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APEX offers a wide variety of single & multi start Lead
screw to our clients that are exclusively used as vital
part in several machines. Lead screw is designed to
translate turning motion into linear motion. APEX Lead
screws are manufactured by Thread Forming, Thread
cutting process and Thread grinding process. APEX
Lead screws are made in Carbon steel, Alloy steel & SS.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
APEX Lead Screw Features

Types of Thread

Technical Definations

APEX Lead Screw

♦ Single Start
♦ Multi Start
APEX Lead Nut

Custamized Lead Screws & Nut

Lead Screw Selection

 APEX LEAD SCREW FEATURES
· APEX offers accurate and precision lead screws.

· APEX lead screw assemblies are reliable, cost-effective linear

actuation

· APEX screws outperform other actuation methods. Compared to

bulky, noisy and expensive hydraulic or pneumatic actuator
systems, Apex lead screws are compact, quiet and very affordable.

· All tools are manufactured in-house hence LEAD TIME for delivery is
reduced.

· APEX have off the shelf stock of standard Leadscrews.

· Standard lead screws are available in various pitches, different

thread profile and in required length.

· APEX offers lead screw with standard flange nut or any special type
nut.
 APEX LEAD SCREW FEATURES
PROCESS COMPARISON:
Process Thread Forming Thread Cutting Thread Grinding
Price Less Medium Expensive
Accuracy Good Better Very Precise
Profile Finish Accurate Profile Medium Accurate Very Accurate
Medium Medium Less
Run-Out (up to 0.1) (up to 0.1) (up to 0.03max)
Pitch Accuracy
300 μm 500 μm 50 μm
per meter
Production Time
1-2 Weeks 2-4 Weeks 5-9 Weeks
for 1000 nos.
EN8, EN19, WPS,
MS, En8, SS303, EN24, EN36,
Screw Material SS304, SS316 SS303,SS304, SS316,
All Ferrous Material
SS410, SS420

AVAILABILITY OF THREAD PROFILE:

Process Thread Forming Thread Cutting Thread Grinding

Trapezoidal Profile ● ● ●
ACME Profile ● ● ●
Metric Profile ● ● ●
Square Profile - ● -
Multi-start
(High Helix) ● ● ●
TYPES OF THREAD:
Based on included thread angle, following types of thread profiles are:
1) ACME THREAD 2) TRAPEZOIDAL THREAD
PITCH PITCH

29° 30°

3) METRIC THREAD 4) SQUARE THREAD

PITCH PITCH

60°
90°

The acme thread form, established over 100 years ago, replaced
square thread screw, which had straight-sided flanks and were difficult
to manufacture. There are three main classes of acme thread forms:
general purpose (G), centralizing (C), and stub acme. The General
Purpose and Centralizing thread forms have a nominal depth of thread
of 0.50×Pitch and have a 29° included thread angle. Trapezoidal thread
forms have a 30° included thread angle. Metric thread forms have have
a 60° angle. Compared to general-purpose thread forms, centralizing
threads are manufactured with tighter tolerances and reduced clearance
on the major diameter. Stub acme threads follow the same basic design,
but have a thread depth less than one half the pitch.
 If an acme nut is side loaded with a radial load, a “G” class will
“wedge” when the nut thread flanks come in contact with the screw
thread flanks. To prevent wedging, less clearance and tighter
tolerances are allowed between the major diameter of the nut and
the major diameter of the screw.

CAUTION - Although a side load will not cause a centralizing thread

to wedge, the nut is not designed to operate with a side load such as
a pulley, drive belt, etc.
 TECHNICAL DEFINATIONS
MAJOR DIAMETER -
The outside diameter of the screw.

PITCH DIAMETER -
On an acme screw, this diameter is approximately halfway between
the land diameter and the root diameter. It is the diameter at which the
thread thickness is equal to the space between threads.

ROOT (MINOR) DIAMETER -

The diameter of the screw measured at the bottom of the thread.

PITCH -
The axial distance between threads. Pitch is equal to the lead in a
single start screw.

LEAD -
The axial distance the nut advances in one revolution of the screw.
The lead is equal to the pitch times the number of starts. PITCH ×
STARTS = LEAD

LEAD ACCURACY -
Lead accuracy is the difference between the actual distance traveled
versus the theoretical distance traveled based on lead.

SCREW STARTS -
The number of independent threads on the screw shaft; example one,
two or four.
 TECHNICAL DEFINATIONS
STATIC LOAD -
The maximum thrust load – including shock – that should be applied
to a non-moving nut assembly. Actual maximum static load may be
reduced based on end machining and screw mounting hardware.

DYNAMIC LOAD -
The maximum recommended thrust load which should be applied to
the lead screw and nut assembly while in motion.

