Hello Science Learners!

Here’s your review guide for the Unit Test for this coming week!
As we move along this worksheet, rewrite important words and definition to help in your review.

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Week 1 : MICROSCOPE; parts, functions, carrying and focusing.

On the first week we studied a scientific tool that is useful in viewing small specimen to examine and
evaluate its structures. What is the scientific tool?

It’s a MICROSCOPE!

An instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects,

allowing the observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures
at a scale convenient for examination and analysis.

To simplify the different parts of the microscope, we divide them

into 3 Classification depending on its function or role.

ILLUMINATING PARTS, MAGNIFYING PARTS, AND MECHANICAL PARTS

ILLUMINATING PARTS are the parts that is responsible in providing

and regulates the amount of light in our microscope.

The two important parts we need to remember are the light source
and the iris diaphragm.

1. Light Source; in older versions of microscope they use mirror to refract the light from natural sources
while in newer versions we use electric light bulb or LED as a source of light. On our Microscope used on
our activities, what kind of light source we used? Natural light by a mirror or a Light Bulb?

2. Iris Diaphragm; it is located below the stage. It is used to regulate the amount of light reaching the
specimen.

Look at Figure No. 1 on To which part of our body can the iris diaphragm
be compared in terms of its resemblance?

Again, this are the ILLUMINATING PARTS that helps the young scientists
like you to provide and regulate the light of your microscope.

Figure 1. Iris Diaphragm

Next we have the MAGNIFYING PARTS, this parts help us in viewing and magnifying the specimen.

We have two important parts to remember under the MAGNIFYING PARTS, the ocular/eye piece and
objective lens.

3. Ocular/Eyepiece; it is the part of the microscope where we place our eyes to view the specimen.
Eyepiece or Ocular is a detachable tube with magnifying lens on it’s center that is interchangable in our
to have greater and higher magnification.

Using the image of the microscope in the first page, can you point out the part where you look or view
the image of the magnified specimen? If you do, that is great!

4. Objective Lens; it is the long tubes attached on the revolving nose piece. We have 4 Objective Lens on
our microscope, namely SCANNING (4X), LOW POWER OBJECTIVES (10x), HIGH POWER OBJECTIVES
(40X), and OIL IMMERSION OBJECTIVES (100x).

Figure 2. Objective Lens: Scanning with 4x magnification, Low Power Objectives with 10x magnification,
High Power Objectives with 40x magnification and Oil Immersion Objectives with 100x magnification

and finally the MECHANICAL PARTS, this are the parts that serves a support and structure of the
microscope. We can also manipulate them in order to have different movements in different parts.

5. Body Tube; body of the microscope is the center piece. It is between the ocular and the objectives. It
is where the light passes through from the light source, to your specimen, to the objective lens and to the
ocular.

6. Arm; it is a structural support of the microscope. It holds the body of the microscope. Arm is also
important in carrying the microscope properly.
 7. Revolving Nosepiece; it is where the objective lens are attached. It is used to shift the objective lens
from low magnification to higher.

8. Dust Shield; it is located above the revolving nosepiece, it keeps off the dust from the objective lenses.

9. Base; this is the stable structure on which the microscope firmly rests.

10. Stage; this is the platform on which the slide containing the specimen is held in place with a pair of
stage clips. It has a central opening that allows light from below to pass through the specimen. In some
microscopes, a mechanical stage is provided to facilitate the movement of the specimen by means of a
screw.

11. Adjustment Knob; consists of two pairs of knobs, they are used for lowering or raising the body tube
or the stage.

Coarse adjustment knob; it is the larger knob used for faster movement when focusing the LPO.

Fine adjustment knob; it is the smaller knob for slow or little movement when focusing the HPO;
also used to get a sharper focus.

OCULAR/EYEPIECE
BODY/BODY TUBE

DUST SHIELD REVOLVING NOSEPIECE

OBJECTIVE LENS ARM

STAGE
ADJUSTMENT KNOBS
IRIS DIAPHRAGM

LIGHT SOURCE BASE

Here’s a guide for the different parts of the microscope.

To summarize the parts and functions here’s a table for you to remember:

ILLUMINATING PARTS MAGNIFYING PARTS MECHANICAL PARTS

• Light Source • Ocular or Eyepiece • Body/Body Tube
• Iris Diaphragm • Objective Lens • Arm
SCANNING (4x) • Base
LPO (10x) • Revolving Nosepiece
HPO (40x) • Stage
OIL (100x) • Dust Shield
• Adjustment Knobs
FINE
COURSE

PROPER CARRYING OF MICROSCOPE

Now, let’s talk about carrying our microscopes!

