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Histology (T)

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5 views25 pages

Histology (T)

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emanjalal452
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: GLANDS

Lecture 3
26/9/2021
Prepared by:
Dr. Hedy Ahmed
GLAND
• Most glands are formed by epithelial down growths into the surrounding
connective tissue.

• These specialized epithelial cells play role in the production and secretion of
macromolecules, such as enzymes, mucins, steroids, or secretion and transport of
ions.

• The secretory cells of a gland are referred to as its parenchyma and are
separated from surrounding connective tissue and vascular elements by a
basement membrane.
Types of epithelial cell mode of secretions:
• Endocrine= into the blood
1. Exocrine secretion :
Secretions from the apex of the cell on to a surface or into a lumen are termed
‘exocrine’, of which there are three types:
A. Merocrine secretion: secretion of cell products occur by exocytosis from the
cell apex into a lumen.
B. Apocrine secretion: it is pinching off apical cell cytoplasm containing cell
product.
C. Holocrine secretion: it is shedding of the whole cell containing the cell
product.
2. Endocrine secretion:
It is secretions from the side or base of the cell, which enter the bloodstream
Exocrine  glands  
Endocrine glands: notice nearby blood vessels
Types of secretions and changes in epithelial gland
• Protein-secreting epithelial cells have large nuclei and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Example: enzymes of salivary gland.
• Mucin-secreting epithelial cells have a greatly expanded Golgi system.
Mucins (mixtures of glycoproteins and proteoglycans) have important functions in body cavities, for
example as a lubricant in the mouth and as a barrier in the stomach.
• Steroid-secreting epithelial cells have an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum system.
Cells producing steroid hormones are mainly found in the adrenal gland, ovary and testis.
• Ion-pumping epithelial cells have many mitochondria and a large surface area cells in the kidney
tubules and in the ducts of some secretory glands transport ions and water, whereas acid-producing
cells of the stomach transport h+ ions. Ion transport is mediated by membrane ion pumps.
Types of epithelial tissue glands based on their cellular
organization:
1. Unicellular glands (single secretory cell)
2. Multicellular glands:
A. Simple gland : simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled
tubular, simple acinar, simple branched acinar.
B. Compound glands: compound tubular, compound acinar, compound
tubuloacinar.
Sweat glands of skin Gastric glands
Para-urethral glands Sebaceous glands of skin
Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands)
Meibomian glands
Pancreas
Mammary gland Submandibular salivary gland
Secretory  cells  and  glands.    
(a)  Single  cells  in  a  surface  epithelium  secre:ng  mucin.  These  are  called  ‘goblet  
cells’  (G).    
(b)  H&E-­‐stained  sec:on  showing  a  straight  tubular  colonic  gland,  which  is  typical  
of  glands  in  the  gut.  Secretory  cells  (S)  line  straight  tubules  and  discharge  their  
mucin  secre:ons  on  to  the  surface.    
(c)  H&E-­‐stained  sec:on  of  a  sweat  gland  from  the  skin  showing  the  arrangement  
of  a  coiled  tubular  gland.  Secretory  cells  are  present  in  the  distal  part  and  there  is  
zoning  of  secretory  func:on,  with  an  area  of  protein-­‐secre:ng  cells  (P)  being  
followed  by  an  area  of  ion-­‐pumping  cells  (I),  which  add  fluid  to  the  secre:on  in  the  
lumen.  The  distal  part  of  the  gland,  (D),  has  no  secretory  func:on  but  is  
specialized  for  transpor:ng  secre:ons,  having  :ght  junc:ons  to  prevent  back  
diffusion  of  ions;  such  tubules  are  termed  ducts.    
(d)  H&E  sec:on  of  a  branched  gland  showing  the  arrangement  of  secretory  
epithelial  cells  into  acini  (A),  and  main  excretory  duct  (MD).  
Paracrine action: the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its
source to target cells in the neighborhood.
Examples Estrogens produced in the ovaries are crucial for the
maturation of ovarian follicles before ovulation. Similarly, testosterone
produced by the Leydig cells of the testes acts on adjacent cells.

Autocrine action: the hormone acts on the same cell that


produced it.
Examples: cytokine interleukin-1 in monocytes. When interleukin-1 is
produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface
receptors on the same cell that produced it.
END OF THE LECTURE

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