PV LOAD -
Any material which carries a sliding load is limited by heat buildup
caused by friction. The factors that affect heat generation rate in an
application are the pressure on the nut in pounds per square inch of
contact area and the surface velocity in feet per minute at the major
diameter. The product of these factors provides a measure of the
severity of an application.

TENSION LOAD -
A load that tends to “stretch” the screw.

COMPRESSION LOAD -
A load that tends to “squeeze” the screw.

THRUST LOAD -
A load parallel to and concentric with the axis of the screw.

OVERTURNING LOAD -
A load that tends to rotate the nut radially around the longitudinal axis
of the screw.

SIDE LOAD -
A load that is applied radially to the nut.
 APEX
LEAD SCREW
 SINGLE START LEAD SCREW
Thread Type: Trapezoidal, ACME
Thread process: Rolled, Ground
Screw Material: SS, EN8
Hand : Right-Hand, Left-Hand
Standard length of screws : 1000mm
P

D1

L
Where,
D1 = Major Diameter
L = length
P = Pitch
SCREW CODE MAJOR DIA. PITCH START LEAD PCD
D8x2P2 8 2 1 2 7.00
D10x2P2 10 2 1 2 9.00
D10x3P3 10 3 1 3 8.50
D12x2P2 12 2 1 2 11.00
D12x3P3 12 3 1 3 10.50
D16x2P2 16 2 1 2 15.00
D16x4P4 16 4 1 4 14.00
D16x5P5 16 5 1 5 13.50
D18x3P3 18 3 1 3 16.50
D20x4P4 20 4 1 4 18.00
D20x5P5 20 5 1 5 17.50
D22x2P2 22 2 1 2 21.00
D24x5P5 24 5 1 5 21.50
D25x3P3 25 3 1 3 23.50
D25x5P5 25 5 1 5 22.50
D25.4x6P6 25.4 6 1 6 22.40
D30x3P3 30 3 1 3 28.50
D30x4P4 30 4 1 4 28.00
D30x6P6 30 6 1 6 27.00
D32x6P6 32 6 1 6 29.00
D36x6P6 36 6 1 6 33.00
 MULTI START LEAD SCREW
Thread Type: Trapezoidal, ACME
Thread process: Rolled, Ground
Screw Material: SS, EN8
Hand : Right-Hand, Left-Hand
Standard length of screws = 1000mm
P l

D1

L
Where,
D1 = Major Diameter
L = length
P = Pitch
l = Lead (Pitch x Start)

SCREW CODE MAJOR DIA. PITCH START LEAD PCD

D6.35x24P3 6.35 3 8 24 4.85
D8x4P2 8 2 2 4 7.00
D8x10P2.5 8 2.5 4 10 6.75
D8.5x15P3 8.5 3 5 15 7.00
D9.5x4P2 9.5 2 2 4 8.50
D10x12P3 10 3 4 12 8.50
D12x16P4 12 4 4 16 10.00
D12x25P5 12 5 5 25 9.50
D14x10P2.5 14 2.5 4 10 12.75
D15x24P4 15 4 6 24 13.00
D16x20P4 16 4 5 20 14.00
D16x12P2 16 2 6 12 15.00
D16x16P2 16 2 8 16 15.00
D18x24P4 18 4 6 24 16.00
D24x10P5 24 5 2 10 21.50
 APEX
LEAD NUT
 FLANGE LEAD NUT

D1

D2
D3

d
D4
THREADING TYPES: ACME, Trapezoidal
L1 L2
MATERIAL OF NUT: Brass, SS L

SIZE d Pitch Start D1 D2 D3 D4 L1 L2 L

D6.35x24P3 6.35 3 8 26 12 19 3 6 14 20
D8x2P2 8 2 1 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D8x4P2 8 2 2 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D8x10P2.5 8 2.5 4 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D8.5x15P3 8..5 3 5 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D9.5x4P2 9.5 2 2 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D10x2P2 10 2 1 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D10x3P3 10 3 1 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D10x12P3 10 3 4 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D12x2P2 12 2 1 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D12x3P3 12 3 1 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D12x16P4 12 4 4 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D12x25P5 12 5 5 32 18 25 3 7 15 22
D14x10P2.5 14 2.5 4 36 22 29 3 7 15 22
D15x24P4 15 4 6 36 22 29 3 7 15 22
D16x2P2 16 2 1 36 22 29 3 7 15 22
D16x12P2 16 2 6 36 22 29 3 7 15 22
D16x16P2 16 2 8 36 22 29 3 7 15 22
D16x4P4 16 4 1 36 22 29 3 7 15 22
D16x20P4 16 4 5 36 22 29 3 7 15 22
D16x5P5 16 5 1 36 22 29 3 7 15 22
D18x3P3 18 3 1 48 25 35 5.5 10 25 35
D18x24P4 18 4 6 48 25 35 5.5 10 25 35
D20x4P4 20 4 1 48 25 35 5.5 10 25 35
D20x5P5 20 5 1 48 25 35 5.5 10 25 35
 ANTIBACKLASH LEAD NUT

