Agni College of Technology

Department of ECE

EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

April May 2018

PART A

1. What is meant by distortion less line?

Refer Q.No 2. Nov/Dec 2015, Refer Q.No 1. Nov/Dec 2016
2. Define reflection loss.
Refer Q.No 2. May/June 2016
3. What are the assumption to simply the analysis of line performance at high
frequencies?
Refer Q.No 3. May/June 2016
4. Write the expression for the input impedance of open and short circuited,
dissipation less line.
Refer Q.No 3. Nov/Dec 2016
5. What is an impedance matching in stub?
For maximum power to be transferred from transmitter to receiver, the source and
load impedance should be matched. But in many situations, source and load impedance
connected to long transmission line does not match. So stub is used in between source
and load to match the impedance.
6. What are the uses of smith chart?
To determine SWR, to send end impedance and load admittance. The solution of
the stub matching problem may be easily carried out using smith chart.
7. What are the major drawbacks of a constant k prototype filter?
Refer Q.No 7. May/June 2016, Refer Q.No 7. Apr/May 2017
8. Define propagation constant in a symmetrical network.
Refer Q.No 8. Nov/Dec 2016
9. What is dominant mode?
Refer Q.No 9. May/June 2016
10. What are the applications of cavity resonators?
Refer Q.No 10. Nov/Dec 2015

PART B
11. a) Derive the general transmission line equations for voltage and current at any
point on a line. (16)
 Refer May/June 2016 Q. No. 11,a,i ,May/June 2015 Q. No. 12, a,i, May June
2014 Q. No. 12, b, i

b) A communication line has L= 3.67 mH/km, G= 0.008 X 10-6 mho/km, C=

0.0083 microF/km and R= 10.4 ohm/km. Determine the characteristic impedance,
phase constant, velocity of propagation, wavelength, sending end voltage is 1 v and
transmission line length is 100 km. (13)

Refer Q.No 11.(b) Nov/Dec 2016

12. a) i) Derive the line constants of a zero dissipation less line. (6)

Refer Q.No 12 a (i). May/June 2016

ii) Describe an experimental setup for the determination of VSWR of an RF

transmission. (07)

Refer Q.No 12 (b) (i). Nov/Dec 2016

b) i) Briefly explain on standing wave and reflection loss (06)

Refer Q.No 12 (b) (ii). Nov/Dec 2016

ii) Discuss in detail about the variation (6)

Refer Q.No 12 (b) (ii). Nov/Dec 2016

13. a) A 300 Ω transmission line is connected to a load impedance of 450- j 600 Ω at 10

MHz. Find the position and length of a short circuited stub required to match the
line using smith chart. (16)

Refer Q.No 13 (a). Apr/May 2017

b) i) A load impedance of 90 – j50 Ω is to be matched to a line of 50Ω using single

stub matching. Find the length and position of stub. (10)

Refer Q.No 13 (b) (i). Apr/May 2017

ii) Design a quarter wave transformers to match a load of 200 Ω to a source

resistance of 500 Ω. The operating frequency is 200 MHz. (6)
 Refer Q.No 13 (b) (ii). Apr/May 2017

14. a) i) Explain the design of constant K T section low pass filter with necessary
equations and diagrams. (8)

Refer Q.No 14 (a) ii). Apr/May 2017

ii) Explain the design of constant K T section high pass filter with necessary
equations and diagrams. (8)

Refer Q.No 14 (a) (ii). Apr/May 2017

b) i) Design an m derived T section low pass filter having cut off frequency of 1
KHz, design impedance of 400 Ω and the resonant frequency as 1100 Hz. (8)

Refer Q.No 14 (b) (i). Apr/May 2017

ii) Design an m derived π section low pass filter having cut off frequency of 2 KHz,
design impedance of 800 Ω and the frequency of infinite attenuation as 2050 Hz. (8)

Refer Q.No 14 (b) (ii). Apr/May 2017

15. a) Derive the field components of Transverse Electric wave in rectangular

waveguide. (16)

Refer Q.No 15 (a). Apr/May 2017

b) When dominant mode is transmitted through a circular waveguide, the

wavelength measured is to be 13.33 cm. The frequency of the microwave signal is
3.75 GHz. Calculate the cur off frequency, inner radius of guide, phase velocity,
group velocity, phase constant, wave impedance, bandwidth for operation in
dominant mode only. (16)

Refer Q.No 15 (b). Apr/May 2017

 Agni College of Technology
Department of ECE
EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
Nov Dec 2017

Part – A

1. Define characteristic impedance.

Refer Q.No 1 May/June 2016.

2. State the condition for a distortion less line.

The condition for a distortion less line is R/L =G/C.

3. Why is a quarter wave line called an impedance inverter?

Refer Q.No 5 May/June 2016.

4. What is an impedance matching in stub?

For the maximum transfer of power, the sending end impedance and
receiving end impedance of transmission line should be matched perfect. If this
condition is achieved then it is known as impedance matching.

5. What is the nature and value of Z0 for the dissipation less line?
𝐿
𝑍0 = �
𝐶
6. What are nodes and antinodes on a line?
Nodes are points of zero voltage or current in the standing wave systems.
Anti nodes or loops are points of maximum voltage or current.

7. Define – Decibel.
Decibel is defined as dB=10 log(P1/P2)

8. What are called constant- k filters?

If Z1 is series impedance and Z2 is the shunt impedance of T or Pi network,then
Z1Z2=k2 where k is a constant independent of frequency. This network is called as
constant k filters.

9. What is dominant mode?

Refer Q.No 9 May/June 2016.

