DAYA

WATI
MODI
ACAD
EMY

Season: 2024-25
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Simple and compound microscope

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Rajeev Saxena Mohd. Mustafa

Class: “C”

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense
gratitude to My Physics teacher
Rajeev Saxena for the help and guidance he
provided for completing this project.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas

and inputs in making this project.

Most of all I thank our school

management, for providing us the
opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates

who have helped me in this project their
support made this project fruitful.

 Mohd. Mustafa

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 C E R T I F ICAT E
This is to certify that
Mohd. Mustafa
Has successfully completed his Physics
project titled
Simple and Compound Microscope’s
Under the supervision and guidance of

Rajeev Saxena
In the partial fulfillment of the Chemistry practical
Assessment conducted during
The academics year
2024-2025

EXAMINER TEACHER
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 INDEX
1. Introduction to Microscopes
2. Simple Microscope
 What is a Simple Microscope?
 Components of a Simple Microscope
 How Simple Microscopes Work
3. Complex Microscope
 What is a Complex Microscope?
 Types of Complex Microscopes (e.g., Light, Electron)
 Components of a Complex Microscope
 How Complex Microscopes Work
4. Comparison Between Simple and Complex Microscopes
5. Conclusion

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1. Introduction to Microscopes
A microscope is a scientific instrument used to view
objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
These devices have been essential in various fields like
biology, medicine, and materials science, allowing us to
study cells, microorganisms, and the structure of
materials. The word "microscope" comes from the Greek
words "mikros," meaning small, and "skopein," meaning
to look or examine.
The first compound microscope was developed in the
late 16th century by Zacharias Janssen, though it
became widely used in the 17th century. Scientists like
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made significant discoveries
with early microscopes, including the observation of
bacteria and blood cells.
Today, microscopes range from simple magnifiers to
complex instruments like electron microscopes, which
can magnify objects millions of times. They have
revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic
world and continue to play a crucial role in advancing
scientific research.
This project will explore both simple and complex
microscopes, their components, how they work, and
their applications in science.

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 2. Simple Microscope

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A simple microscope is a magnifying glass that has a double
convex lens with a short focal length. The examples of this kind of
instrument include the hand lens and reading lens. When an
object is kept near the lens, then it’s principal focus with an image
produced, which is erect and bigger than the original object.
The formed image is virtual and cannot be projected on a screen
like a real image.

Following are the parts of the simple microscope with

their functions:
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Eyepiece: It is the lens that is used to study the samples and is
placed at the top. It has a magnification of 10X to 15X.
Base: This provides support to the microscope.
Tube: This is used to connect the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
Objective lenses: These are found with the magnification of 10X,
40X and 100X and are colour coded. The lower power lenses are
the shortest lens and the highest power lenses are the longest
lens,
Revolving nose-piece: This is also known as the turret. It is used
for holding of other objective lens and can be rotated while
viewing the samples
Diaphragm: It is used to control the amount of light that passes
through the stage
Stage: It is the platform used for placing the slides with samples.
Stage clip: These are used to hold the slides in the proper place.
Coarse adjustment knob: It is used to focus on scanning.
Fine adjustment knob: It is used to focus on oil.
Arm: It is used to support the tube and connects to the base of the
microscope
Power switch: The main power switch used to tum on or off the
microscope
Condenser: It is used to focus the light on the sample and 400X
power ensues are used.

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 3. Compound Microscope

Real and magnified images of minuscule particles or objects can

be achieved using a combination of lenses. A compound
microscope is an intricate gathering of a combination of lenses
that renders a highly maximized and magnified image of
microscopic living entities and other complex details or tissues
and cells.

Parts of Compound Microscope:-

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The parts of the compound microscope can be categorized into:
Mechanical parts
Optical parts

(A) Mechanical Parts of a Compound Microscope

1.Foot or base

It is a U-shaped structure and supports the entire weight of

the compound microscope.

2.Pillar

It is a vertical projection. This stands by resting on the base

and supports the stage.

3.Arm

The entire microscope is handled by a strong and curved

structure known as the arm.

4.Stage

The flat and rectangular plate that is connected to the

arm's lower end is called the stage. The specimen is
placed on the stage for studying and examining the
various features. The center of the stage has a hole
through which light can pass.

5.Inclination joint
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 It is a joint, wherein the arm is fastened to the compound
microscope's pillar. The microscope can be tilted using the
inclination joint.

6.Clips

The upper part of the stage is connected to two clips. The

slide can be held in its position with the help of the clips.

