Text Book of

CONTRACTS
AND
ACCOUNTS
(22601)

For
Semester - VI
As Per MSBTE's ‘I’ Scheme Syllabus
Third Year Diploma in Civil Engineering Group

MUKESH N. GANGRADE
M.E. (Civil), B.E. (Civil), AMIE, C.E., ISTE (LM), ISH, NSFMFP
H.O.D. Civil Engineering Department,
Vidyavardhini’s Padmshri Bhausaheb Vartak Polytechnic,
Vasai Road (W), Pin : 401 202
Dist. : Palghar

Price ₹ 170.00

N4733
Contracts and Accounts (Civil Engg. Group) ISBN : 978-93-89944-12-9
First Edition : December 2019
© : Author
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 Dedicated to my beloved father
Late Shri Narendra G. Gangrade (Retd. Principal) whose
words always inspired me to write
books on Civil Engineering.

M. N. Gangrade
Preface …
This textbook on Contracts and Accounts is written for the benefit of VIth semester students of
Diploma in Civil Engineering Group.

This subject is very important for all Civil Engineering students.

This book is written according to the revised curriculum of Semester pattern of I scheme implemented
by MSBTE.

Updating and introducing new methods of tendering, contracts and valuation makes this textbook
exactly as per the latest trends in construction industry. This book is very much helpful for students of
diploma and degree in Civil Engineering.

Appendix is added which of blank tender set, so as to make students study the clauses as per
Government of Maharashtra and same they can used while taking contract.

This book also fulfill the requirements of curriculum of AMIE, B.Tech. and other civil engineering
courses for autonomous institutes.

This book is also helpful to candidates aspirins to appear UPSC and MPSC both.

While writing this book, efforts have been made to make this book student oriented. The subject
matter is presented in simple and lucid language.

This book has many solved examples which are required to understand the subject and are required to
be practiced by students from examination point of view. Students can prepare estimates, rates analysis
and also able to calculate material required for a project.

Key features of this book are

• Technical matter is written in simple and lucid language.

• All chapters are covered with important points and practice questions.

• About the chapter is written at the beginning of chapter to give a brief idea of the content of the
chapter.

• Examination oriented questions are covered with solutions and key answers.

• Each chapter of this book is incorporated with suitable sketches whenever necessary.

I express my appreciation and greatfulness to the publisher Shri Pradeep Furia, Shri Dinesh Furia,
Shri Jignesh Furia and the staff of Nirali Prakashan for their most cooperative attitude and untiring
efforts for bringing out this book in a short period of time. Special thanks to Mr. Shashikant Patel without
his persuation, this task would have been very difficult and also thankful to Ms. Anupama for proof reading.
I am indeed thankful to Mr. Paras Rambhia and Ms. Riddhi Hardik Vira of Decent Typesetters for their
excellent computer typesetting work.

Although every care has been taken to check mistakes, yet it is difficult to claim 100% perfection. Any
errors, omissions and suggestions are welcome from all teachers, students and friends.