10. Write the expression for cutoff wavelength of the wave which is propagated
in between two parallel planes.
 2𝑎
The cutoff wavelength 𝜆𝑐 = 𝑚

Part-B
11. a) Derive the general transmission line equation for voltage and current at
any point on a line.
Refer Q.No 11(a) (i) May/June 2016,April/May 2017.

b) Derive the input impedance Z0 from the transmission line equation and
also find voltage reflection ratio at the load.
12. a) Calculate the average input power at a distance from the load ‘l’ and find
the impedance when the load is short circuited, open circuited and for a
matched line.

b) i) A 30 m long lossless transmission line with Z0 = 50 Ω operating at 2 MHz

is terminated with a load ZL=60 + j40. If u=0.6c (c is the velocity of light, u is
phase velocity) on the line, find
a) The reflection coefficient Γ.
b) The standing wave ratio s.
c) The input impedance.
ii) Draw the input impedance pattern for a lossless line when short circuited
and open circuited.
13. a) Antenna with impedance 40+j30 Ω is to be matched to a 100 Ω lossless line
with a shorted stub. Determine the following using Smith chart.
a) The required stub admittance .
b) The distance between the stub and the antenna.
c) The stub length.
d) The standing wave ratio on each of the system.
b) Design a double stub shunt tuner to match s load impedance Zl = 60-
j80 Ω to a 50 Ω line. The stubs are to be short circuited stubs and are
spaced λ /8 apart. Find the lengths of the two stubs using Smith Chart.
14. a) Sketch the reactance curve and derive the steps to design a constant-k low
pass filter. Determine attenuation constant and phase constant in pass band
and stop band and plot it.

Refer Q.No 14.(a) (i) May/June 2016

 b) Design a m-derived T type low pass filter connected to a load of 500 Ω
with cutoff frequency 4 KHz and peak attenuation at 4.15 KHz.

Refer Nov Dec 2015 Q. No. 14,b,i

15. a) Derive the field equations of TE waves travelling in Z direction in a

rectangular wave guide.

Refer Q.No 15 (a) May/June 2016

b) An air filled resonant cavity with dimensions a = 5 cm, b = 4 cm and c = 10

cm is made of copper (σc=5.8x107 mhos/m).Find the resonant frequencies of
a) The five lowest order modes.
b) The quality factor TE101 mode.
 Part-C

16. a) A lossless transmission line with Z0 = 50 Ω and d = 1.5 m connects a

voltage Vg source to a terminal load of ZL = 50 + j 50 Ω. If Vg = 60 v,
operating frequency f = 100 MHz and Zg = 50 Ω , find the distance of the
first voltage maximum lM from the load and what is the power delivered to
the load PL? Assume the speed of the wave along the transmission line equal
to speed of light C.

b) Examine the effectiveness of Bessel’s differential equation and Bessel

function with reference to waveguides.
 Agni College of Technology

Department of ECE

EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

April May 2017

PART A

1. A transmission line has Z 0 = 745∠ − 12 0 Ω and is terminated in Z R = 100Ω , calculate

the reflection factor.
2 ZRZ0 2 (100)(745)
Reflection factor is given by = = = 0.6475
ZR + Z0 (100 + j 0) + (728.72 − j154.894)
 1   1 
Reflection loss is given by = 20 log  = 20 log 
K   0.6475  = 3.7751dB
   
2. Define smooth line.
When ZR=Zo, the wave travels smoothly down the line and the energy is observed in Z0
load without setting up reflective wave. This is called smooth line.
3. Define standing wave ratio.
Standing wave ratio is the combination of reflected and incident wave.
SWR =(1+k)/(1-k)
4. A lossless line has a characteristic impedance of 400 Ω. Determine the standing
wave ratio if the receiving end impedance is 800+j0.0 Ω.
Given: Z 0 = 400Ω ; Z R = 800 + j 0.0Ω
Z R − Z 0 800 − 400
Reflection coefficient is given by K = = = 0.3333∠0 0
Z R + Z 0 800 + 400
1+ K 1 + 0.3333
The standing wave ratio is given by S = == = 1.99985 ≈ 2
1− K 1 − 0.3333
5. List the applications of a Quarter wave line.
Refer Nov Dec 2015 Q. No. 5
6. Why a short circuited stub is originally preferred to an open circuited stub?
Short circuited stub is preferred because of following reasons
 It radiates less power.
 Its effective length may be varied by means of a shorting bar.
7. What are the major disadvantages of constant k prototype filter section?
Refer May June 2016 Q. No. 7
8. Sketch an m derived band pass section.
9. Calculate the cut off frequency of a rectangular waveguide whose inner dimensions
are a= 2.5 cm and b = 1.5 cm operating at TE10 mode.
For TE10 mode, a=2.5 cm = 2.5X10-2 m ; b=1.5 cm = 1.5X10-2 m
Assume free space as dielectric,
3 × 10 8 
2 2 2 2
c m n 1   0 
fc =   +  =  −2 
+ −2 
= 6GHz
2  a  b 2  2.5 × 10   1.5 × 10 
10. Enumerate the parameters describing the performance of a cavity resonator.
The parameters of the resonator depends on
• Quality factor
• Dimensions of the resonator cavity
• Skin depth of the conducting walls of resonator
PART B
11. a) i) Discuss the general solution of a transmission line in detail. (10)

Refer May June 2016 Q. No. 11,a,i ,May June 2015 Q. No. 12,a,i , May June 2014 Q.
No. 12,b,i

ii) A generator of 1.0 volt , 1000 cycles, supplies power to a 100 mile open wire line
terminated in Z0 and having the following parameter: series resistance R= 10.4 Ω/
mile, series inductance L= 0.00367 H/mile, shunt conductance G = 0.8 X 10-6 ʊ/ mile
and capacitance between conductors C= 0.00835 X 10-6 F/ mile. Find the
characteristic impedance, propagation constant, attenuation constant, phase shift
constant, velocity of propagation and wavelength. (6)

Refer May June 2016 Q. No. 11,b

b) i) Discuss in detail about lumped loading and derive the Campbell’s equation.
(8)
 ii) A 2 meter long transmission line with characteristic impedance of 60 + j 40 Ω is
operating at ω=106 rad/sec has attenuation constant of 0.921 Np/m and phase shift
constant of 0 rad/m. If the line is terminated by a load 20 + j50 Ω, determine the
input impedance of this line. (8)
12. a) Discuss in detail about the voltages and currents on the dissipation less line. (16)