7.Diaphragm

The diaphragm is fastened below the stage. It controls and

adjusts the intensity of light that passes into the microscope.

The diaphragm can be of two types:

 Disc diaphragm
 Iris diaphragm

8. Nose piece
A space is circular and rotating metal part that is
connected to the body tubes lower end. The nose
piece has three holes wearing the objective lenses
are embedded.
9. Body Tube
The upper part of the arm of the microscope com-
prises a hollow and tubular structure known as
the body tube. the body tube can be Shifted up
and down using adjustment knobs.
10. Fine adjustment knob
It is the smaller knob, which is used for sharp and
fine focusing on the object. For accurate and sharp
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 focusing, this knob can be used.
11. Coarse adjustment knob
It is a very large knob that is used for moving the
Tube down and up for bringing the object to exa-
mined under exact focus.

(B) Optical parts of compound microscope

1. Eyepiece lens or Ocular

At the top of the body tube, a lens is planted which

is known the eyepiece. On the rim of the eyepiece,

there are certain markings such as 5X, 10X, 15X, etc.

Which indicates the magnification power. The object’s

magnifed image can be observed with the help of an

eyepiece.

2.Mirror
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 A mirror is found attached wither to the pillar or the lower
end of the arm. It consists of a concave mirror on one side
and a plain mirror on the

Other side. It can be used for reflection of light rays into the
microscope

3.Objective lenses

At the bottom of the body tube, there are two objective

lenses, which are connected to the revolving nose piece.

The three objective lenses Are as follows:

.Oil immersion objective – 100X

•High power objective -45X

-Low power objective- 10X

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Working Mechanism of The Compound Microsope.

 View into the eyepiece. Rearrange the mirror such that

adequate light passes into the microscope.
 The mirror, lenses, stage, and slides should be cleared of
dust and be clean.
 .Place the slide in the middle of the stage
 Firmly secure the slide with clips at two edges of the slide to
ensure that the slide cannot move
 The nose piece is adjusted In such a way that the low power
objective
 is aligned with the object of focus placed on the slide
 .The coarse adjustment knob can be shifted upwards or
downwards such that the slide is well under focus
 .Turn the fine adjustment knob by moving upwards or
downwards to get a clear and sharp image of the object
under focus.
 All minute details of the object are observed under low
power
 objective. Necessary diagrams are sketched.
 .The nose piece is now turned to bring the high power
objective aligning with the object. The fine adjustment knob
is tuned as much as possible to get a bright and precise view
of the object.
 In high power, the details of the object are observed.

Draw the necessary diagrams. The coarse adjustment

knob should not be used when the object is being

examined in high power as it can crush the slide.

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Precautions

 The objective lenses and eyepiece should be cleaned

with
the help of silk cloth and cleaning liquid before using.
 The microscope should not be tilted when working,
using it.
 When an object needs to be studied, focus on low
power objective first and then move to high power.
 The lower power needs to be left in place after all
 observations are completed.
 •When focusing care needs to be taken to ensure that
the objective lens never strikes the stage or the slide
 •Only the fine adjustment knob should be used when
the high power objective is employed.
 .Cover slip should always be used to cover well-
mount preparations before observation under the
microscope is made.
 Do not dismantle the microscope
 When carrying the microscope, always use both
hands
 Try to place it in a box after using the microscope.
 The concave part of the mirror should be used under
dim light
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  "Oil immersion lens should never be used without the
use of oil

APPICATION OF MICROSCOPES

 Tissue Analysis

It is common for histologists to study cells and tissues using

the microscope. For example, if a section of tissue is taken
for analysis, histologists can use a microscope in
combination with other tools to determine if the sample is
cancerous.

 Examining Forensic Evidence

Evidence collected at a crime scene may contain information

that is not visible to the naked eye. For example, striations in
bullets can be examined under a microscope to see if they
match bullets shot from a particular gun.
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  Determining the Health of an Ecosystem

It is common for field biologists to monitor the health of a

particular ecosystem, such as a stream, by using say,
Benumber and graity of organisms in a particular region
over time.

 Studying the Role of a protien within a cell

Research scientists find microscopes an invaluable tool

when they study the function of proteins within cells.
With today’s technology, many protiens can be labeled
with a tag and studied in live cells.

 Studying atomic structures

Powerful microscopes such as atomic force microscopes
Have aided scientists in studying the surfaces of individ-
Uals atoms.

Bibliography:

 CBSE Lab Manual

 Help of Physics Teacher
 NCERT Textbook
 Websites:-

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  www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com

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