Author
Syllabus ...
Unit Outcomes (UOs)
Unit Topics and Sub-topics
(in cognitive domain
Unit I - P.W.D. 1a. Explain the functions of personnel in the 1.1 Organization structure of Public Works
Procedure to given division of P.W.D. Department (P.W.D.).
Execute the 1b. Explain the procedure adopted by the 1.2 Functions of their personnel, financial
Work given government department for the powers if any.
construction of the given civil work. 1.3 P.W.D. Procedure of initiating the work
1c. Explain the specified method used in 1.4 Administrative approval, technical
P.W.D. to carry out the given work. sanction, budget provision, expenditure
1d. Select the relevant method of contracting sanction
for the given type of work with 1.5 Methods used in P.W.D. for carrying out
justification. works - contract method, departmental
method -rule list method, piece work
method, day’s work method, employing
labours on daily wages basis.
Unit II - 2a. Explain the requirements of valid 2.1 Definition of contract, Objects of contract,
Contracts contract in the given situation. requirements of valid contract, Overview
2b. Classify the civil engineering Contracts of Indian Contract Act 1872.
based on the given criteria. 2.2 Types of engineering contract with
2c. Select the type of contract for the given advantages, disadvantages and their
type of work with justification. suitabilities - Lump sum contract, item
2d. Outline the Registration process of rate contract, percentage rate contract,
contractor in Public Works Department cost plus percentage, cost plus fixed fee,
(P.W.D.) in the given type of division cost plus variable percentage and cost
office. plus variable fee contract, labour
2e. Justify the importance of Built operate contract, demolition contract, target
transfer (BOT) contract in the given contract, negotiated contract, All in
situation. contract, Engineering Procurement
2f. Explain the provisions of FIDIC contract Construction Contract (EPC), Annuity
relevant to the given situation. Contract.
2.3 Introduction of FIDIC Conditions of
contract.
2.4 Classification of contractor on basis of
financial limits, Requirement of
documents for registration of contractor
in Public Works Department (P.W.D.).
2.5 Built operate transfer (BOT) Project :
Objectives, scope, advantages,
Disadvantages, Nature of agreement,
mode of payment, examples.
Unit III - Tender 3a. Justify the need of the tender document 3.1 Definition of tender, necessity of tender,
and Tender for the given situation. Types of tender-local, Global, open
Documents 3b. Draft tender notice for the given type of Limited and negotiated tender.
work. 3.2 Notice to invite Tender (NIT) : Points to
3c. Explain the relevant provision of contact be included while drafting tender notice,
in the given situation as per Contract act Drafting of tender notice.
1872.
 3d. Justify the provision of liability period in 3.3 Meaning of terms : Earnest money
tender document of the given work. Deposit (EMD), Security deposit,
3e. Explain the process of arbitration used in Additional Performance Security Deposit,
the given case of dispute. Validity period, right to reject one or all
tenders, corrigendum to tender notice
3f. Justify the necessity of E-Tendering
and its necessity.
system for the given type of civil work.
3.4 Tender documents - Index, lender notice,
general instructions, special instructions,
schedule A, Schedule B, schedule C,
Terms related to tender documents -
contract conditions- time limit, time
extension, penalty, defective material
and workmanship, termination of
contract, suspension of work, subletting
of contract, extra items, price variation
clause (escalation defect liability Period,
liquidated and un-liquidated Damages.
3.5 Arbitration : Meaning, Qualification of an
arbitrator, appointment, Causes and
Settlement of disputes, Powers and
duties of Arbitrator, Award of result.
3.6 Procedure of submitting filled tender
Document (Two envelope system),
procedure of opening tender,
comparative statement, scrutiny of
tenders, award of contract, acceptance
letter and work order.
3.7 E-Tendering System : Online procedure
of Submission of Tender in P.W.D.
3.8 Unbalanced tender, ring formation.
Unit IV - 4a. Explain the importance of Nominal 4.1 Various account forms and their uses -
Accounts in Muster Role (NMR) in the construction of Measurement Books, E-Measurement
P.W.D. the given structure. book (E-MB), Nominal Muster Roll
4b. Record the measurements in the (NMR), Imprest Cash, Indent, Invoice,
measurement book for the given items of Bill, Vouchers, Hand receipt Cash Book,
works for payment. Temporary Advance, Heads of Accounts.
4c. Explain the specified terms used in 4.2 Mode of Payment to the contractor and
interim payment of the given civil work. its necessity - Interim Payment, Advance
4d. Select the criteria for granting advances Payment, Secured Advance, Petty
to the Contractor in the given situation advance, Mobilization advance, First And
with justification. Final, Final bill, Running account bill,
4e. Select the relevant bill form in the given Retention money, Reduced rate
situation with justification. payment, E-Payment.
Unit V - 5a. Draft the specifications for the given type 5.1 Necessity and importance of
Specifications of an item. specifications of an items, points to be
5b. Classify the specifications based on the observed in framing specifications of an
given criteria. item.
5c. Propose the specifications for the 5.2 Types of specification : Brief and
construction of the given item of work. Detailed, Standard and Manufacturers
5d. Formulate the detailed specifications for Specification.
the given item of irrigation work. 5.3 Preparing Detailed Specifications of
5e. Draft a detailed specification for a given items in civil engineering works from
items of transportation engineering work. each of following : Building construction,
Irrigation Engineering transportation
Engineering, Public health Engineering.
 Unit VI - 6a. Explain the purpose of valuation of the 6.1 Definition and purpose of Valuation, role
Valuations given structure in the given situation. of valuer. Define : Cost, Price and Value,
6b. Classify the value of the given structure Characteristics of value, Factors
based on the given criteria. Affecting value
6c. Calculate depreciation of the given 6.2 Types of Value : Book Value, Scrap
structure using relevant method for the Value, Salvage Value, Speculative
given data. Value, Distress Value, Market Value,
6d. Classify the term, ‘outgoings’ in the given monopoly Value, Sentimental Value,
situation. Factors affecting value.
6e. Calculate monthly rent of the given 6.3 Depreciation, Obsolescence, Sinking
building from the given data as per Fund. Methods of Calculation of
P.W.D. norms. Depreciation - Straight Line Method,
Sinking Fund Method, Constant
Percentage Method.
6.4 Computation of capitalized value, Gross
income, Outgoings, Net Income, Year
Purchase, Types of outgoings.
6.5 Fixation of rent as per P.W.D. Practice.
6.6 Lease - Types of lease, lease hold
property and free hold property,
Mortgage - Mortgage deed, precautions
to be taken while making mortgage.
Contents …
1. P.W.D. Procedure to Execute the Work 1.1 - 1.14
Introduction … 1.1
1.1 Organisation Structure of P.W.D. … 1.2
1.2 Functions of P.W.D. Personnel and Financial Powers … 1.3
1.3 P.W.D. Procedure of Initiating the Work … 1.4
1.4 Administrative Approval … 1.4
1.4.1 Technical Sanction … 1.5
1.4.2 Budget Provision … 1.5
1.4.3 Expenditure Sanction … 1.5
1.5 Methods Used in P.W.D. for Carrying Out the Works … 1.5
1.5.1 Contract Method (Item Rate, Item Plus Fixed Percentage) … 1.6
1.5.2 Rate List Method … 1.7
1.5.3 Piece Work Method (A1 and A2) … 1.7
1.5.4 Day Work Method … 1.8
1.5.5 Departmental Method of Employing Daily Labour … 1.9
• Important Points … 1.12
• Practice Questions … 1.13
• MSBTE Questions and Answers (As per ‘G’ Scheme) … 1.13