When carrying a microscope, it's important to hold both the base and the arm to ensure stability and
prevent any damage. Follow these steps to carry a microscope safely:

Step 1. Prepare the Microscope: Ensure that any slides, accessories, or cords are properly secured or
removed from the microscope before lifting it.

Step 2. Two-Handed Grip: Place one hand under the base of the microscope. Hold the base firmly but not
too tightly. Use your other hand to grip the arm of the microscope securely. Your fingers should be
wrapped around the arm, and your thumb should be on top.

Step 3. Steady Movement: Keep the microscope close to your body as you lift it. This provides balance
and control while moving.

Step 4. Maintain a Vertical Position: Keep the microscope in a vertical position while carrying it. This helps
distribute the weight evenly and prevents strain on the components.

Step 5. Avoid Tilting: Do not tilt the microscope forward or backward while carrying it. Keeping it level
helps prevent any internal components from shifting.

Step 6. Clear Pathway: Make sure the path you're walking is clear of obstacles. Be cautious of door frames,
tables, or anything that the microscope might accidentally bump into.

Step 7. Move Slowly and Carefully: Walk at a steady pace to prevent sudden jolts or movements that
could affect the microscope's balance.

Step 8. Setting Down the Microscope: When you reach your destination, gently place the microscope on
a stable and flat surface.
Ensure that both your hands are still supporting the microscope until it's securely placed.

Remember, proper handling is essential to protect the microscope from damage and to ensure accurate
observations during experiments. Always carry the microscope with both hands – one holding the base
and the other holding the arm – to maintain stability and prevent accidents. If you're unsure about the
proper technique, ask your teacher or instructor for guidance.

Here’s a quick and easy guide about focusing your microscope!

HOW TO FOCUS YOUR MICROSCOPE

Step 1: Set Up the Microscope

1. Place the microscope on a flat and stable surface, like a table.
2. Make sure the microscope is turned off if it has a built-in light source.

Step 2: Prepare the Slide

1. Put a clean glass slide on the stage (the flat platform under the objective lenses) of the
microscope.
2. Place the specimen you want to observe on the slide. You might need a cover slip to protect both
the specimen and the objective lens.

Step 3: Adjust the Microscope

1. Turn on the microscope's light source if it has one.
2. Look through the eyepiece (the top part you put your eye to) and turn the coarse adjustment
knob (the bigger knob on the side) to lower the objective lens as far down as it will go without
touching the slide.
3. Carefully look through the eyepiece and slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob in the opposite
direction to raise the objective lens up until you see a blurry image of the specimen.

Step 4: Use the Fine Adjustment Knob

1. To make the image sharper, use the fine adjustment knob (the smaller knob on the side). Turn it
very slowly until the image becomes clear.

Step 5: Choose the Objective Lens

1. Your microscope might have multiple objective lenses with different magnifications (e.g., 4x, 10x,
40x, 100x). Start with the lowest magnification (4x).
2. Rotate the nosepiece (the part that holds the objective lenses) to switch to the 4x objective lens.
Be sure it clicks into place.

Step 6: Refine the Focus

1. Use the fine adjustment knob to make the image even sharper. You may need to refocus as you
switch between objective lenses.

Step 7: Increase Magnification

 1. If you want to see the specimen at higher magnification, rotate the nosepiece to select a higher-
powered objective lens, such as 10x or 40x.
2. Use the fine adjustment knob to refocus each time you switch lenses.

Step 8: Observe and Enjoy

1. Once you have focused on your specimen, take your time to observe the details and
characteristics. Make any necessary adjustments to keep the image sharp.

Step 9: Turn Off the Microscope

1. When you're finished, turn off the microscope's light source (if applicable).
2. Lower the objective lens to its lowest position.
3. Remove the slide and clean it if needed.
4. Store the microscope properly in its designated place.

Remember, practice makes perfect, so don't be discouraged if it takes a bit of time to get the hang of
focusing a microscope. With patience and practice, you'll become more skilled at using this valuable
scientific tool.

STOP, CHECK POINT!

Before proceeding on the next reviewer, try the following activities!

Review Activity No. 1

Can you still remember the following parts of the microscope? Try to fill in the missing parts, don’t worry
instead of the name, the function is provided on the box of the missing parts. Try to guess it carefully!

It is where we view the specimen.

___________________________ BODY/BODY TUBE

DUST SHIELD
used to shift the objective lens from lower to
higher magnification. ___________________
OBJECTIVE LENS

STAGE ARM

ADJUSTMENT KNOBS
IRIS DIAPHRAGM

LIGHT SOURCE
BASE
Keep up the good work!

Review Questions:
1. How many hands do we need in order to carry the microscope properly? ________________________.
2. In order to have sharper focus, which of the two adjustment knob is manipulated?________________.

