CE0021

MODULE #5.1
COMPLEX PIPELINE SYSTEMS

• CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
 PIPE
SYSTEMS
Pipe Systems

➢ Pipes in Series and Parallel

➢ Branching Pipes
➢ Pipe Networks
• Equivalent pipes refer to imaginary pipes which are
used to determine the head loss and flow of
discharge considering that the flow of discharge and
head loss in the actual piping system is same as that
of the equivalent pipe.

• It is a technique used to decrease the large number

of attached pipe systems into an individual pipe
system such that the piping system analysis can be
made easier.
Show the schematic of the equivalent pipe system as in Figure (1).
Analysis of equivalent pipe system

• At first, equivalent pipe for the pipes 2 and 3 are determined as the pipes 2 and 3
are in series. Then, the head loss in both the pipes are found using Hazen Williams's
equation.

• After computing the total head loss, the equivalent length of pipe 2′ are
calculated by relocating the Hazen Williams's equation.

• The equivalent pipe for the above computed pipes and pipe 4 are determined.
Then the equivalent length of pipe 3′ is found.

• At last, the individual equivalent pipe for pipes 1, 3′ and 5 which are in series are
determined. Therefore, the individual equivalent length of pipe 4′ can be found.
• In equivalent pipe structure, the major properties of pipe such as
length of pipe, diameter of pipe and roughness factor of pipe are
required to do the analysis.

• During analysis, the two important properties of the pipe have to be

assumed. The equation of Hazen Williams is the best usual equation
used in the analysis of equivalent pipe system.
Pipes in Series

Pipe 1 Pipe 2 Pipe 3

Hftotal = Hf1 + Hf2 + Hf3

Q1 = Q2 = Q3
Note: For very long pipes, minor losses may be taken as negligible.
 Problem 1

Three pipes of different lengths and diameters are

connected in series as shown discharges 160 lit/sec. If the
roughness coefficient is 0.012. Determine:
a) Head loss in each pipe
b) Diameter of an equivalent pipes that could replace all the
three pipes.
 Pipes in Parallel

Parallel and branching pipelines are those having more than

one path for the fluid to take as it flows from the source to
the destination. Pipe 2

Pipe 1 Pipe 3 Pipe 5

Pipe 4
 Pipes in Parallel

1) The total flow entering a joint must total the flow leaving
that joint
2) The head loss between two joints is the same for each
pipe connecting these joints.
3) The percentage of the total flow passing through each
branch will be constant regardless of the head loss
between the joints.
Pipes in Parallel
Pipe 2

Pipe 1 Pipe 3 Pipe 5

Pipe 4

Hf1 = Hf2 = Hf3 = Hf4 = Hf5

Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3+ Q4+ Q5
Note: For very long pipes, minor losses may be taken as negligible.
 Problem 2

The total head loss from A to E in the figure shown is 15m.

Find the discharge in each pipe, f = 0.02 for all pipes.
A B D E

Pipe 1 Pipe 2 Pipe 5

C
 Problem 3
A pipe system draws water from a
reservoir and discharges into another
reservoir as shown in the figure.
• Neglecting minor losses, find the flow
rate in m3/s in pipe D if the velocity of
flow along pipe B is 1.448 m/s.
• What is the frictional loss along pipe
A in m? Pipe D (mm) L (m) f
• Find the difference in elevation of the
A 200 300 0.0212
water surfaces of reservoir 1 and 2.
• Compute the total loss of energy B 150 240 0.0112

C 140 210 0.0199

head in m from pipeline A to pipeline
D. D 250 450 0.0167
 Problem 4
Suppose in the figure the
pipes 1, 2, 3 are 300m of
30cm diameter and 250m
of 25cm diameter,
respectively, of new cast
iron and are conveying
15◦C water. If h = 10m,
find the rate of flow from
A to B.
 MODULE #5.2
COMPLEX PIPELINE SYSTEMS

• CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
 PIPE
SYSTEMS
Pipe Systems

➢ Pipes in Series and Parallel

➢ Branching Pipes
➢ Pipe Networks
 Branching Pipes

-Consists of one or more pipes that separate into two or

more pipes and do not come together again downstream.
-Problems of this kind can be solved by applying the
continuity equation.
-The best procedure is to assume an elevation of the
hydraulic grade line (J’) at the junction J and then compute
the flow rate in each pipe.
-The difference in elevation between J’ and the reservoir
surface is the head loss.
Branching Pipes
1
Hf1 Hf2
J’ 2

PJ/γ At J:
Hf3 Q1 Q2 Q1 = Q2 + Q 3
H1
3
J
Q3
H3 Hj H2
Branching Pipes
1
Hf1 2
J’ Hf2