Eliminating backlash from lead screw nut designs has always been a
demanding task. To eliminate the backlash often meant a sacrifice in
drag torque. With some innovative nut designs, our anti-Backlash lead
nuts are available for use with several standard thread forms. The
anti-backlash nut ranges feature compensation for clearance or wear
between leadscrew and nut when reversing the direction of movement
 MODIFIED, CUSTOM NUTS
In addition to the standard nut types, custom configurations are available
as well as simple modifications such as different mounting bore patterns
or mounting threads, small dimensional changes or special materials.

Custom designs can offer multi functionality, eliminating additional

components, simplifying product manufacture, saving space and reducing
cost. Custom nuts can be produced using special machining to integrate
components into the nut, such as guide bushings, carriages, timing
pulleys, gears, syringe components, sensor mounts and flags, encoder
features, clamps and many other complementary elements. In addition,
custom designed nuts can offer quick release mounts, partial thread
engagement, half nut construction or alternative shapes and geometries.

Special materials are available to extend the performance of

the assemblies. We offer metallic as well as a range of polymer materials
such as Delrin, PEEK, polyester, Torlon, Vespel. Materials can be chosen
for extreme temperature, chemical compatibility, autoclaving, agency
approvals, special loadings and many other specific requirements. Custom
geometries and materials can be combined for a wide variety of product
application requirements.

Small quantities of custom nuts can be machined individually to suit

specific requirements; alternatively large quantities can be manufactured
for reduced costs. To achieve the most effective nut design we consider
acombination of tolerances and geometric shape of the nut.
 MODIFIED, CUSTOM NUTS
APEX offers custom lead screw with desired end machining as per
customers needs and specifications. This end machining can be done
by various operations such as grinding, milling, broching or threading
to accomodate housing assemblies or bearings
 LEAD SCREW SELECTION
PERMISSIBLE DYNAMIC THRUST-
The permissible dynamic thrust (F) is
10
the level of thrust at which the
7
contact surface pressure exerted by
5
the bearing on the screw tooth
surface is 9.8 N/mm2. This value 3

indicates the strength of Screw Nut. 2

Surface pressure p (N/mm2)

pV VALUE-
1
With a sliding bearing, a pV value,
0.7
which is the product of the contact
0.5
surface pressure (p) and the sliding
speed (V), is used as a measuring 0.3

stick to judge whether the assumed 0.2

model can be used. Use the

corresponding pV value indicated in

100
1

2
3

5
7
10

20
30

50
70
Fig.1 as a guide for selecting a lead Sliding speed V (m/min)
screw nut. The pV value varies also Fig.1 pV value
according to the lubrication
conditions.
fS : Safety Factor-
To calculate a load applied to the
lead screw nut, it is necessary to Lower limit
Types of load
accurately obtain the effect of the of fS
inertia that changes with the weight For a static load less
frequently used 1 TO 2
and dynamic speed of an object. In
For an ordinary
general, with the reciprocating or the single-directional 2 TO 3
rotating machines, it is not easy to load
accurately obtain all the factors such For a load
as the effect of the start and stop, accompanied by 4 or Greater
which are always repeated. vibrations/impact
Table 1 Safety Factor fS
Therefore, if the actual load cannot
be obtained, it is necessary to select
a bearing while taking into account
the empirically obtained safety
factors shown in Table1 .
fT Temperature Factor- 1.2
If the temperature of the screw nut

TEMP.FACTOR fT
1.0
exceeds the normal temperature 0.8

range, the seizure resistance of the nut 0.6

0.4
and the strength of the material will
0.2
decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to

100

120
-20

20

40

60

80
multiply the dynamic permissible thrust
(F) by the corresponding temp. factor SERVICE TEMPRATURE (°C)
Fig.2 Temprature Factor
indicated in Fig.2 .
Accordingly, when selecting a lead screw nut,
the following equations need to be met in terms of its strength.
Static permissible thrust(F)-
fS : Safety factor (see Table1)
fTx F fT : Temperature factor (see Fig.2 )
fS = F : Dynamic permissible thrust (N)
PF PF : Axial load (N)

Hardness of the Surface and the Wear Resistance-

The hardness of the shaft significantly
affects the wear resistance of the lead
0.9
screw nut. If the hardness is equal to
Abrasion Loss (mm)

or less than 250 HV, abrasion loss 0.8

increases as indicated in Fig.3 . The
roughness of surface should preferably 0.7

be 0.80a or less. A special rolled shaft

0.6
achieves the surface hardness of 250
HV or greater, through hardening as a 0.5
result of rolling, and surface roughness
of 0.20a or less. Thererfore, the
100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

dedicated rolled shaft is highly wear HARDNESS OF THE MATING SURFACE (HV)
resistant.