2. Contracts 2.1 - 2.20

2.1 Definition of Contract … 2.1
2.1.1 Objects of Contracts … 2.1
2.1.2 Requirement of Valid Contract … 2.2
2.1.3 Overview of Indian Contract Act 1872 … 2.2
2.2 Types of Engineering Contracts … 2.3
2.2.1 Lumpsum Contract … 2.3
2.2.2 Item Rate Contract … 2.4
2.2.3 Percentage Rate Contract … 2.4
2.2.4 Cost Plus Percentage Rate Contract … 2.4
2.2.5 Item Rate Contract and Percentage Rate Contract … 2.5
2.2.6 Labour Contract … 2.6
2.2.7 Demolition Contract … 2.6
2.2.8 Target Contract … 2.7
2.2.9 Negotiated Contract … 2.7
2.2.10 EPC Contract … 2.8
2.2.11 Annuity Contract … 2.8
2.3 Introduction of FIDIC Conditions of Contracts … 2.9
2.3.1 Code of Ethics of FIDIC … 2.9
2.4 Classification of Contractors and Registration of Contractors … 2.11
2.4.1 Classes of Contractors on the Basis of Financial Limits … 2.11
2.4.2 Documents Required for Registration … 2.11
2.4.3 Registration of Contractors … 2.12
2.5 Built Operate Transfer (B.O.T.) Project … 2.12
2.5.1 Objectives of B.O.T. … 2.12
2.5.2 Scope of B.O.T. … 2.12
2.5.3 Advantages of B.O.T. … 2.12
2.5.4 Disadvantages of B.O.T. … 2.13
2.5.5 Nature of Agreement for B.O.T. … 2.13
2.5.6 Mode of Payment for B.O.T. … 2.14
2.5.7 Example of B.O.T. … 2.15
• Important Points … 2.16
• Practice Questions … 2.17
• MSBTE Questions and Answers (As per ‘G’ Scheme) … 2.17
3. Tender and Tender Documents 3.1 - 3.26
3.1 Definition of Tender … 3.1
3.1.1 Necessity of Tender … 3.1
3.1.2 Types of Tender … 3.1
3.2 Notice Inviting Tender (NIT) … 3.2
3.2.1 Points to be included while Drafting Tender Notice … 3.2
3.2.2 Drafting of Tender Notice … 3.3
3.3 Meaning of Terms … 3.6
3.3.1 Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) … 3.6
3.3.2 Security Deposit … 3.6
3.3.3 Additional Performance Security Deposit … 3.6
3.3.4 Validity Period … 3.7
3.3.5 Right to Reject One or All Tenders … 3.7
3.3.6 Corrigendum of Tender Notice and its Necessity … 3.8
3.4 Tender Documents … 3.8
3.4.1 List of Tender Documents … 3.8
3.4.2 Terms Related to Tender Documents … 3.11
3.5 Arbitration … 3.15
3.5.1 Meaning … 3.15
3.5.2 Quality of Arbitrator … 3.16
3.5.3 Powers and Duties of Arbitrator … 3.16
3.5.4 Award of Result … 3.16
3.6 Procedure of Filling Tender … 3.16
3.6.1 Filling the Tender by Contractor … 3.16
3.6.2 Procedure of Submitting Tender (Two Envelope System) … 3.17
3.6.3 Procedure of Opening Tender … 3.17
3.6.4 Comparative Statement … 3.17
3.6.5 Scrutiny of Tender … 3.18
3.6.6 Award of Contract … 3.19
3.6.7 Acceptance Letter … 3.19
3.6.8 Work Order … 3.19
3.7 E-Tendering System … 3.19
3.7.1 E-Tendering Process … 3.20
3.8 Unbalanced Tender … 3.22
3.8.1 Ring Formation … 3.23
• Important Points … 3.23
• Practice Questions … 3.24
• MSBTE Questions and Answers (As per ‘G’ Scheme) … 3.24