Refer Nov/Dec 2016 Q. No. 12,a,i , May June 2016 Q. No. 12,a,i,

b) i) Derive the expression that permit easy measurements of power flow on a line of
negligible losses. (10)

Refer Nov Dec 2015 Q. No. 12,b,ii

ii) A radio frequency line with Z0= 70 Ω is terminated by ZL = 115 –j 80 Ω at λ=

2.5 m. Find the VSWR and the maximum and minimum line impedances. (6)
13. a) A 300 Ω transmission line is connected to a load impedance of 450- j 600 Ω at 10
MHz. Find the position and length of a short circuited stub required to match the
line using smith chart. (16)

Refer similar problem in Nov Dec 2016 Q. No. 13,b,i

b) i) A load impedance of 90 – j50 Ω is to be matched to a line of 50Ω using single

stub matching. Find the length and position of stub. (10)
 ii) Design a quarter wave transformers to match a load of 200 Ω to a source
resistance of 500 Ω. The operating frequency is 200 MHz. (6)
14. a) i) Explain the design of constant K T section low pass filter with necessary
equations and diagrams. (8)

Refer May June 2016 Q. No. 14,a,i , May June 2015 Q. No. 11,b

ii) Explain the design of constant K T section high pass filter with necessary
equations and diagrams. (8)

Refer May June 2015 Q. No. 11,b

b) i) Design an m derived T section low pass filter having cut off frequency of 1
KHz, design impedance of 400 Ω and the resonant frequency as 1100 Hz. (8)
 ii) Design an m derived π section low pass filter having cut off frequency of 2 KHz,
design impedance of 800 Ω and the frequency of infinite attenuation as 2050 Hz. (8)
15. a) Derive the field components of Transverse Electric wave in rectangular
waveguide. (16)

Refer May/June 2016 Q. No. 15,a , May June 2014 Q. No. 15,a,i

b) When dominant mode is transmitted through a circular waveguide, the

wavelength measured is to be 13.33 cm. The frequency of the microwave signal is
3.75 GHz. Calculate the cur off frequency, inner radius of guide, phase velocity,
group velocity, phase constant, wave impedance, bandwidth for operation in
dominant mode only. (16)
 Agni College of Technology
Department of ECE
Nov/Dec 2016
EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
PART A
1. What is meant by distortion less line?
A line in which there is no phase or frequency distortion and also it is
correctly terminated is called a distortion less line.
2. Find the characteristic impedance of a line at 1600 Hz if Z oc = 750∠ − 30 0 Ω ,
Z sc = 600∠ − 20 0 Ω .
Wkt Z 0 = Z oc • Z sc

Z 0 = 750∠ − 30 0 • 600∠ − 20 0 = 4.5 × 10 5 ∠ − 50 0 = 670.82∠ − 25 0

3. Write the expression for the input impedance of open and short circuited
dissipation less line.
 
 
2πs  1 
Z SC = jR0 tan Z = R
λ
OC 0
 2πs 
 j tan 
 λ 
4. Calculate standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient on a line having the
characteristic impedance Z 0 = 300Ω and terminating impedance in
Z R = 300 + j 400Ω .
ZR − Z0
The reflection coefficient is given by K =
ZR + Z0

K=
(300 + j 400 ) − (300 )
=
j 400
=
400∠90 0
= 0.5547∠56.310
(300 − j 400) + (300) 600 + j 400 721.11∠33.69 0
1+ K
The standing wave ratio is given by S =
1− K
1 + 0.5547
S= = 3.4913
1 − 0.5547
5. Distinguish between single stub and double stub matching in a transmission line.
Single stub matching Double stub matching
It requires one stub for impedance matching. It requires two stub for impedance
matching.
Two adjustments are required, these being It requires only to alter the length of stubs.
 the location and the length of the stub.
It requires the stub to be placed at definite The location of stubs are arbitrary.
place on the line.

6. Give the application of eight wave line.

Out of syllabus
7. A constant k T- section high pass filter has a cut off frequency of 10 KHz and the
design impedance is 600 Ω. Determine the value of shunt inductance L and series
capacitance C.
R
Using design equation for high pass filter, L = 0
4πf c
600
L= = 4.77 mH
4π × 10 × 10 3
1
Using design equation for high pass filter, C =
4πR0 f c
1
C= = 13.2629 pF
4π × 600 × 10 × 10 3

8. Define propagation constant in a symmetrical network.

The electrical properties of symmetrical network are propagation constant and
characteristic impedance.
The propagation constant is given as γ = ZY

9. Justify, why TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.
− jβ mπ  mπ   nπ 
Ex = 2 C cos x  sin  y ;
h a  a   b 
− jωε mπ  mπ   nπ 
Hy = C cos x  sin  y
 a   b 
2
h a
TM01 mode:
By substituting m and n values in above equations , all the field components
become zero inside guide . So TM01 mode cannot exist inside the rectangular
waveguide.
TM10 mode:
By substituting m and n values in above equations , all the field components
become zero inside guide . So TM10 mode cannot exist inside the rectangular
waveguide.

