FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

GROUP PROJECT

COURSE CODE BFC 10403

COURSE NAME FLUID MECHANICS
FACULTY FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
GROUP NAME GROUP 1

GROUP MEMBERS 1) WONG SOON YIE (AF220096)

2) SIOW ZI LING (AF220109)
3) TIN LI SIN (AF220116)
4) GAN SHI QIAN (AF220111)
5) PHANG FEI CHING (AF220115)
SECTION 1
SEMESTER/ SESSION 1 / 20222023
LECTURER NAME Dr. SITI HIDAYAH BINTI ABU TALIB
SUBMISSION DATE 29/1/2023

MARKS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1–2
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 3
CHAPTER 3: CONTENT
3.1 LISTING INFORMATION GIVEN
3.2 DIAGRAM OF PIPE NETWORK 4 - 13
3.3 CALCULATION OF PIPE
NETWORK

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 14
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES 15
CHAPTER 6: APPENDIXES 16 - 17
6.1 MINUTES OF FIRST MEETING
6.2 MINUTES OF SECOND MEETING
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Water distribution systems are created to adequately satisfy the demand for water. A
distribution system's performance may be evaluated using the pressure that is present for a
certain rate of flow. The distribution system is comprised of a network of pipes and components.
An organised pipe distribution network able to arrange the distribution of water supplies to the
facilities. Ultimately, the efficiency of the water supply system refers to make a selection by
considering how to distribute the water supply to the facilities in a correct and orderly manner.
Delivering water to consumers with the proper quality, quantity, and pressure is the aim of the
distribution system The infrastructure used to transport water from the reservoir to the place of
use are commonly referred as the distribution system. Pipes can be arranged either parallel or
in series(Water Distribution System | Concrete Civil Engineering, n.d.).
A distribution network is a system of pipes and tanks that carries, and stores cleaned
water prior to it being delivered to users' taps. For control and maintenance reasons, these
systems may additionally incorporate valves, hydrants, pumps, connection points, inspection
points, and other connections (Distribution Network - Drinking Water Inspectorate, n.d.).

Head loss is the transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy. Head losses
result from the piping system's frictional resistance such as pipe, valves, fittings, entrance, and
exit losses (Nakayama, 2018). Local energy losses known as minor losses are brought on by
flow interruption brought on by the installation of appurtenances like valves, bends, and other
fittings (Annan & Gooda, 2018). The main pressure loss or head loss in a pipe, duct, or tube is
calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation as a function of the pipe's length and diameter,
the fluid's density and mean velocity, and the empirically determined Darcy friction factor
(Darcy Weisbach Equation, n.d.). The Hazen-Williams equation is frequently used in sanitary
and water supply engineering. The Hazen-Williams C constant is used in this equation to
represent the roughness of a pipe's interior. The equation's application range is constrained by
its empirical element (Liou, 1998).

1
1.2 Problem Statement

A water distribution system's primary role is to distribute water to users at an optimum

pressure and flow. Secondly, distribution systems may offer storage as well as enough flow
and pressure for fire prevention. It is necessary to choose ideally sized pipes in order to achieve
the highest pressures and flows while avoiding both under- and over-sizing, which both raise
capital and operational expenses. A side from that, determining the discharge and pressure in
pipe networks is a problem in this investigation.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives in this investigation are listed at below:

I. To Analysis of the discharge Q of the water supply system in town A using the Hardy-
Cross method and the Darcy Weisbach method.
II. To determine the head loss in each of the pipe by using Darcy Weisbach.

2
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

Firstly, the pipe network is divided into the number of closed loops. Assume all the
discharge, Q for each pipe and the unit of discharge, Q for each pipe is change from L/s to m3/s.
Next, the direction of each pipe given in instructions is analyzed and make sure the total flow
in should equal to the flow out. Q is assumed as positive when the flow of pipe is clockwise
and vice versa for anticlockwise condition.

Next, the diameter in inch is converted into meter and label all the information in the
schematic diagram of pipe network. K for each pipe is calculated by using the formula

. The formula of can be used to find the value of and the sign of Q is

remained. After find the value of for each pipe, the sum of is calculated.

for each pipe need to calculated and its sum also is calculated. In this formula, all of
the result assumed as positive. For the next step, the correction is calculated by using the

formula and apply the correction algebraically to the discharge of each pipe of
the loop. Both corrections have to be made for common pipe between two loops.

For the new try, is obtained by using the formula . In addition, for
the adjusted Q is classifying into two parts which are the formula of unshared pipe is
and the formula of shared pipe is
and
.