4. Accounts in P.W.D. 4.1 - 4.18

4.1 Various Account Forms and Their Uses … 4.1
4.1.1 Measurement Book (M.B.) … 4.1
4.1.2 E-Measurement Book (E-MB) … 4.2
4.1.3 Nominal Muster Roll (N.M.R.) … 4.3
4.1.4 Imprest Cash … 4.4
4.1.5 Indent and Invoice … 4.5
4.1.6 Bills … 4.6
4.1.7 Vouchers … 4.6
4.1.8 Hand Receipt … 4.7
4.1.9 Cash Book … 4.7
4.1.10 Temporary Advance … 4.8
4.1.11 Heads of Accounts … 4.9
4.2 Mode of Payment to the Contractor and its Necessity … 4.9
4.2.1 Interim Payment … 4.9
4.2.2 Advance Payment … 4.10
 4.2.3 Secured Advance … 4.10
4.2.4 Petty Advance … 4.10
4.2.5 Mobilisation Advance … 4.11
4.2.6 First and Final Payment … 4.11
4.2.7 Final Bill and Payment … 4.11
4.2.8 Running Account Bill or Interim Payment Bills … 4.11
4.2.9 Retention Money … 4.12
4.2.10 Reduced Rate Payment … 4.12
4.2.11 E-Payment … 4.13
4.2.12 Bill Forms … 4.13
4.3 Important Points of Difference … 4.14
4.3.1 Running Bill and Final Bill … 4.14
4.3.2 Secured Advance and Advance Payment … 4.14
4.3.3 First and Final Payment and Interim Payment … 4.14
• Important Points … 4.15
• Practice Questions … 4.15
• MSBTE Questions and Answers (As per ‘G’ Scheme) … 4.16

5. Specifications 5.1 - 5.26

5.1 Necessity and Importance of Specifications … 5.1
5.1.1 Point to be observed in Framing the Specifications of an Item … 5.2
5.2 Types of Specifications … 5.2
5.3 Preparing Detailed Specification of Items in Civil Engineering Works … 5.3
5.3.1 Detailed Specification of Building Construction System … 5.3
5.3.2 Specification of Irrigation Engineering System … 5.12
5.3.3 Specification of Transportation Engineering System … 5.13
5.3.4 Specification of Public Health Engineering … 5.17
5.4 Legal Aspects of Specifications … 5.21
5.5 Standard Specifications Book … 5.21
• Important Points … 5.21
• Practice Questions … 5.22
• MSBTE Questions and Answers (As per ‘G’ Scheme) … 5.22