PJ/γ At J:
Hf3
Q1 Q1 + Q2 = Q 3
Q2
H1
3
J
Q3
H3 Hj H2
 Branching Pipes

Types of Reservoir Problems

1) Q is given in one of the pipes or pressure at J is given. Find
for one of the elevations or pipe diameter.
2) Given all pipe properties and elevation of reservoirs. Find
Q.
 Problem 5
A 1200 mm diameter concrete pipe 1800m long carries 1.35 m3/s from
reservoir A and discharges into two concrete pipes as shown. Determine
the water surface elevation of C if f = 0.02 for all pipes.
El. 50m A
B El. 44m
2
1

J 3 C El. ?
 Problem 6
Determine the flow in each pipe in the figure shown and the elevation of
reservoir C if the inflow at reservoir A is 515 lit/sec.
C El. ?

4 D
El. 90m B El. 90m
El. 90m
F
5
A 2
El. 80m
1 3

E
 Seatwork
Water is flowing at the rate of 4755 gpm from A to E as shown in the
figure. Compute the flow in each pipe in Li/sec and the total head loss.
Assume roughness coefficient for all pipes is 0.012
Pipe Data
Pipe L (m) D (mm)
1 300 450
2 1500 300
3 600 250
4 600 200
5 600 300
6 400 450
 Problem 7 (CASE 2)

Determine the flow in each pipe in the three reservoirs shown:

 Problem 8 (CASE 2)

Determine the flow in each pipe. f = 0.02 for all pipes

 Problem 9 (Reservoir with Turbine)
The turbine shown is located in the 350mm – diameter line. If the turbine
efficiency is 90%, determine its output power in kW.

Q3=0.23 cu.m/s
 Problem 10 (Reservoir with Pump)
How many liters/second of water must the pump supply when the flow
needed in the 915mm diameter pipe is 1.314 m3/s? Assume f = 0.017 for all
pipes.
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Water is pumped from a river to two reservoirs A and B. The water
surface in reservoir A is at the same height as the river whilst that in
reservoir B is 20 ft. higher.
Pumping from the river takes place by means of a centrifugal pump, the
equation relating flow Q (in cubic ft./sec.) and H ft. at a constant speed
being given by H=75-10\;Q^2
From the river to a junction J is a common pipe is used of 8 in. diameter
and 500 ft. long. The branch J to the reservoir A is 5 in. in diameter and
200 ft. long. The branch from J to reservoir B is 6 in. in diameter and 200
ft. long.
Neglecting all losses other than pipe friction, calculate the discharge to A
and B. Take f as 0.007 throughout.
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Three reservoirs A, B, and C are connected respectively with
pipes 1, 2, and 3 joining at a common junction P. Reservoir A is
at elevation 80 m, reservoir B at elevation 70 m and reservoir C
is at elevation 60 m. The properties of each pipe are as follows:

Pipe 1: L = 5000 m, D = 300 mm

Pipe 2: L = 4000 m, D = 250 mm
Pipe 3: L = 3500 m
The flow from reservoir A to junction P is 0.045 m3/s and f for
all pipes is 0.018.
 Pipe Network

Pipe Network analysis involves the

determination of the Pipe flow rates
and Pressure heads at the outflows
points of the network the flow rates
and pressure heads must satisfy the
continuity and energy equation.
 Pipe Network

• Hardly Cross Method

• Nodal Method
• Newton-Raphson Method
 Pipe Network

Is known as the head balance or closed loop

method.
This method is applicable to system in which pips
form closed loops. The outflows form the system
are generally assumed to occur at the nodes
junction.
For given pipi system with known outflows, it is an
iterative procedure based on initially iterated flows
in the pipes
• The flows entering a junction must be equal to
the flow leaving the junction
• The algebraic sum of the friction losses around
any closed loop is zero.
 Problem 11
The water supply required for a new development is to be taken from an
existing main by making connections at A and B as shown in figure. The
peak draw-off rates on the new section of the pipe network will be 15 li/s
and 5 li/s at C and D, respectively while maintaining an available flow at B of
80 lit/sec. the frictional characteristics of the pipes in the system may be
expressed as h= 𝑘𝑄 2 ; where h= head loss in meters and Q= flow rate in
𝑚2 /𝑠
𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 1𝑥103 𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 4𝑥103
𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 6𝑥103 𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑥103
𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 6𝑥103
0.0826𝑓𝐿
where: 𝐾 =𝐷5
Problem 11

Find the flows in the loop given the inflows and

outflows. The pipe are all 25 cm cast iron
(e=0.26mm).