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TP Cell Bio #02

Glandular epithelia are specialized tissues that produce and secrete substances such as mucous and hormones, found in various organs like the pancreas and thyroid. They can be classified into endocrine glands, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream, and exocrine glands, which secrete substances through ducts. Exocrine glands can further be categorized based on their structure and secretion methods, including merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine types.

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7 views21 pages

TP Cell Bio #02

Glandular epithelia are specialized tissues that produce and secrete substances such as mucous and hormones, found in various organs like the pancreas and thyroid. They can be classified into endocrine glands, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream, and exocrine glands, which secrete substances through ducts. Exocrine glands can further be categorized based on their structure and secretion methods, including merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine types.

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tamanikalache527
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I.

Definition

➢-Glandular epithelia are derived from lining epithelia.

➢-Are tissues composed of cells which produce substances in the body.


such as mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids. Glandular epithelium
is commonly found in the breast, lung, stomach, colon, pancreas,
prostate, uterus, and cervix

➢-These cells do not use the secreted product themselves, but make it
available to other parts of the body through excretion.

➢-A glandular epithelium is a tissue whose cells secrete one or more


specific products, which they excrete to the body.
II. Histogenesis of glandular epithelia

Glands are formed by the budding and invagination of a


covering epithelium into the mesenchyme. The bud gradually
grows, penetrates and proliferates in the underlying connective
tissue. The development of the bud differs according to the
type of gland formed:
II. Histogenesis of glandular epithelia
Some buds remain attached to their original
epithelium. They become hollow in the central part so
that the products synthesised by their cells are
discharged into the external environment via a duct.
Known as exocrine glands.
II. Histogenesis of glandular epithelia

Other buds, very early in their evolution, dissociate and lose their
connection with the derivation epithelium; but they acquire
relationships with the blood vessels into which they pour their
secretion products Called endocrine glands.
According to their structure and the way in which their secretion
products are released into the body, three types of gland are
distinguished:

A- Endocrine glands which, lacking excretory ducts, discharge


their secretion products directly into the blood (hormones) (e.g.
thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, etc.).
B- Exocrine glands which discharge their secretions into the external
environment or into a hollow organ via excretory ducts (e.g. salivary
glands, glands of the digestive tract, sweat glands, etc.).

C- Amphicrine glands: these are glands with both types of


secretion (exocrine and endocrine at the same time).
Exocrine Glands

I. Classification of exocrine glands


•Exocrine glands comprise an excretory duct (excretory portion) and a
secretory portion composed of cells.
•1- Aspect of the excretory duct (the excretory portion)
- Simple: single excretory duct.
- Compound: branching or branched excretory duct.

2-Depending on the shape of the secretory unit (secretory portion)


a. Tubular glands (A): - The secretory cells together form a structure
in the shape of an elongated tube.
b. Acinar gland (B): the secretory portion is shaped like a small
rounded sac with a reduced lumen.
c. Alveolar gland (C): the secretory cells form a spherical structure
with a large lumen.
3) Classification according to the nature of the product secreted

A. Mucous gland
The cells of the acini are large and confine a clearly visible lumen. The
cell nucleus is elongated, flattened and located at the basal pole.
Organelles are also found at the basal pole. The cytoplasm is clear
(precursor of mucus).

Characteristics of mucous gland

- Tall cells with flat nuclei at their base.


- Cell boundaries are distinct.
- Lumen of these acini is larger than the serous acini.
- Lightly stained and appear empty with H & E staining.
Mucous gland
B. Serous gland
The acini cells are pyramidal and border a barely visible lumen.
The nucleus is rounded and parabasal. Secretion grains are stored
at the apical pole.
Note: Most serous secretions are enzymatic proteins.

Characteristics of serous gland

- Triangular cells with rounded nuclei.


- Their nuclei are centrally placed.
- Cell boundaries are indistinct.
- Lumen of these acini is smaller than the mucous acini.
Serous gland
C. Mixed or seromucous glands

These are characterised by a central mucous acinus onto which a


crescent of serous cells is grafted at the periphery. The serous secretion
is exocytosed into the common central lumen.

1: mucous acinus
2 : mixed
3 : serous acinus
Mixed or seromucous glands
4) Classification according to the mode of excretion of the secretion
product

A- Merocrine glands: The product is excreted by exocytosis


without the cell being destroyed (the cell retains its total integrity).
This type of secretion is seen, for example, in the salivary glands
and the exocrine pancreas.
B- Apocrine glands: The secretion product accumulates at the
apical pole and is then expelled en bloc. The apical membrane
is detached during extrusion and surrounds the secreted
product. However, the glandular cell retains its nucleus and
organelles. This type of secretion is observed in the mammary
gland.
C- Holocrine glands: The cells are eliminated with their
secretion product (the whole cell is the excretion product).
I. Classification of Endocrine Glands
Glandular cells produce a secretory product which is transported by the blood to one
or more target cells. (Hormones).
1. Reticulated or trabeculated gland
The cells are grouped together in oriented (rectilinear) cell cords, sometimes
anastomosing (multidirectional) delimiting conjoctivo-vascular spaces particularly
rich in blood capillary

Figure shows the histology of the adrenal gland


2. Vesicular (follicular) gland

The secretion product is stored and accumulates between the cells. These
are arranged around the secretate in a single-cell bed. The whole
(secretory cells) takes on the appearance of a sphere (follicle). Exp.
thyroid. Examples: pituitary gland, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gland.

Represented figure Histology of The thyroid Gland


3. Diffuse or dispersed gland
The cells are arranged in more or less large clusters, dispersed between
other non-glandular formations, sometimes the glandular cells are
isolated. E.g.: interstitial glands (Leydig cells) of the testis which are
arranged between the seminiferous tubules.

Represented figure histology of the testis (seminiferous tubule) and the interstitial tissue
containing the leydig cells (the leydig cells = endocrine gland)

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