Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Introduction to ECE 201 Lab

‘Safety Instruction and Equipment

Familiarization’

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022
0 Safety Instruction and Equipment Familiarization

Objectives

 To be familiar with the safety instructions inside the laboratory environment.

 To be familiar with the laboratory equipment and components.

Safety Lab Instructions

OH&S Risk Control Procedures

When performing computer simulation labs, the following instructions need to be followed
to reduce injuries and to ensure optimum safety:
 The monitor should be at least a full arm length away from your seated position.

 Place the keyboard as close to the front edge of the desk as is comfortable.

 The keyboard and mouse should be located on the desk in your primary reach area.

 Do not store any cumbersome items (bags, books, etc.) underneath your desk so that they do
not decrease or interferes with space required for your legs.

 Do not continue to grip the mouse, when it is not in use.

A. Before practical measurements:

 Wear minimum Personal Protective Equipment required by the instructor.

 Remove any dangling metal accessories or jewelry.

 Avoid consuming food and drink (including drinking from water bottles) in laboratories,
especially near the workbench.

 For any OHS related questions, call your instructor immediately.

 When any unexpected incident occurs, call your instructor immediately. Deal with situation
safely and after the approval of your instructor.

B. During the preparation of any lab:

 Follow the OHS procedures previously listed in A.

1
  Obtain the experimental tools and apparatus required to conduct the experiment safely. Do
not crowd up the apparatus kits and use care when holding and moving any tools or
equipment with sharp edges so as not to harm others in the lab.

 Inspect all tools and measurement devices are in good working condition. Hand damaged
tools and equipment to the lab technician for inspection.

C. During the measurements:

 Follow the OHS procedures previously listed in part A and B.

 Keep your workbench clean.

 Get your work checked by your lab instructor before recording your measurements.

 Call your instructor to check your answers after the fulfillment of each measurements.

D. Before leaving the laboratory:

 Switch off all the measuring equipment safely.

 Switch off the main power supply of your workbench.

 Return all the measuring equipment to their places safely.

 Check that all tools and equipment used are in good condition. Otherwise, hand damaged
tools to the lab technician for inspection and do not return them to their original place.

 Clean up your work area.

 Call your instructor to check your workbench.

Lab equipment and components:

Part I:
Lab Equipment:
 DC Power Supply:
It is a multi-channels power source device to generate a variable DC voltage,
 Digital Multi-Meter (DMM):
DMM is a measuring instrument to measure voltage, current, ohm, frequency.
 Function Generator (FG):
It is a device to generate a variable AC signal with different wave forms (sine, square and
triangle).
 Digital Oscilloscope:
Oscilloscope is a multi-channel measuring instrument to measure and display voltage wave
forms with different measurements readings.

2
Part II:
Lab Components
 Resistor:
There are different values for the discrete resistors depending on the provided colors.

Figure 0-1: Discrete Resistors

 4-band Color Code

Figure 0-2: 4-band color code table

3
 5-band Color Code

Figure 0-3: 5-band color code table

4
Example:

(a)

(b)

Figure 0-4: Color code example

a) For the resistor of figure 0-4-a, the value can be calculated as follows:

Where:
Ni = band value.

R = 02 x 105 + 10% = 200 K + 10%

b) For the resistor of figure 0-4-b, the value can be calculated as follows:

Where:
Ni = band value.

R = 330 x 101 + 0.1% = 3.3 K + 0.1%

 Capacitor:
There are different types of capacitors such as Electrolytic Capacitor, Non-Polarized
Capacitor and Ceramic Capacitor

5
 Figure 0-5: Capacitor Types
 Bread Board:
It is a board to connect the circuits.

Figure 0-6: Bread Board Sample

 Cable and Clips:

Alligator Clips Banana Clips Pointy Probe

Figure 0-7: Cable Types

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 Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Experiment 1

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022
E1 Ohm's Law
X
PObjectives

 Verification of Ohm’s law.

E  Voltage and current calculation and measurements

RI  To understand the connection of electronic components.