6. Valuations 6.1 - 6.32

6.1 Definition of Valuation … 6.1
6.1.1 Purpose of Valuation … 6.1
6.1.2 Role of Valuer … 6.2
6.1.3 Important Definitions … 6.2
6.1.4 Characteristics of Value … 6.3
6.1.5 Factors Affecting Value of a Property … 6.3
6.2 Types of Value … 6.3
6.2.1 Factor Affective Valuation … 6.4
6.3 Depreciation, Obsolescence and Sinking Fund … 6.5
6.3.1 Methods of Calculating Depreciation … 6.6
6.4 Computation of Capitalized Value … 6.7
6.5 Fixation of Rent as per P.W.D. Practice … 6.9
6.6 Important Distinguishes … 6.10
• Important Points … 6.27
• Practice Questions … 6.28
• MSBTE Questions and Answers (As per ‘G’ Scheme) … 6.29

Appendix A – B – C
  
1…
P.W.D. PROCEDURE TO EXECUTE THE
WORK
Weightage of Marks = 08, Teaching Hours = 04

Specific Objectives
¾ State the meaning and purpose of administrative approval and technical sanction.
¾ Draw organization structure of P.W.D.
¾ To study functions of personnel in P.W.D.
¾ To study procedure of execution of construction work in P.W.D.

About This Chapter

¾ This chapter deals with the procedure of execution of work by P.W.D. While carrying out the construction
work by departments, personnels and their functions are discussed in this chapter. Administrative approval
and technical sanction, nominal muster roll are discussed in this chapter.
¾ In government departments, majority of construction activities are carried out by P.W.D. Hence, an
engineer must know the procedures of execution of works as per P.W.D. guidelines. In departments like
MHADA, MCGM, TMC, PMC, CIDCO etc., works are executed on the guidelines similar to that of P.W.D.
Hence, in this chapter, this procedure is explained in detail.
¾ To make students aware about the role of personnels in P.W.D. organisation.

INTRODUCTION
• In Government, departments and public bodies, the general procedures and methods of
executing works are rigid and the rules and regulations are to be strictly followed. The reason is
that they involve utilisation of public funds. The commercial methods are more flexible and
allow the use of discretionary powers as the funds involved are private property and everything
can be left to mutual faith and trust.
• For the construction and maintenance of public works, the State Government has formed
various engineering departments. They are as given below :
1. Buildings and construction department which mainly deals with the buildings, roads and
bridges.
2. Irrigation department deals with construction of dams, canals, navigation etc.
3. Environmental engineering department deals with water supply and sanitary works etc.
4. Electricity board which deals with electrification, installation of thermal power stations,
connecting power lines etc.
• The departmental organisational setup of P.W.D. in execution of various works is as described
below :
• P.W.D. has different engineering departments, which deal with the construction and
maintenance of public works as buildings, roads, bridges, culverts, canals and connecting
works, dams, sanitary and water supply works, electrical works etc.
1-1
Contracts and Accounts (T.Y. Dip. Sem. VI) (Civil) 1-2 P.W.D. Procedure to Execute the Work

• Different branches of work are dealt with different engineering departments.

1. Building and Road : It deals with buildings, roads, bridges, culverts etc.
2. Irrigation Department : It concerns with dams, canals and other irrigation works.
3. Public Health Department : Water supply works, sanitary works etc. are dealt by this
department.
4. Electricity Department : Presently, it comes under an autonomous electricity board. It
looks after electrification, installation, power line, connecting works, maintenance etc.
• Besides dealing with construction and maintenance works, these departments also deal with the
collection of revenue of their respective works.

1.1 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF P.W.D. [S’16, 17, 19; W’16, 17, 18]

Administrative Setup :

Organisational Work Setup : [S’12]

• The analytical diagram given below will give an idea of the P.W.D. organization in relation to
work in brief.
Contracts and Accounts (T.Y. Dip. Sem. VI) (Civil) 1-3 P.W.D. Procedure to Execute the Work

1.2 FUNCTIONS OF P.W.D. PERSONNEL AND FINANCIAL POWERS [W’16]

(A) The Functions of the Chief Engineer :