Contact Surfrace Pressure p-

p : Contact surface pressure on the tooth
Pr x 9.8 from an axial load (N/mm2)
p = F : Dynamic permissible thrust (N)
F Pf : Axial load (N)
Sliding Speed V on the Teeth-
V : Sliding speed (m/min)
DO : Effective diameter(mm)
π n : Revolutions per minute (rpm)
V= n=S/(Rx10-3)
S : Feeding speed (m/min)
R : Lead (mm)
: Lead angle (°)

Efficiency( )-

1- .tan : Efficiency
= 1+ /tan : Lead angle
: Frictional resistance
Fig.4 shows the result of the above equation.

Thrust(Fa)-

Fa : Thrust generated (N)

2xπx xT
Fa = T : Torque (input) (N-m)
R x10-3 R : Lead (mm)
CRITICAL SPEED:
Once the load, speed, length and end fixity are identified, the next
factor to consider is the critical speed. The speed that excites the
natural frequency of the screw is referred to as the critical speed.
Resonance at the natural frequency of the screw will occur regardless
of the screw orientation (vertical, horizontal etc.) or if the system is
designed so the nut rotates about the screw. The critical speed will
vary with the diameter, unsupported length, end fixity and rpm. Since
critical speed can also be affected by shaft straightness and assembly
alignment, it is recommended that the maximum speed be limited to
80% of the calculated critical speed. The theoretical formula to
calculate critical speed in rpm is:
N = Critical Speed (rpm)
d = Root Diameter of Screw (inch)
CS x 4.76 x 106 x d L = Length Betw. Bearing Supports (inch)
N = Cs = 0.36 for one end fixed, one end free
L2 1.00 for both ends simple
1.47 for one end fixed, one end simple
2.23 for both ends fixed

COLUMN STRENGTH
When a screw is loaded in compression, its limit of elastic stability can
be exceeded and the screw will fail through bending or buckling.
Theoretical formula to calculate the column strength in pounds is:
Pcr = Maximum Load (lb.)
Fc = End Fixity Factor
0.25 for one end fixed, one end free
14.03 x 106 x Fc x d4 1.00 for both ends supported
Pcr = 2.00 for one end fixed, one end simple
L2 4.00 for both ends rigid
d = Root Diameter of Screw (inch)
L = Distance betw. nut & load carrying bearing (inch)

If the selected lead screw does not meet critical speed and/or
compression load criteria, consider the following options:
a) Increase screw lead and reduce rpm
b) Change end fixity (e.g. simple to fixed)
c) Increase screw diameter
d) Design to use screw in tension load
 CRITICAL ROTATIONAL SPEED LIMIT VALUES
Every lead screw has a rotational speed limit. This is the point at
which the rotational speed sets up heavy vibration. This critical point
changed depending on the end bearing supports used and the bearing
combination.To use this chart, you must determine the speed of
rotation required and the maximum length between the bearing
supports. Then select one of the four bearing combinations shown
below. The critical speed limit can be found by locating the point at
which the speed of rotation (horizontal lines) intersects with the
unsupported shaft length (vertical lines) as modified by the bearing
combination listed below. It is recommended that the lead screws be
operated at no more than 80% of the critical speed limit value.
Warning: The graphs for the shaft diameters illustrated are based on the smallest minor
diameter of a standard shaft within the nominal size range & are cut off at the maximum
speed of rotation for the nut. Value for the rotational speed MAY NOT BE EXCEEDED,
whatever the shaft length.
 CRITICAL BUCKLING FORCE LIMIT VALUE
This graph is used to determine the maximum compression loading
on the shafts. Normally, shafts operated under tensile stress are
capable of withstanding a loading up to the design load capacity of the
nut. The bearing combinations influence the load capacity of the shaft.
The four standard variants are listed below with the corresponding
bearing scenarios. To determine the safe minimum diameter of the
shaft, you must determine the point at which the graphs for the
compressive load (horizontal) and the shaft length (vertical) intersect.

Warning: The load capacity of the nuts MAY NOT BE EXCEEDED. The curves for the
shaft diameter are based on the smallest minor diameter of a standard shaft within the
nominal size range.