Theory
M
Part I : Ohms's Law:

E
Ohm's Law says: The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage.

(1)
N
I
T I

1/R

Circuit Diagram Relationship Between V & I (slope=1/R)

Figure 1-1: Ohm’s Law

1
Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1-14 by the following steps:
Multisim Simulation

Part I:

Figure 1-2: Circuit Diagram

1) Start Multisim
2) Add a Resistor (R1=2 KΩ)
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vs) Vs = the values in table 1-1
4) Add Ground
5) Connect the circuit by adding wires
6) Simulate the circuit
7) Fill in the table below.

Table 1-1

VS I (mA) Multisim

10

2
Experimental Work

Equipments:
1) DC Voltage Source 2) Bread Board.
3) DMM 4) Discrete resistors.

Figure 1-3: Circuit Diagram

Procedure:
Part I: Ohm’s Law:

1) Select the resistor R = 2 KΩ, measure the resistor value

R=

2) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1-3 with the shown values.
3) Vary the DC voltage source and measure I. Fill table 1-2.
Table 1-2
VS I (mA) Experimental

10

3
Post Lab Questions:

Q1: Using the values in table 1-1, draw V versus I, find the slope of the curve. Use the slope to
calculate the resistance.
Q2: Using the values in table 1-2, draw V versus I, find the slope of the curve. Use the slope to
calculate the resistance.
Q3: Compare the measured resistance value of Q2 with the simulated resistance value found in
Q1.
| Measured−Simulated|
%error= ×100 %
Simulated

Q4: What are the error sources in Q3?

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 Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Experiment 2

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022
2 KVL and KCL

Objectives

 Verification of KVL and KCL.

 Simulating the DC circuits using Multisim software.

Theory

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero. Figure 2-1
shows an example for closed loop circuit.

For the circuit shown in Figure 2-1, applying

KVL:

Figure 2-1: KVL example

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum
of the currents leaving the node.

For the circuit shown in Figure 2-2, applying

KCL:

Figure 2-2: KCL example

1
Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2-5 by the following steps:
Multisim Simulation

Part 1:

Figure 2-3: Circuit Diagram

1) Start Multisim
2) Add a Resistor (R1=R4=2 KΩ, R2=R5=3.9 KΩ, R3=R6=5.1KΩ)
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vdc) (V1 = 10 Volt, V2 = 5 Volt)
4) Add Ground
5) Connect the circuit by adding wires
6) Add voltage prob and current prob to measure the required voltage and current as shown in
the datasheet.
7) Simulate the circuit
8) Fill Table 2-1.

Table 2-1

VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5 VR6 I1 I2 I3

2
3
Experimental Work

Equipment:
1) DC Voltage Source 2) Bread Board.
3) DMM 4) Discrete resistors.

Part A – KVL & KCL:

1) Select and measure (using DMM) the resistors values. Fill the measured values of the
resistors in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

2) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2-3, adjust V1 = 10 V and V2 = 5 V using DMM.
3) Fill table 2-3.
Table 2-3
VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5 VR6 I1 I2 I3

Post Lab Questions:

Q1: Using the measured values of tables 2-2 and 2-3, verify KCL at node A

Q2: Using the measured values of table 2-2 and 2-3, verify KVL for closed loops L1, L2, and L3.
Loop L1:

Loop L2:

Loop L3:

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 Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Experiment 3

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022
3 Measuring Equivalent Circuit Resistance

Objectives

 Measuring and calculating the equivalent resistance of different circuits.

 To do the Multisim analysis of series, parallel, and combination circuits.

 To see the behavior of voltages and currents in series, parallel and combination circuits.

Theory

Parallel and Series Circuit Connections

Resistors are said to be in series whenever the current flows through the resistors sequentially. Since
there is only one path for the charges to flow through, the current is the same through each resistor.
The equivalent resistance of a set of resistors in a series connection is equal to the algebraic sum of
the individual resistances. Resistors are in parallel when one end of all the resistors are connected by
a continuous wire of negligible resistance and the other end of all the resistors are also connected to
one another through a continuous wire of negligible resistance. The potential drop across each
resistor is the same.