• He is the technical head of the department. He submits the budget proposals to the
government in respect of all original and maintenance works in his jurisdiction and exercises
control over the expenditure in collaboration with Accountant General of the State.
• As a head of the organisation, he enjoys the following financial and administrative
powers/authorities :
(1) Financial :
1. Administrative approval of works other than buildings, upto ` 25,000/- (This may
increase from time to time).
2. Acceptance of tenders for works by contract - full powers.
3. Sanction Deposit works - full powers.
4. Purchase of live stock ` 30,000/- at only one time.
(2) Technical :
To accord technical sanction for original work and repairs upto 5% in excess of the
administratively approved amount.
(B) Functions of the Superintending Engineer : [S’12, 13, 16, 17, W’13]
• He is responsible to the Chief Engineer for the following in respect of his circle :
1. Administrative and technical control of the circle.
2. Exercises financial control over execution of original and repair works.
3. Inspects works in his circle.
4. Arranges procurement of stores.
5. Inspects divisions in his circle and reports to C.E.
6. Exercises administrative control in respect of Technical Staff.
7. Keeps himself informed about the progress of works in his circle.
(C) Functions of the Executive Engineer : [W’12, 13, S’17, 19]
• The Executive Engineer is responsible to the Superintending Engineer, for administrative and
technical control of his division. His main duties are :
1. To see that no work is taken in hand without the administrative approval and allotment of
funds and technical sanction.
2. To exercise effective supervision on the works in his division.
3. To see that contractor’s accounts are properly maintained and are regularly submitted to
the competent authority.
4. As a drawing and disbursing officer of the division, he draws money from the concerned
treasury and makes payment to the contractor and labour and office establishment against
funds placed by the government in the concerned treasuries.
5. Carries inspection of the offices of AE/SDE/SDO at least once in a year.
6. Ensures that all tools, plant and machinery are properly maintained.
(D) Functions of AE/SDE/SDO :
• Assistant Executive Engineer or Assistant Engineer or Sub-Divisional Officer is responsible to
the Executive Engineer for efficient management and execution of works in his sub-division.
Duties :
1. Arranges stock, execution, progress and completion of all original works and repairs in the
sub-division.
2. Checks works in progress.
3. Maintains construction accounts.
4. Physical verification of measurement books.
Contracts and Accounts (T.Y. Dip. Sem. VI) (Civil) 1-4 P.W.D. Procedure to Execute the Work

5. Takes proper care of cash and stores.

6. Physical verification of dead stock once in a year.
7. Checks muster rolls.
8. Maintains all buildings/roads.
9. Exercises administrative control of the office and field staff in the sub-division.
(E) Functions of the Junior Engineer : [W’12, 17, S’18, 19]
1. Supervision of all works in his charge executed through contractor or departmentally.
2. Maintains attendance of departmental works.
3. Maintains attendance of departmentally employed daily labour on muster roll and of casual
labour, either directly or through the field staff consisting of sub-overseers.
4. Takes measurements of all works in the measurement books.
5. Exercises direct control in respect of specifications and progress of works under his charge.
6. Prepares running bills and final bills for all works in his charge.
7. Prepares pay-bills of the work charged establishment of his section.
8. Carries out field survey of proposed projects and ground tracing of structures on the
ground.
9. Prepares estimates for all types of works in the section.
10. Carries out check of tools, plant etc., arranges collection of rents and revenue due to the
government.
11. Carries out half yearly checks of all stores in his charge and submits reports to S.D.O.
12. Carries out annual inspection of all structures in his charge and submits reports of such
inspection to the S.D.O.
13. Initials disposal of unserviceable stock, tools and plants in the form of survey report.

1.3 P.W.D. PROCEDURE OF INITIATING THE WORK

• P.W.D. means public works department. This is a state government run department which looks
after construction of public utility services like roads, gutters, culverts, government buildings
and maintenance of all such structures.
• For the purpose of keeping control on necessary construction activities are govern by demand,
need, administrative approval, technical sanction and budget provisions in the financial year.
• All types of construction of structures is represented by local body or M.L.A. in the state
assembly in front of P.W.D. minister and after studying the feasibility and need of the project
its approval is given.
• Funds are allocated in the budget for the project which is technically sanctioned.

1.4 ADMINISTRATIVE APPROVAL [S’16, 17, 18, W’16, 17, 18]

• For any work or project required by a department, an approval or sanction of the competent
authority of the department, with respect to the cost and the work that is necessary at the first
instance.
• The approval authorises the Engineering department to take up the work.
• Administrative approval denotes the formal acceptance by the department concerned of the
proposal and after the administrative approval is given, the Engineering department (P.W.D.)
takes up the work and prepares detailed designs, plans and estimates and then executes the
work.
• The Engineering department prepares approximate estimates and preliminary plans and
submits to the department concerned for administrative approval.
 Contracts And Accounts

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Publisher : Nirali Prakashan ISBN : 9789389944129 Author : Mukesh N. Gangrade

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