Lastly, repeat all the steps that had explained above until at least two loops have at
value 0.000xx.

3
CHAPTER 3: CONTENT

3.1 Listing information given

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Pipe Network for Group 1

Group 1

Q inlet E, 100 L/s

Q outlet A, 30 L/s
G, 30 L/s
I, 30 L/s
J, 10 L/s
Loop I, II, III & IV

Equation for Head Loss Darcy- Weisbach

Table 1: Inlet and Outlet Discharge at Node for Group 1

Line P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7
Friction 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001
factor, f
Line P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13
Friction 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001
factor, f
Table 2: Friction factor for Pipe Network

4
3.2 Diagram of Pipe Network

Figure 2: Flow direction of each pipe with Q in unit L/s

Convert unit Q from L/s to m /s3

1 L/s = 0.001 m /s
3

Figure 3: Flow direction of each pipe with Q in unit m3/s

5
 3.3 Calculation of Pipe Network

Try 1

Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the pipe network

Loop I
Pipe f L D Q1 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)

1 0.001 38 0.2032 9.063299 -0.01 0.000906329 0.18126598

2 0.002 268 0.1016 4090.887 0.02 1.6363548 163.63548

3 0.003 306 0.1016 7006.407 -0.01 0.7006407 140.12814

4 0.001 228 0.1524 299.1560 -0.06 1.0769616 35.89872

= =

6
 Loop II
Pipe f L D Q1 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
3 0.003 306 0.1016 7006.407 0.01 0.7006407 140.12814
5 0.002 238 0.1016 3632.952 0.03 3.2696568 217.97712
6 0.003 238 0.1016 5449.428 -0.07 26.7021972 762.91992
7 0.001 127 0.1524 127.6439 -0.05 0.31910975 12.76439

= =

Loop III
Pipe f L D Q1 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
4 0.001 228 0.1524 229.1560 0.06 0.8249616 27.49872084
7 0.001 127 0.1524 127.6439 0.05 0.3191098 12.76439162
8 0.002 112 0.2032 53.4258 0.05 0.1335645 5.342576315
9 0.003 435 0.1524 1311.6166 0.02 0.5246466 52.46466477
10 0.001 226 0.1016 1724.8889 -0.025 -1.0780556 86.24444623

= =

Loop IV
Pipe f L D Q1 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
10 0.001 226 0.1016 1724.8889 0.025 1.0780556 86.24444623
11 0.002 68 0.1016 1037.9863 0.005 0.0259497 10.37986256
12 0.003 216 0.1016 4945.6992 0.015 1.1127823 148.37097650
13 0.001 113 0.1524 113.5729 0.045 0.2299851 10.22156400

7
 Try 2

Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the pipe network

Loop I

Pipe f L D Q2 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
1 0.001 38 0.2032 9.063299 -0.02004833797 0.003642864 0.363408163
2 0.002 268 0.1016 4090.887 0.009951662 0.4051433527 81.42224941
3 0.003 306 0.1016 7006.407 0.007286191 0.3719601935 102.1000393
4 0.001 228 0.1524 299.1560 -0.06611904797 1.307828812 39.55981983

= =

8
 Loop II

Pipe f L D Q2 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
3 0.003 306 0.1016 7006.407 0.007286191 0.3719601935 102.1000393
5 0.002 238 0.1016 3632.952 0.00266547 0.02581114423 19.36704913
6 0.003 238 0.1016 5449.428 -0.0973345295 51.62793882 1060.835021
7 0.001 127 0.1524 127.6439 -0.0734052395 0.6877873518 18.7394621

= =

Loop III

Pipe f L D Q2 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
4 0.001 228 0.1524 229.1560 0.06611905 1.0018079 30.30315497
7 0.001 127 0.1524 127.6439 0.07340524 0.6877874 18.73946461
8 0.002 112 0.2032 53.4258 0.04607071 0.1133968 4.92272568
9 0.003 435 0.1524 1311.6166 0.01607071 0.3387482 42.15722064
10 0.001 226 0.1016 1724.8889 -0.02892929 -1.4435661 99.79962384

= =

9
 Loop IV

Pipe f L D Q2 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
10 0.001 226 0.1016 1724.8889 0.01934226 0.6520549 66.72650010
11 0.002 68 0.1016 1037.9863 -0.00458703 -0.0218401 9.522548187
12 0.003 216 0.1016 4945.6992 0.00541297 0.1449102 53.54184299
13 0.001 113 0.1524 113.5729 0.03541297 0.1424293 8.04390976