Series Connection Parallel Connection

Figure 3-1: Series-Parallel Connections

1
Delta to Wye Conversion
Some resistor networks cannot be simplified using the usual series and parallel combinations. This
situation can often be handled by trying the 'Delta-Wye' transformation. The names Delta and Wye
come from the shape of the schematics, which resemble letters. The transformation allows you to
replace three resistors in a Δ configuration with three resistors in a Y configuration, and the other
way around.

Delta to Why conversion (given Ra, Rb, Rc) Why to Delta conversion (given R1, R2, R3)

Figure 3-2: Delta Why conversions

2
Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2-5 by the following steps:
Multisim Simulation

Part 1:
Delta to Wye Conversion

Figure 3-3: Circuit Diagram

1) Start Multisim
2) Add a Resistor [R1=5.1KΩ, R4=1 KΩ, R2= R3=2 KΩ, R5= R6=3.9 KΩ]
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vdc) [ Vs = 12 V] between the two nodes A and B
4) Add Ground
5) Connect the circuit by adding wires
6) Simulate the circuit
7) Add a voltage probe and a current probe to measure the voltage and current of the DC source.
8) Calculate the value of RAB

Vs
Rab == I
=

3
Experimental Work

Equipment:
5) DC Voltage Source 6) Bread Board.
7) DMM 8) Discrete resistors.

Part I - Delta to Wye Conversion and equivalent resistance of different

circuits:

Figure 3-4: Circuit Diagram

1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2-7.

2) Using DMM measure Rab.

Rab =

Post Lab Questions:

Q1: Find Rab theoretically step by step with figures. (You can draw the figures by hand or using
any software)

Q2: Compare the result of Q3 with the measured value of Rab .

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 Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Experiment 4

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022

1
 E
4 Nodal and Mesh Analysis

X
PObjectives

E 


Verification of Nodal analysis method.

Verification of Mesh analysis method.

RI  DC circuits analysis using Multisim.

M Theory

ENodal Analysis
Analysis Steps:
N 1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages v 1, v2,…, vn-1 to the remaining n−1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.

T 2. Apply KCL to each of the n−1 non reference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.
Example:

Figure 4-1: Nodal Example

Applying nodal equation for the circuit of Figure 4-1:

2
Mesh Analysis
A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
Analysis steps:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, . . . , in to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the
mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.
Example:

Figure 4-2: Mesh Loop Example

Applying mesh loop equation for the circuit of Figure 4-2:

3
Multisim Simulation

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4-3 by the following steps:

Figure 4-3: Circuit Diagram

1) Start Multisim.
2) Add a Resistor, R1=1K, R2=2K, R3= 3.9K, R4= 5.1K, R5=10K.
3) Add DC Voltage Source (Vdc), V1 = 12 V and V2 = 8 V.
4) Add Ground.
5) Connect the circuit by adding wires.
6) Simulate the circuit.
7) Add voltage and current probes to measure the required voltages and currents.
8) Fill Table 4-1.

Table 4-1
IR4 IR1 IR5 VA VB VC

4
Experimental Work

Equipments:
9) DC Voltage Source 10) Bread Board.
11) DMM 12) Discrete resistors.

Part I – Nodal and Mesh Analysis

a. For the circuit shown in Figure 4.3, select and measure (using DMM) the resistors. Fill the
measured values of the resistors in table 4.2.

Table 4-2
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

b. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4.3, adjust V1 = 12 V and V2 = 8 V using DMM.
c. Fill table 4-3.
Table 4-3
IR4 IR1 IR5 VA VB VC

Post Lab Questions:

Q1: Use the values in Table 4-1 (simulated Multisim results) to find the mesh current i 1 , i 2 ,i 3
Q2: Using the measured values of table 4-3, verify Nodal equations for A and B. Show your
numbers
Node A:
Node B:
Q3: Using the values found in Q2, verify mesh equations. Show your numbers
Mesh L1:
Mesh L2:
Mesh L3:

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 Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Experiment 5

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022

1
 E
5 Superposition Analysis
X
P Objectives

E  Verification of Superposition technique.