Great work, you are now ready to move on the next LEVEL of this reviewer!

Week 2 : LEVEL UP; the levels of biological organization!

On our second week of learning, we studied the different LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION!

Using the microscope in our laboratory activity, we have been able to take some CELL-FIE (selfie of the cells)!

CELLS; is the basic unit of life

We have different cells in our body. Just like us, living organisms
have cells too. Living Organism such as plant has PLANT CELLS
while animals such us humans, dogs and many other have
ANIMAL CELLS. On the picture, is an Onion Cells, onion is a
vegetable, what type of cells does it have?
A. Animal Cells
B. Plant Cells
Figure 3. Cell-fie of Onion Cells

On our discussion, we described that cells has block-like structure. Cells is the building blocks of life.

It is the most basic structural and functional unit of life. Speaking of structure and functions, different
cells has various structure to accommodate a specific function. For example look at Figure 4, the nerve
cells or neurons are the one responsible in sending the signals from brain to different part of our body.
Similar to the wires and network of cables in our community, nerves has long and wire-like structure.

Cells like red blood cells, cardiac cells, and stem cells has
different structure with different functions.

Similar cells comes together and they form a tissue.

Figure 4. Nerve Cell or Neuron that has

wire-like structure.
TISSUE; is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together
carry out a specific function. Similar tissues comes together and perform their specific function to became
an organ.

ORGAN; is a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular
function. We have different organs in our body. We have heart, brain, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver,
kidney to name a few. This organs are formed as the similar tissues comes together.

Nerve cells forms nervous tissue and this tissue comes together to form the brain.

Figure 5. Nerve Tissue is made of many Figure 6. Brain is an organ that is

many nerves cells that comes formed from nervous tissue
together

This organs in our body works together with other organs in order to carry-out a similar task or function.
Organs, Assemble! They assemble similar to your favorite heroes and forms groups called ORGAN
SYSTEMS

ORGAN SYSTEM; is a group of various organs that carry-out specific task and functions. In our body we
have different organ systems such as digestive, circulatory, nervous, respiratory and many more.

Here’s a table of different organ system that contains different and common organs we’ve known.
CIRCULATORY DIGESTIVE NERVOUS RESPIRATORY
• Heart • Large Intestines • Brain • Nose
• Blood Vessels • Small Intestines • Nerves • Lungs
• Blood • • Spinal Cord
•

Can you still recall other organs that is part of the digestive systems? Add them up on the table above.

In total we have 11 organ systems in our body Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System,
Nervous System, Endocrine System, Cardiovascular System, Lymphatic System, Respiratory System,
Digestive System, Urinary System, and Reproductive System (Female and Male)

This organ system works together to keep an organism alive.

What is an organism?

ORGANISM; we are organism. You and me, together with the cats and dogs we pet, the fish that swims,
the chicken we fried and all living organism that surrounds us. Does the plant considered as an organism?
Yes, even plants we have in our garden and the trees that grows around us are organism. It is a living thing
that is composed of one or more cells.

Organism

Organ
System

Organs

Tissue

Cells

Figure 6. Visualization of Levels of Biological Organization from Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ System to Organism

Now what do we call a group of similar organism?

POPULATION; is the group of similar organism in an ecosystem. Humans, you, me and everyone together
are called Human Population. Different species of animals create different populations and they tend to
interact with one another.

COMMUNITY; all of the populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one
another. We together with the animals in our city is an example of a community, when humans interacts
with the cats. Speaking of city, it is an example of an habitat.

ECOSYSTEM; living organism together with its environmental interactions form an ecosystem. This
contains both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living components). Animals together with their habitat and
the inteactions that happens along the way is called ecosystem.

Which of the following is an abiotic component in our ecosystem?

A. Water C. Temperature
B. Nutrients D. All of them
The answer is all of them. Water, Nutrients, Temparature and other non-living components are abiotic
components of our environment. This non-living components are vital(important) in creating a healthy
environment. Biotic Components are dependent on abiotic components in order to sustain life. Abiotic
Components affects the quality of living in an ecosystem. That’s why in protecting the environment, we
need to protect not only the living organism but also the habitat or the abiotic components that comes
in their habitat.

BIOSPHERE; it is part of Earth’s System that contains life.

Here’s a cute visualization of a Marine Ecosystem.

An individual fish is an organism.

A group of a similar species of fish is

called population.

The interaction of different population

is a community.

The interaction of all living organism

and non-living components is an
ecosystem. The fish, shrimp, snake,
plants together with the water, sand
and nutrients.

Biosphere consist of not only the

marine ecosystem but also the
land ecosystem with the fox, grass,
trees and the soil.

Figure 7. A depiction of the levels of biological

organization from organism, population,
community, ecosystem and biosphere.