= = -0.00665691

10
 Try 3

Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the pipe network

Loop I

Pipe f L D Q3 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
1 0.001 38 0.2032 9.063299 -0.02939547197 0.00783154 0.5328399034
2 0.002 268 0.1016 4090.887 0.000604528 0.001495031 4.946111473
3 0.003 306 0.1016 7006.407 0.04182887627 12.25879427 171780.204
4 0.001 228 0.1524 299.1560 -0.07190265197 1.546633935 43.02021951

= =

11
 Loop II

Pipe f L D Q3 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
3 0.003 306 0.1016 7006.407 0.04182887627 12.25879427 171780.204
5 0.002 238 0.1016 3632.952 -0.04122434927 6.714009278 299.5321643
6 0.003 238 0.1016 5449.428 -0.1412243488 108.6851178 1539.183841
7 0.001 127 0.1524 127.6439 -0.1137315288 1.651056058 29.03427178

= =

Loop III

Pipe f L D Q3 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)
4 0.001 228 0.1524 229.1560 0.07190265 1.1847345 32.95384834
7 0.001 127 0.1524 127.6439 0.11373153 1.6510561 29.03427577
8 0.002 112 0.2032 53.4258 0.04250718 0.0965330 2.27097853
9 0.003 435 0.1524 1311.6166 0.01244718 0.2032118 32.65185630
10 0.001 226 0.1016 1724.8889 -0.03249282 -1.8401131 112.09301070

= =

12
 Loop IV

Pipe f L D Q3 hf = KQ2
(m) (m) (m3/s)

10 0.001 226 0.1016 1724.8889 0.01624888 0.4554157 56.05502630

11 0.002 68 0.1016 1037.9863 -0.01124394 -0.1312286 23.34211036
12 0.003 216 0.1016 4945.6992 -0.00124394 -0.0076529 12.30430617
13 0.001 113 0.1524 113.5729 0.02875606 0.0939147 6.531820169

= =

13
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

From this project, we have learnt the importance of choosing the suitable pipe width for water
pipe distribution network, service reservoir capacity and also location. These can minimize the
construction costs and also ensure the stability and also safety of pipe. Pipe network will not
break easily due to high pressure or other avoidable issues. Hence, the pipe network can also
have longer object lifetime, this can decrease the repair costs. The length of pipe network is
also taken into consideration, it is important to make sure water from service reservoir can
reach other places. Besides that, service reservoir capacity must be measured correctly to make
sure water supply can be maintained in a specific period of time, at the same time, it also
prevent water from being contaminated. The pressure must be measured correctly, so that the
pipe will not break when water is pumped along the pipe.

14
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES

Annan, M., & Gooda, E. A. (2018). Effect of minor losses during steady flow in transmission
pipelines – Case study “water transmission system upgrade in Northern Saudi Arabia.”
Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4), 4299–4305.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AEJ.2018.12.002

Darcy Weisbach equation. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from

https://unacademy.com/content/jee/study-material/physics/darcy-weisbach-equation/

Distribution network - Drinking Water Inspectorate. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from
https://www.dwi.gov.uk/distribution-network/

Liou, C. P. (1998). Limitations and Proper Use of the Hazen-Williams Equation. Journal of
Hydraulic Engineering, 124(9), 951–954. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
9429(1998)124:9(951)

Nakayama, Y. (2018). Flow in Pipes. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 135–161.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102437-9.00007-3

Water Distribution System | Concrete Civil Engineering. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023,
from https://concretecivil.com/water-distribution-system-2/

15
CHAPTER 6: APPENDIXES

6.1 Minutes of the first project meeting

Date : 16/1/2023

Day : Monday

Time : 1pm-3pm

Platform : Whatsapp

Attendance:

1. Wong Soon Yie

2. Gan Shi Qian
3. Phang Fei Ching
4. Siow Zi Ling
5. Tin Li Sin

Content of Discussion:

1. Distribute jobs and works among us.

2. Listing out all the contents that this report consist of.

3. Discussing the problem and task that are given in this project.

16
6.2 Minutes of the second project meeting

Date : 28/1/2023

Day : Saturday

Time : 12pm-2pm

Platform : Google Meet

Attendance:

1. Wong Soon Yie

2. Gan Shi Qian
3. Phang Fei Ching
4. Siow Zi Ling
5. Tin Li Sin

Content of Discussion:

1. Discuss about the project assessment rubrics and requirements.

2. Updating the progress by every member.

3. Provide a brief summary of the report.

4. Discuss different ways to present our projects.

17