 DC circuits analysis using Multisim.

RI
Theory
M
Superposition technique:
EThe superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that element due to each

Nindependent source acting alone.

Superposition steps:

T 1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due
to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent
sources.
Example:
For the circuit shown in Figure 5-2, to find IR1 using superposition:
 Disconnect the voltage source V2 and replace it with a wire (short circuit it) as shown in
Figure 5-1-a.
Solve for IR1’.
 Disconnect the voltage source V1 and replace it with a wire (short circuit it) as shown in
Figure 5-1-b.
 Solve for IR1”.
 IR1 = IR1’ + IR1”

2
 IR1’ IR1”

(a) (b)
Figure 5-1: Superposition Technique Example

Multisim Simulation

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 5-2 by the following steps:

Figure 5-2: Superposition Technique Example

9) Start Multisim.
10) Add a Resistor, R1=1K, R2=2K, R3= 3.9K, R4= 5.1K, R5=10K.
11) Add DC Voltage Source (Vdc), V1 = 12 V and V2 = 8 V.
12) Add Ground.
13) Connect the circuit by adding wires.
14) Simulate the circuit.
15) Add voltage and current probes to measure the required voltages and currents.
16) Fill Table 5-1.

3
 Table 5-1
IR4 VA

17) Deactivate V2 and simulate the circuit V 'A (V 1 on∧V 2 off )

18) Fill table 5-2
off and {V} rsub {2} on ¿
19) Deactivate V1, simulate the circuit and find V }A ( {V} rsub {1}
20) Fill table 5-2.
Table 5-2
¿ ¿
VA
'
VA VA '
IR4 IR4 IR4

Experimental Work

Equipments:
13) DC Voltage Source 14) Bread Board.
15) DMM 16) Discrete resistors.

Part I – Superposition technique:

' '
1) Deactivate the voltage source V2, measure and fill table 5-3 for V A and I R 4
¿ ¿
2) Deactivate the voltage source V1, measure and fill table 5-3 for V A and I R 4
❑ ❑
3) Verify superposition technique and fill table 5-3 for V A and I R 4
Table 5-3
' ¿ ❑ ' ¿ ❑
VA V A V A IR4 IR4 IR4

Post Lab Questions:

Q1: Verify superposition technique theoretically for VA and IR4.

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 Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Experiment 6

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022

1
E
6 Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

X
Objectives
P  Verification of Thevenin’s Theory.

E  Determination of Thevenin’s Eq. Circuit using Multisim.

RITheory

Thevenin’s Theory
MThevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit

Econsisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at
the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent

Nsources are turned off.

(a) Original Circuit

(b) Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Figure 6-1: Thevenin Theory

Multisim Simulation

2
Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 6-2 by the following steps:

Figure 6-2: Circuit Diagram

1) Start Multisim
2) Add a Resistor (R1=2KΩ, R2=2KΩ, R3=3.9KΩ, R4=5.1KΩ, RL=1KΩ)
3) Add two DC Voltage Source (Vdc) V1= 10 v
4) Add Ground
5) Connect the circuit by adding wires

Part 1- Finding I through RL:

1) Simulate the circuit
2) Add current probe to measure the required current.

IRL = mA

Part 2: Calculating I using Thevenin’s Circuit

A) Finding VTH
1) Change the value of RL to be 1T (high value equivalent to open circuit).
2) Simulate the circuit
3) Add voltage probe to measure the required voltage.
4) Calculate VTH = Vxy

VTH = V

B) Finding RTH
1) Change the value of RL to be 1f (very small value equivalent to short circuit).
2) Simulate the circuit

3
 3) Add current probe to measure the required current.