10. An air filled rectangular waveguide of inner dimensions 2.286 X 1.016 in

centimeters operates in the dominant TE10 modes. Calculate the cut off
frequency and phase velocity of a wave in the guide at a frequency of 7 GHz.
Given :
a=2.286cm ; b= 1.016 cm

a=0.02286 m ; b=0.01016 m
 c 3 × 10 8
The free space wavelength is given by λ0 = = = 0.0428m
f 7 × 10 9
The cut off wavelength is given by
c
fc = for TE 10 mod e , λc = 2a = 2 × 0.02286 = 0.04572m
λc
3 × 10 8
fc = = 6.5616 GHz
0.04572
The phase velocity is given by
c 3 × 10 8
υp = = = 0.8531 × 10 9 m / sec
2 2
λ   0.0428 
1 −  0  1−  
 λc   0.04572 

PART - B
11. (a) (i) Explain in detail about the reflection on a line terminated by its characteristic
impedance. (8)
(ii) Derive the condition for minimum attenuation in a distortion less line.(8)
Or
(b) A communication line has L=3.67mH/km, G=0.08x10-6mho/km, C=0.0083µF/km and
R=10.4 ohm/km. Determine the characteristic impedance, propagation constant, phase
constant, velocity of propagation, sending and receiving end current for given frequency
f=1000Hz, sending end voltage is 1 volt and transmission line length is 100
kilometres.(16)
Refer May/June 2016 Q. No. 11,b
12. (a) i) Derive an expression for the input impedance of a dissipation less line and also
find the input impedance is maximum and minimum at a distance ‘s’. (08)
 ii) Find the sending end impedance for a HF line having characteristic impedance of
50 Ω. The line is of length 1.185λ and is terminated in a load of 110 +j 80 Ω. (8)

Or
(b) (i) Describe an experimental set up for the determination of VSWR of an RF
transmission. (8)
(ii) Briefly explain on:
(1) Standing waves (4)
(2) Reflection loss (4)
13. (a) (i) Determine length and location of a single short circuited stub to produce an
impedance match on a transmission line with characteristic impedance of 600Ω and
terminated in 1800Ω. (8)
 (ii) Explain the operation of quarter wave transformer and mention its
important applications. (8)
Refer May /June 2016 Q. No. 5 & Q. No. 13,a,i, May June 2015 Q. No. 13,a,i
Or
(b) (i) Find the sending end impedance of a line with negligible losses when
characteristic impedance is 55Ω and the load impedance is 115+j75Ω length of the line
is 1.183λ by using smith chart. (10)
 (ii) Explain the significance of smith chart and its application in a transmission line.
(6)
14. (a) (i) What is m-derived filter? Draw a m derived T section and Pi section low pass
filter and explain the analysis of m derived low pass filter with respect to attenuation,
phase shift and characteristic impedance with frequency profile respectively. (16)
Or
(b) What is composite filter? Design a constant k low pass filter (T section and pi
section) having cut off at which 2.5kHz and design resistance R0 is 700ohm.Also find the
frequency at which the filter produces attenuation of 19.1dB.Find its characteristic
impedance and phase constant at pass band and stop band. (16)

A composite filter is the combination of constant K filter, m derived filter and m

derived half sections. Composite filter provides uniform attenuation in stop band.
15. (a) Derive an expression for the transmission of TE waves between parallel perfectly
conducting planes for the field components. (16)
(May/June 2013);(Nov/Dec 2014)
Or
(b) (i) Write a brief note on rectangular cavity resonator and its application. (8)
 (ii) A TE11 wave is propagating through a circular waveguide. The diameter of the
guide is 4 cm and the guide is air filled. Given X11 =1.842.
(1) Find the cut off frequency (3)
(2) Find the wavelength for frequency 10GHz (2)
(3) Determine the wave impedance in the guide. (3)
 Agni College of Technology
Department of ECE
May June 2016
EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
PART A
1. What is characteristic impedance?(May/June 2013)Q.no 3
The ratio of the voltage applied Es and the current flowing Is is the input impedance of
the line. This input impedance of the infinite line is called characteristic impedance of
transmission line and is denoted by Z0.
2. Define reflection loss.
Reflection loss:
It is defined as the number of nepers (or) decibels by which the current in the load
under image matched condition would exceed the current actually flowing in the load.
Reflection loss is the reciprocal of reflection factor.
Z1 + Z 2
Reflection loss (nepers) ln
2 Z1 Z 2

Reflection loss (decibels) 20 log 10 Z 1 + Z 2

2 Z1 Z 2
3. What are the assumptions to simplify the analysis of line performance at high
frequencies?

 Due to skin effect, the currents are assumed to flow on the surface of the conductor.
The internal inductance is zero.
 The resistance increases with while the line reactance increases directly with f
since
 The conductance is zero.

4. Write the expression for standing wave ratio in terms of reflection coefficient.
Standing wave ratio is the combination of reflected and incident wave.
SWR =(1+k)/(1-k)

5. Why a quarter wave line is considered as a impedance inverter? Justify.

A quarter wave transformer may be considered as an impedance inverter here low
impedance can be transformed into a high impedance and vice versa.

6. What is a stub? Why it is used in between transmission lines?

A stub is a short-circuited section of a transmission line connected in parallel
to the main transmission line. A stub of appropriate length is placed at some distance
from the load such that the impedance seen beyond the stub is equal to the
characteristic impedance.
 Impedance matching is one of the important aspects of high frequency circuit
analysis. To avoid reflections and for maximum power transfer the circuits have to be
impedance matched. Transmission line sections can be used for the purpose of
impedance matching. So for impedance matching purpose stub is used in between
transmission lines.

7. What are the major draw backs of a constant k prototype filter?

The disadvantages of prototype filters are
 Ideally the attenuation should change sharply in stop band. But in all prototype
filters the attenuation changes gradually in the stop band. Hence frequencies near
cut off frequencies near cut off frequency are passed through the filter.
 In the pass band output the filter should remain constant which means the
characteristic impedance remains constant. But characteristic impedance varies
with frequency from value Ro throughout the pass band. Hence the filter cannot be
terminated properly.

8. Why a composite filter is designed and what are the various sections of the
composite filter?
In prototype filter sections, the attenuation characteristics are not very sharp in
the attenuation band as it is expected. This draw back can be overcome by using m-
derived filter sections which are derived from respective prototype filter sections. But
there stop band attenuation drastically reduces after f∞ in low pass section and before
f∞ in high pass section. This drawback of m- derived filter can be overcome by
connecting number of sections including prototype sections and m- derived sections
with terminating half sections. Such a combination of different sections is called as
composite filter.
The composite filter is the combination of terminating half section, one or
more prototype sections, one or more m derived sections and terminating half section.
9. Define dominant mode. What is the dominant mode of a rectangular
waveguide?(May/June 2013)Q.no 7;(Nov/Dec 2012)Q.no 9
The mode which has lowest cut off frequency or highest cut of wavelength is
called dominant mode. TM11 is the dominant mode in TMmn mode inside the
rectangular waveguide.
10. How a cavity resonator is formed?
A metallic structure with all of its boundaries forming are enclosed set of
conducting walls inside the EM waves are confined forming standing wave pattern is
called cavity resonator(or) resonant cavity.