Remember that we are all connected even from the tiniest cells to the all life in this planet.

HEALTH BREAK

Take a health break by gazing out of your window.

Take a few moments to relax and look as far as your eyes can see.

Step away and return in 5 minutes.

 STOP, CHECK POINT!
Before proceeding on the next reviewer, try the following activities!

Review Activity No. 2

Oh no! How can we level up if some of the level of organization is incomplete? Complete the levels in
order to move on the next chapter of this reviewer!

Organ
Cells Organs Population Community Biosphere
System

Review Questions:
1. Is it important to protect the abiotic factors in our ecosystem? Why?
2. What is the basic unit of life?

Week 3 : Cells, The Building Blocks of Life!

We all know cell by now. No, not Cell from Dragon Ball Z and fought Goku but rather CELLS in our body!
On our third week, we discussed the different cell structure, size, and organelles.

But how did we come up to the understanding about cells? Who are the great scientific figures who
studied and compile this knowledge?

CELL THEORY; is a collection of ideas and conclusions from many different scientists over time that
describes cells and how cells operate.

Cell Theory suggest that;

1. All living organism are made up of one or more cells.
2. All cells came from a pre-existing cells through cell division.
3. Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life.

Robert Hooke – discovered the cells in 1665

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – discovered tiny living organism he called “animalcules” in 1674
Robert Brown – discovered that cells have nucleus in 1883

The size of a cell varies. The largest cell Is the ostrich egg that is 18 cm while the smallest is the
mycoplasma that is from 0.2–0.3 μm in size.

Organism that has one cell only is called UNICELLULAR ORGANISM

Organism that is made out of two or more cells is called MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

UP NEXT – CELL FROM DRAGON BALL Z WILL JOIN US IN EXPLORING THE CELL CITY
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS ORGANELLES
CELL ORGANELLES; different parts of the cell with specific functions.

1. Plasma Membrane; it regulates the entry and exit of various substances in the cell.
Cell Wall is outer most layer of a PLANT or BACTERIAL CELL. It is attached to the plasma
membrane of a plant or bacterial cell.

2. Nucleus; is the control center of the cell. Control all the cell activities like metabolism, protein synthesis,
growth and cell division. It contains the genetic material called DNA

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum; it is the factory of the cells. This organelle synthesize lipids and proteins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum; has ribosome attached to its surface. It synthesize proteins.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; has no ribosome attached to its surface. It synthesize lipids.

4. Golgi Body; it is the packaging center of the cell. It is responsible in packaging the various molecules
synthesized by the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

5. Vesicle; the delivery system of the cell. It delivers the molecules packed by the Golgi Body to various
points in the cells.

6. Lysosome; the police patrol of the cells. Protect cell by destroying foreign invaders like bacteria and
viruses.

7. Cytoplasm; a jelly-like structure that contains the organelles.

8. Mitochondria; the powerhouse of the cell. It produce the energy molecule in form of ATP

9. Vacuoles; it store various substances such as water and food. In plant cells, vacuoles are more and
larger while in animal cells, vacuoles are fewer and smaller.

10. Plastids; it is only present in Plant Cells.

CHROMOPLAST, provides the pigmentation in plants.
LEUCOPLAST, stores foods
CHLOROPLAST, responsible for transforming energy into chemical energy in form of food.

11. Centrosome; provides spindle fibers during cell division.

12. Cytoskeleton; similar to our bones, it provides structure and facilitates the movements of the cell.

This are the different organelles present in our cells. Some organelles are only present in plant cell while
absent in animal cells. Animals and Plant Cells have difference.
This table summarize the differences of Animal and Plant Cells.

STOP, CHECK POINT!

Before proceeding, try the following activities!

Review Questions
1. Among the two type of cells, which has larger vacuoles and why?
2. Which organelles act as the “Lalamove of the Cells”, a courier service that delivers packages from one
point to another?

Great job! Completing this review worksheet will equip you with the knowledge to tackle all the
questions on our upcoming unit examination. Remember to also dedicate time to review other subjects.

REVIEW TIPS AND TRICKS

1. Don't just stick to these worksheets; get your brain in the groove by jotting down all those
snazzy keywords you can recall. Scribbling while reading jazzes up your memory game!

2. Remember, it's not all about rote memorization – it's about making those words dance with the
concepts. If you just memorize, it's like a word scramble, but if you internalize, you'll waltz
through those concepts with style!

3. Time to give your body and brain a high-five! Make sure you're well-rested, hydrated, and keep
the snack attack going. When you treat your body and brain right, they'll return the favor with
some A+ scores!

4. Trust the Lord!

This is your Teacher Lord Noah reminding you that with all great things comes from the smallest steps.
Good luck on your examinations!