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22 views33 pages

Environmental Engineering 1 F1

Uploaded by

hanif
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Environmental Engineering-I

Course Instructor
Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan
Lecturer
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

Lecture 8 6/1/2021 1
Design of Water
Distribution System

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 2


Steady flows in
pressurised Networks

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 3


Conservation laws
Mass Conservation Law: Mass m (kg) can neither be created nor
destroyed; any mass that enters a system must either accumulate
in that system or leave it.

Energy Conservation Law: Energy E (J) can neither be created nor


destroyed; it can only be transformed into another form.

Momentum Conservation Law: The sum of external forces acting on


a fluid system equals the change of the momentum rate M (N) of
that system.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 4


Continuity Equation

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 5


Continuity Equation

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 6


Energy Equation

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 7


Energy and hydraulic
grade lines

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 8


Energy and hydraulic
grade lines
The lines that indicate the energy- and piezometric-head levels in
consecutive cross-sections of a pipe are called the energy grade
line and the hydraulic grade line, respectively.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 9


Hydraulic gradient

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 10


Hydraulic losses

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 11


The Hazen-Williams Equation

Conduits

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 12


The Hazen-Williams Equation

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 13


The Darcy-Weisbach equation

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 14


The Darcy-Weisbach equation
The flow is:
1 laminar, if Re <2000,

f = 64/Re

2 critical (in transition), for Re : 2000–4000,


3 turbulent, if Re>4000.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 15


The Darcy-Weisbach equation

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 16


The Manning Equation

n is the Manning’s roughness factor.


R is the hydraulic radius expressed in meters. Hydraulic
radius is computed from the area divided by the wetted
perimeter of the flow.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 17


The Manning Equation

The above formula is for FPS system or British


engineering units where 1.49 is the conversion factor.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 18


The Manning Equation

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 19


Minor losses
Minor (in various literature local or turbulence) losses are
usually caused
by installed valves, bends, elbows, reducers, etc.

Although the effect of the disturbance is spread over a short


distance, the minor losses are for the sake of simplicity
attributed to a cross-section of the pipe.

As a result, an instant drop in the hydraulic grade line will


be registered at the place of obstruction.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 20


Minor losses

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 21


Minor losses

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 22


Problems
For the gravity system shown in the figure, find the diameter of the pipe L =2000
m that can deliver a flow of 6000 m 3 /hr with a pressure of 40 mwc at the
entrance of the city.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 23


Problems
For the pumped system shown in the following figure, determine the required pumping
head to deliver flow Q =4000 m 3 /hr through pipe L =1200 m and D =800 mm, while
maintaining the pressure of 50 mwc at the entrance of the city.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 24


Design of Serial & Branched Network
Calculation of serial and branched networks is entirely based on the methods used for
single pipes. The differences in hydraulic performance occur between the branched systems
with one supply point and those that have more than one supply point.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 25


Design of Serial & Branched Network
Numerical Problem:
For the following branched system, calculate the pipe flows and nodal pressures for surface
level in the reservoir of H=50 msl. Assume for all pipes C=120, and water temperature of
10 degree Celsius.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 26


Design of Looped Network
The principles of calculation as applied to single pipes are not sufficient in case of looped
networks. Instead, a system of equations is required which can be solved by numerical
algorithm. This system of equations is based on the analogy with two electricity laws
known in physics as Kirchhoff's Laws. Translated to water distribution networks, these laws
state that:
1. The sum of all ingoing and outgoing flows in each node equals zero.

2. The sum of all head-losses along pipes that compose a complete loop equals zero.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 27


Design of Looped Network
Hardy Cross methods:

Two similar iterative procedures can be derived from Kirchhoff's Laws:


1. The method of balancing heads.
2. The method of balancing flows.

These methods, known in literature under the name of Hardy Cross (published in 1936 and
developed further by Cornish in 1939), calculate the pipe flows and nodal piezometric
heads in looped systems for a given input, which is:

 for pipes: length L, diameter D, absolute roughness k and minor loss factor ,
 for nodes: nodal discharge Q and elevation Z.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 28


Design of Looped Network
Hardy Cross methods:
Method of Balancing Head:

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 29


Design of Looped Network
Hardy Cross methods:
Method of Balancing Flow:

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 30


Design of looped Network
Numerical Problem:
To improve the conveyance of the previous system, nodes one and four as well as nodes
three and six have been connected with pipes D =100 mm and L= 1200 and 1040 m,
respectively, Calculate the pipe flows and nodal pressures for such a system by applying the
balancing head method.

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 31


ANY QUESTION?

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 32


THANK YOU

Engr. Zohaib Hassan Khan 6/1/2021 33

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