PART – B
11 (a) (i) Derive the transmission line equation and hence obtain the expression for voltage and
current on a transmission line. (10)
(ii) Prove that an infinite line equal to finite line terminated in its characteristic impedance. (6)
 OR
(b) A generator of 1 V, 1000 Hz supplies power to a 100 km open wire line terminated in Z0 and
having following parameters.
R= 10.4 ohm per km G=0.8x10-6 mho per km
L=0.00367 Henry per km C=0.00835µF per km
Calculate Z0, α, β, λ, v. Also find the received power. (16)
12. (a) (i) Derive the line constants of a zero dissipation less line. (8)
(ii) A line with zero dissipation has
R=0.006ohm per m C=4.45 pF per m
L= 2.5 µH per m
If the line is operated at 10 MHz find R0, α, β, λ, v. (8)
OR
(b) (i) Discuss in detail about the variation of input impedance along open and short circuit lines
with relevant graphs. (10)
 (ii) A lossless line has a standing wave ratio of 4.The R0 is 150 ohm and the maximum
voltage measured in the line is 135v.Find the power delivered to the load. (6)
13. (a) (i) Prove that the input impedance of a quarter wave transformer is Zin=R02/ZR. (6)
 (ii) Design a quarter wave transformer to match a load of 200 ohm to a source resistance
of 500 ohm. Operating frequency is 200MHz. (10) (10)

OR
(b) A load (50-j100) ohm is connected across a 50 ohm line. Design a short circuited stub to
provide matching between the two at a signal frequency of 30MHz using smith chart. (16)
14. (a) (i) Derive the design equation of a constant k low pass filter. (8)
 (ii)A π section filter network consists of a series arm inductance of 20mH and two shunt
capacitor of 0.16µF each. Calculate the cut off frequency, attenuation and phase shift at
15KHz.What is the value of nominal impedance in the pass band? (8)
(b) Design a low pass composite filter to meet the following specifications
fc=2000Hz,finfinite=2.2kHz,RR=600ohm (16)
15. (a) Derive the field component of a transverse electric wave in rectangular waveguide. (16)
OR
(b) For a frequency of 10GHz and plane separation of 5cm in air, find the cut off frequency, cut
off wavelength, phase velocity and group velocity of the wave. (16)
 Agni College of Technology
Department of ECE
Nov Dec 2015
EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
PART A
1. Find the reflection coefficient of a 50Ω transmission line when it is terminated by
a load impedance of 60+j40Ω.
Z 0 = 50Ω ; Z R = 60 + j 40Ω
Reflection coefficient is given by
Z − Z 0 (60 + j 40 ) − 50
K= R = = 0.3522∠55.98 0
Z R + Z 0 (60 + j 40 ) + 50
2. What is meant by distortion less line?
A line in which there is no phase or frequency distortion and also it is
correctly terminated is called distortion less line.
Alternatively a transmission line with the attenuation constant α independent
of frequency and the phase constant β linearly dependent of frequency is called
distortion less line.
3. A lossless transmission line has a shunt capacitance of 100 pF/km and a series
inductance of 4 µH/m. Determine the characteristic impedance.
The characteristic impedance of a lossless line is given by
L 4 × 10 −6
Z0 = = = 200Ω
C 100 × 10 − 2
4. For the line of zero dissipation, what will be the values of attenuation constant
and characteristic impedance?
For zero dissipation (or) dissipation less line, the attenuation constant and
characteristic impedance is given by α = 0 ; β = ω LC
5. List the applications of a Quarter wave line.
A quarter wave line is used for impedance matching (ie) matching the load with the
source and ensures that maximum power is being transferred to load.
Applications of quarter wave line are
 It is used as a transformer to match a load of ZR to a source of ZS. the
characteristic impedance of the matching quarter wave line is given by
Ro' = ZS ZR
 It can be used as a impedance inverter in that it can transform a low
impedance into a high impedance and vice versa.
 It is used to couple a transmission line to resistive load such as an antenna.
 A short circuited quarter wave line has very high input impedance and is used
as an insulator to support an open wire line or the center conductor of a
coaxial line. Such lines are referred to as copper insulators.
6. Distinguish between single stub and double stub matching.
Refer Nov Dec 2016 Q. No. 5
7. Determine the value of L required by a constant K T section high pass filter with
a cut off frequency of 1 KHz and design impedance of 600Ω.
R
Using design equation for high pass filter, the value of L is given by L = 0
4πf c
600
L= = 47.75mH
4π × 1 × 10 3
8. What are the advantages of m derived filters?
The advantages of m derived filters are
 Attenuation rises sharply at cut off frequency.
 In the pass band output of the filter remains constant which means the characteristic
impedance remains constant throughout the pass band.
9. A rectangular waveguide of cross section 5 cm X 2 cm is used to propagate TM11
mode at 10 GHz. Determine the cut off wavelength.
The cut off wavelength for TM11 mode is given by
2ab 2 × 5 × 10 −2 × 2 × 10 −2
λc = λc11 = = = 3.714cm
a2 + b2 (5 ×10 ) + (2 ×10 )
−2 2 −2 2

10. Write the applications of cavity resonators.(May/June 2013)Q.no 10;(Nov/Dec

2013 Q.No 10) (Nov/Dec 2013 Q.no 10)
Various applications of cavity resonators are
 Cavity resonators are most widely used in the microwave generation and
amplification field. The cavity resonators are used in klystron amplifier and
amplifying the microwave signal. The microwave signal is generated with
cavity resonator used in reflex klystron oscillator.
 Cavity resonators are extensively used in the light house tube. It is a special
tube used for VHF range of frequencies.
 Cavity resonator plays important role in microwave signal generation when
used in cavity magnetron.
 Cavity resonators can be used in duplexers in RADAR system as resonant
cavity in Transmit Receive (TR) tubes and Anti Transmit Receive (ATR)
tubes.
 Cavity resonators are most widely used fir the measurement of the microwave
signals with the help of cavity wavemeters.

