glycoproteins i.e. lactoferrin and mucins, which are
produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes
and submucosal glands.
- Functions: It serves to protect epithelial cells in the linings
of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems and
structures in the visual and auditory
systems from pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses.
- Most of the mucus in the body is produced in
the gastrointestinal tract.

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

5 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 . •

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

6 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
Goblet cells in pseudostratified-columnar ciliated epithelium, in
Trachea

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

7 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Multicellular glands

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

8 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 .

.
 Simple coiled tubular gland in the skin

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

10 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Thick and thin skin

11 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI) 23/06/1444

 Types of glands

. •

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

12 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Dissection of a lactating breast (Compound accinar glands).

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

13 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Development of glands
Every gland is formed by an ingrowth from
an epithelial surface. This ingrowth may, at the
beginning, possess a tubular structure, but in
other instances glands may start as a solid
column of cells which subsequently
becomes tubulated.
As growth proceeds, the column of cells may
divide to form a compound gland.

14 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI) 23/06/1444

 Glands are classified according to
their shape
• If the gland retains its shape as a tube
throughout it is termed a tubular gland.
• In the second main variety of gland the
secretory portion is enlarged and
the lumen variously increased in size. These
are termed alveolar or saccular glands.

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

15 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Some of the various possible glandular arrangements. These
are the simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled
tubular, simple acinar, and simple branched acinar glands.

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

16 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 .

• In many glands, the number of branches are

limited, in others (salivary, pancreas) a very
large structure is finally formed by repeated
growth and sub-division.
• As a rule, the branches do not unite with one
another, except in liver, when a reticulated
compound gland is produced.
• In compound glands the more typical or
secretory epithelium is at the terminal
portion of each branch, and the uniting
portions form ducts and are lined with a less
modified type of epithelial cell.

17 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI) 23/06/1444

 Some of the various possible glandular arrangements. These are
multicellular glands: compound tubular, compound acinar, and
compound tubulo-acinar glands.

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

18 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Upon their functions
• (1). Endocrine glands
• They secrete substances that circulate
through the blood stream via the basal
lamina into the blood stream and lack a duct
system. These glands often
secrete hormones, and play an important
role in maintaining homeostasis. The pineal
gland, thymus gland, pituitary gland, thyroid
gland, and the two adrenal glands are all
endocrine glands.

19 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)

 (2). Exocrien glands
Secrete their products through a duct onto an
outer surface of the body, such as the skin or
within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).

Secretion is directly onto the apical surface.

20 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)

 The glands in this group can be divided into
three groups upon mode of secretion:
(1). Apocrine glands: a portion of the
secreting cell's body is lost during secretion. It is
often used to refer to the apocrine sweat gland

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)

Section of sub-maxillary gland of a kitten (mixed sero-mucous
glands). Duct semi-diagrammatic.

22 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)

 Exocrine glands

23 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI) 23/06/1444

 Apocrine gland

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

24 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Mechanism of secretion

. •

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

25 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
.
Classification of exocrine glands upon the
type of secretory product:
may be one of three categories:
1. Serous glands: secrete a watery, often protein-
rich, fluid-like product, e.g. sweat glands.
2. Mucous glands: secrete a viscous product, rich
in carbohydrates (such as glycoproteins),
e.g. goblet cells.
3. Sebaceous glands: secrete a lipid product. These
glands are also known as oil glands, e.g. Fordyce
spots (visible sebaceous glands that are
present in most individuals.) and meibomian
glands.
27 Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz (BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Meibomian glands
• Are holocrine type exocrine glands, along the
rims of the eyelid inside the tarsal plate.
• They produce meibum, an oily substance that
prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film.
Meibum prevents tears from spilling onto the
cheek, traps them between the oiled edge and
the eyeball, and makes the closed lids
airtight.[1] There are about 25 such glands on
the upper eyelid, and 20 on the lower eyelid.
• Dysfunctional meibomian glands often cause dry
eyes, one of the more common eye conditions.
Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz
28 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
 Meibomian glands

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

29 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)
.
.
 Adenosis
Is any disease of a gland. The diseased gland
has abnormal formation or development
of glandular tissue which is
sometimes tumorous.

Prof. Dr. Ayoub Bazzaz

32 23/06/1444
(BSc,MSc,PhD,LB,DPSI)