PART B

11. a) i) Explain in detail about the wave form distortion and also derive the
condition for distortion less line. (10)
Condition for distortion less line : Nov/Dec 2016

ii) Derive the expressions for input impedance of open and short circuited lines. (6)
Refer May/June 2016 Q. No. 12,b,i
Or

b) i) A parallel wire transmission line is having the following line parameters at 5

KHz, series resistance (R= 2.59 X 10-3 Ω/m, series inductance (L=2µ H/m), shunt
conductance (G=0 ʊ/m) and capacitance between conductors (C=5.56 nF/m).
Find the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant, phase shift constant ,
velocity of propagation and wavelength. (10)
ii) A 2 meter long transmission line with characteristic impedance of 60 +j40 Ω is
operating at ω= 106 rad/sec has attenuation constant. If the line is terminated by
a load of 20 + j 50 Ω , determine the input impedance of this line. (6)
12. a) Discuss the various parameters of open wire and coaxial line at radio
frequency. (16)
Or

(b) i) A lossless line in air having a characteristic impedance of 300 Ω is terminated

in unknown impedance. The first voltage minimum is located at 15 cm from the
load. The standing wave ratio is 3.3. Calculate the wavelength and terminated
impedance. (6)
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Distance between sucessive voltage minima is = 15 𝑐𝑚 ; λ=30 cm
2

2𝜋
At voltage minima, 𝜑 − 2𝛽𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −𝜋 ; 𝜑 − 2 ∗ � � 15 = −𝜋 ; 𝜑 = 1800
𝜆

SWR = 3.3
𝑆−1 3.3−1
|𝐾| = ; |𝐾| = = 0.5348
𝑆+1 3.3+1

Reflection coefficient is given by 𝐾 = |𝐾|∠𝜃 = 0.5348∠1800

1−|𝐾| 1−0.5348
Terminating impedance is given by 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑍0 �1+|𝐾|� ; 𝑍𝑅 = 300 � � = 90.93𝛺
1+0.5348

(ii) Derive the expression that permit easy measurements of power flow on a line of
negligible losses.
13. a) i) What is a Quarter wave line? (4)
Refer May/June 2016 Q. No. 5
ii) A 75 Ω lossless transmission line is to be matched with a 100-j 80 Ω load using
single stub. Calculate the stub length and its distance from the load
corresponding to the frequency of 30 MHz using smith chart. (12)
Soln: Zin=75
Zl=100-j80
F=30MHz
Or

b) i) Discuss the principles of double stun matching with neat diagram. (8)

Refer May/June 2015 Q. No. 13,b

ii) A 300 Ω transmission line is connected to a load impedance of 450- j 600 Ω at

10 MHz. Find the position and length of a short circuited stub required to match
the line using smith chart. (8)

Soln: Zs=300ohm
Zl=450-j600 ohm
F=10MHz
14. a) i) Explain the operation and design of constant K T section band elimination
filter with necessary equations and diagrams. (8)
 ii) Design a constant K band pass filter ( both T and π sections) having a design
impedance of 600 Ω and cut off frequencies of 1 KHz and 4 KHz. (8)

Soln:
Or
(b) (i) Design an m derived T section low pass filter having cut off frequency of 4kHz. Design
impedance is 500ohm and the resonant frequency is 4.5kHz. (4)

ii) Derive the equations for the characteristic impedance of symmetrical T and π
networks. (6)
iii) Discuss the properties of symmetrical network in terms of characteristic
impedance and propagation constant. (6)
15. a) A rectangular air filled copper waveguide with dimension 0.9 inch X 0.4 inch
cross section and 12 inch length is operated at 9.2 GHz with a dominant mode.
Find the cut off frequency, guide wave length, phase velocity, characteristic
impedance and the loss. (16)
Or

b) i) Using Bessel function derive the TE wave components in circular waveguides.

(10)
ii) Calculate the resonant frequency of an air filled rectangular resonator of
dimensions a= 2 cm, b= 4 cm and d= 6 cm operating in TE101 mode. (6)
 Agni College of Technology
Department of ECE
May/June 2015
EC 2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
PART A
1. What are the disadvantages of constant K filter?
Refer May June 2016 Q. No. 7
2. Draw the equivalent circuit for a piezoelectric crystal.

3. What is the drawback of using ordinary telephone cables?

In ordinary telephone cables, with increase in frequency, attenuation constant
and velocity both are high. Thus the attenuation is very high. Also phase and
frequency distortions are dominant.
4. Define the term insertion loss.
Insertion loss of a transmission line (or) a network is defined as the number of
nepers (or) decibels by which the current in the load is changed by the insertion of a
line (or) network in between the load and the source.
5. How will you make standing wave measurements on coaxial line?
For coaxial line, a longitudinal slot of length more than λ 2 has to be made.
Then a voltage pick up device like wire probe is inserted in slot and into air dielectric
within coaxial line. Then voltmeter is connected between probe and outer conductor.
Using calibrated meter, the SWR can be easily obtained.
6. List the applications of the smith chart.
The applications of Smith charts are
 Plotting of impedance.
 Finding the input impedance of the line.
 Measurement of voltage standing wave ratio.
 Measurement of reflection coefficient (Magnitude and Phase)
 Impedance to admittance conversions.
7. Define the terms phase velocity and group velocity.
Phase velocity is defined as the rate at which the wave changes its phase as the wave
propagates inside the region between the plates.
ω V
υp = =
β f 
2

1 −  c 
 f 
Group velocity is defined as the actual velocity with which a wave propagates inside
the region between the plates.
2
dω f 
υg = = V 1 −  c 
dβ  f 

8. What are the characteristics of TEM wave?

 It is special case of TM waves where the component of Ez in the direction of wave
propagation is also zero.
 Both electric and magnetic field are entirely transverse and hence no component of Ez
and Hz in the direction of wave propagation.
 Its velocity is independent of frequency and it is equal to free space velocity.
 The cut off frequency of TEM waves is zero. It means that all the frequencies down to
zero can propagate along the guide.
 The ratio of amplitude of E to H is intrinsic impedance.

9. A rectangular waveguide has the following dimensions l= 2.54 cm, b= 1.27 cm

and thickness = 0.127 cm. Calculate the cut off frequency for TE11 mode.
The cut off frequency is given by
2 2
c m n
fc =   + 
2  a  b
For TE11 mode: a=2.54 cm =2.54X10-2 m ; b=1.27 cm = 1.27 X 10-2 m
Substitute values of a,b,m,n,c in above equation
3 × 10 8
2 2
 1   1 
fc =  −2 
+ −2 
= 13.205GHz
2  2.54 × 10   1.27 × 10 
10. What are the dominant mode and degenerate modes in rectangular
waveguide?(May/June 2013)Q.no 7;(Nov/Dec 2012)Q.No.9
The mode which has lowest cut off frequency or highest cut of wavelength is
called dominant mode. TM11 is the dominant mode in TMmn mode inside the
rectangular waveguide.
In rectangular waveguide some higher order modes with same cut off
frequency are called degenerate modes. For TEmn, TMmn with m ≠ 0, n ≠ 0 all the
modes are always degenerate modes.
 PART - B
11. a) Derive and draw the m derived T and π sections for low pass and high pass
filter. (16)
M - derived Low pass filter in Nov/Dec 2016 QP
Or
b) Derive the characteristic impedance , inductance, capacitance and cut off
frequency for constant K low pass and constant K high pass filter, also draw
their reactance curves. (16)
Constant K Low pass filter in May/June 2016
12. a) i)Obtain the general solution of transmission line. (10)
Refer May/June 2016 Q. No. 11, a,i
ii) A telephone cable 64 km long has a resistance of 13 Ω/km and a capacitance of
0.008 µF/km. Calculate attenuation constant, velocity and wavelength of the
line at 1000Hz. (6)
 Or
b) i) Explain about different types of transmission line. (8)
ii) Discuss the following: reflection loss and return loss. (8)
13.(a) (i) Derive the expression for the input impedance of the dissipationless line and
thus obtain the expression for the input impedance of the quarter wave line.
Also discuss the applications of the quarter wave line. (10)
Refer May/June 2016 Q. No. 12,a,i & Nov Dec 2015 Q. No. 5
ii) Design a single stub match for a load of 150 + j225 ohms for a 75 ohms line at
500MHz using smith chart. (6)
 Or
b) Explain double stub matching on a transmission line and derive the expression
and length of the stub used for matching on a line. (16)
14. a) Discuss the characteristic of TE and TM waves and also derive the cut off
frequency and phase velocity from the propagation constant. (16)
Or
b) i) Derive field component of the wave propagation between parallel plates. (8)
ii) Derive the expression of wave impedance of TE , TM and TEM wave between a
pair of perfectly conducting planes. (8)
Z0 = E/H
15. a) i) Explain about excitation modes in rectangular waveguide. (10)
ii) Calculate resonant frequency of an air filled rectangular resonator of
dimensions a= 3 cm, b= 2 cm and d= 4 cm operating in TE101 mode. (6)
 Or
b) Explain the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a cylindrical waveguide with
suitable expressions. (16)
 Agni College of Technology
Department of ECE
EC 2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
May June 2014
PART A
1. Write any two advantages of m derived filters over constant K filters.
Refer May June 2016 Q. No. 7; (Nov/Dec 2013Q.No 2)

2. Determine the value of L required by a constant K T section high pass filter with
a cut off frequency of 1.5 KHz and design impedance of 500 Ω.
R 500
Using design equation, L = 0 = = 26.525mH (Nov/Dec 2013Q.No1)
4πf c 4π × 1500
(Only value differs)
3. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 600Ω. Determine the
magnitude of the reflection coefficient if the receiving end impedance is 650-j475
Ω.
Given: Z 0 = 600Ω ; Z R = 650 − j 475Ω
Reflection coefficient is given by
Z − Z 0 (650 − j 475) − (600 )
K= R = = 0.3572∠ − 63.19 0
Z R + Z 0 (650 − j 475) + (600 )
The magnitude of K is 0.3572
4. Define insertion loss.
Refer April May 2015 Q. No. 4

5. Give the equations for the characteristic impedance and propagation constant of
a dissipation less line.
L
For dissipation less line, the characteristic impedance is given by Z 0 =
C

For dissipation less line, the propagation constant is given by

γ = α + jβ ; α = 0 ; β = ω LC

6. Mention the disadvantages of single stub matching.

The limitations of single stub matching are
 Single stub matching is applicable for single frequency. For variable frequency the
location of the stub is not fixed.
 For final adjustment the stub has to be moved along the line slightly.
7. A wave is propagated in the dominant mode in a parallel plane waveguide. The
frequency is 6 GHz and the plane separation is 4 cm. Calculate the cut off
wavelength and the wavelength in the waveguide.
For wave in between a parallel plane, for Tm and TE waves the dominant modes are
TM1 and TE1.
2a 2 × 4
The cut off frequency is given by λc = = = 8cm = 0.08m
m 1
Now, β = ω µε . Assuming air filled parallel planes, So
β = 2πf µ 0ε 0 = 2π × 6 × 10 9 4π × 10 −7 × 8.854 × 10 −12 = 125.75 rad/m
2π 2π
Hence guide wavelength is given by λ g = = = 0.04996m ≈ 0.05m ⇒ 5cm
β 125.75

8. Give the equation for propagation constant and wavelength for TEM waves
between parallel plates.
The equation for propagation constant and wavelength for TEM waves is given by
2π c
γ = jω µ 0 ε 0 = jβ ; λ= =
β f
9. What are the advantages and applications of cylindrical waveguide?
The cylindrical waveguide has an equivalent of TEon mode which is not
possible rectangular waveguide. The cylindrical waveguides are used as attenuators
and phase shifters.
The cylindrical waveguides are advantageous when we use optical fiber using
dielectrics such as glass or plastic because it is easy to manufacture these dielectrics in
cylindrical shapes.
10. Mention the different types of guide termination.
The types of guide terminations are single taper and double taper.

PART B
11. (a) (i) Draw and explain the design and operation of m derived T section band
pass filter with necessary equations and diagrams. (8)
(ii) Design constnat K band stop filters ( both T and π sections) for the cut off
frequencies of 2 KHz and 6 KHz. The design impedance is 500 Hz. (8)
Given :
𝑓1 = 2𝑘𝐻𝑧 , 𝑓2 = 6𝑘𝐻𝑧 , 𝑅𝑘 = 500𝐻𝑧
1 𝑓 −𝑓1 1 6𝐾−2𝐾
𝐶2 = 𝜋𝑅 � 𝑓2 �; 𝐶2 = 𝜋500 �6𝐾 𝑋 2𝐾�; 𝐶2 = 212.2 𝑛𝐹
2∙ 𝑓1

1 1
𝐶1 = 4𝜋𝑅(𝑓 −𝑓 ) ; 𝐶1 = 4𝜋500(6𝐾−2𝐾) ; 𝐶1 = 39.78𝑛𝐹
2 1

𝑅 500
𝐿2 = 4𝜋(𝑓 −𝑓 ) ; 𝐿2 = 4𝜋(6𝐾−2𝐾) ; 𝐿2 = 9.9𝑚𝐻
2 1

𝑅 𝑓 −𝑓1 500 6𝐾−2𝐾

𝐿1 = 𝜋 � 𝑓2 � ; 𝐿1 = �6𝐾 𝑋 2𝐾� ; 𝐿1 = 53.05 𝑚𝐻
2∙ 𝑓1 𝜋

Or
(b) (i) Explain the principle and operation of crystal filters with neat diagrams. (10)
(Out of syllabus)
(ii) Design an m derived low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 2 KHz. Design
impedance is 500 Ω and m= 0.4. Consider a π section for your calculations. (06)
Solution:
𝑅 500
𝐿 = 𝜋𝑓𝑘 ; 𝐿 = 𝜋2𝐾 ; 𝐿 = 79.5 𝑚𝐻
𝑐

1 1
𝐶 = 𝜋𝑅 ; 𝐶 = 𝜋∗500∗2𝐾 ; 𝐶 = 318.3 𝑛𝐹
𝑘 𝑓𝑐

𝑚𝐶
= 63.66 𝑛𝐹
2
𝑚𝐿 = 31.8 𝑚𝐻
1 − 𝑚2
𝐶 = 167.1 𝑛𝐹
4𝑚

12. (a) (i) What are the types of waveform distortion introduced by a transmission
line? Derive the conditions for the distortion less operation of a transmission line.
(10)
Condition for distortion less line:
(ii) The constants of a transmission line are R = 6 Ω/km, L= 2.2 mH/km, C= 0.005
µF/km and G=0.25 X10-3 mho/km. Calculate the attenuation constant and phase
constant at 1000 Hz. (6)

Similar model problem in May/June 2016 Q. No. 12,a,ii

Or
 b)i) Derive the transmission line equation and obtain expression for the voltage and
current on a transmission line. (10)

Refer May June 2016 Q. No. 11,a,i

ii) A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 683- j138Ω. The
propagation constant is 0.0074+ 0.0356 per km. Determine the values of R and L
of this line if the frequency is 1000 Hz. (6)
𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 𝑍0 𝛾 = (683 − 𝑗138)(0.0074 + 𝑗0.0356) = 9.967 + 𝑗23.29
23.29
𝑅 = 9.967 ; 𝜔𝐿 = 23.29 ; 𝐿 = 2𝜋∗1000 = 3.707 𝑚𝐻

13. a)i) Derive an expression for the input impedance of a dissipation less line. Extend
your results for open and short circuited line also. (10)
Refer Nov/Dec 2016 Q. No. 12,a,i,
ii) Write a brief note on impedance measurement on transmission lines. (6)

Refer Nov/Dec 2015 Q. No. 12 b,ii

Or
b)i) Discuss the principle of double stub matching with neat diagram and
expressions. (8)
Refer May/June 2015 Q. No. 13, b

(ii)A 50 ohm transmission line is connected to a cellular phone antenna with load
impedance Zl=25-j50ohm.Find the position and the length of a shunt short
circuit stub required to match the 50 ohm line. (8)
14(a) Discuss the transmission of TM waves between parallel perfectly conducting planes
with necessary expressions for the field components. Discuss the characterisitcs of TE
and TM waves between the parallel planes . (16)
 Or
b) i) Discuss briefly the attenuation of TE and Tm waves between parallel planes.
(8)

(Old regulation)
ii) Describe the manner of wave travel between parallel planes with necessary
expressions for their velocities. (8)

(Old regulation)
15. a)i) Describe the propagation of TE waves in a rectangular waveguide with
necessary expressions for the field components. (10)
Refer May/June 2016 Q. No. 15,a
ii) An air filled rectangular waveguide of dimension a=6 cm and b= 4 cm
operates in the TM11 mode. Find the cut off frequency, guide wavelength and
phase velocity at a frequency of 3 GHz. (6)

Or
b) i) Describe the principle and operation of rectangular cavity resonators with
relevant expressions. (10)
 ii) Give a brief note on excitation of modes in rectangular waveguides. (6)

Refer May/June 2015 Q. No. 15,a,i,