ISC = mA

4) Calculate RTH
V TH
RTH =
I SC

Experimental Work

Equipments:
1) DC Voltage Source 2) Bread Board.
3) DMM 4) Discrete resistors and resistor box

Part 1 – Finding IRL

1) Measure the resistance of the wires, make sure that its value not equal to OL
2) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 6-2 with the same values of resistors.
3) Fill the measured values of the resistors in table 6-1.
Table 6-1
R1 R2 R3 R4 RL

4) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 6-2, adjust V1 = 10 v using DMM.

5) Measure I. IRL = mA

Part 2: Calculating I using Thevenin’s Circuit

A) Finding VTH
 Remove RL from the circuit and measure VTH = Vxy

VTH = V

B) Finding RTH
 Remove RL and replace it with a short circuit wire.
 Measure ISC. ISC = mA
 Calculate RTH
RTH = KΩ

4
Post Lab Questions
Q1: Deactivate V1 and find Rth using equivalent resistance. Compare it with the value you found
practically.
Q2: Using Thevenin Equivalent Circuit, calculate IRL and compare it with the value in part 1.

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 Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Experiment 7

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022

1
E7 Maximum Power Transfer

X
Objectives

 Verification of maximum power condition.

 To measure power in a dc load.

Theory

Maximum Power Transfer

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as
seen from the load (RL = RTh).
For Figure 7-1, maximum power equation is as follows:

(1)

(a) The circuit used for maximum power transfer (b) Power delivered to the load as a function of RL

Figure 7-1: Maximum Power Circuit

2
Multisim Simulation

Part I: Maximum Power Transfer

RTH

I
+
RL
VTH
-

Figure 7-2: Circuit Diagram

1) Start Multisim
2) Add a Resistor RTH=2KΩ
3) Add a Resistor RL= values in table 7-1
4) Add DC Voltage Source (Vdc) VTH=10 V
5) Add Ground
6) Connect the circuit by adding wires
7) Fill in table 7-1
Table 7-1
RL () I PRL = I2*RL
270
510
1K
2K
3.9 K
5.1 K

Experimental Work

Equipments:
5) DC Voltage Source 6) Bread Board.
7) DMM 8) Discrete resistors and resistor box

Part I: Maximum Power Transfer

3
 Figure 7-3: Circuit Diagram

 Let VTH = 10 V and RTH = 2 K.

 Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 7-3.
 Vary RL with the values of table 7-2.
 Fill table 7-2.
Table 7-2
RL () I PRL = I2*RL
270
510
1K
2K
3.9 K
5.1 K

Post Lab Questions

Q1: From table 7-2, plot PRL versus RL using Excel. What is the value of RL for maximum power?
Comment?

RL = KΩ PRL MAX = W

Q2: Compare between power when the load applied (RL) is less than the Thévenin resistance (Rth)
and the applied load is greater than the Thévenin resistance.

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 Lab Experiments of ECE-201

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS I

Experiment 8

Prepared by Instructor: Yasmeen Al-Saleh

Fall - 2022

1
E8 DC: Operational Amplifier (Op-Amps)
X
PObjectives

E 


Verify Ideal Model Op-Amp Characteristics.
Understand different fundamental feedback Op-Amp circuits.

RI 

Theory
Design, build and test a DC Inverting Amplifier.

MInverting Operational Amplifier

E
An inverting-amplifier circuit is built by grounding the positive input of the operational amplifier and
connecting resistors Rf and Rs, called the feedback networks, between the inverting input and the

Nsignal source and amplifier output node, respectively. The symbol for an operational amplifier is
shown in Figure 8.1.

Figure 8-1: Inverting Op-Amp Circuit

Note that in addition to the op amp, the circuit consists of:
• Two resistors 𝑅𝑓 and 𝑅𝑠
• A voltage signal source 𝑣𝑠
• A short circuit connected between the noninverting input terminal (𝑣𝑝) and the common node.

2
Therefore, the output voltage 𝑣𝑜 in terms of the source voltage 𝑣𝑠 in an inverting amplifier
circuit is found as
−Rf
vo= vs
Rs

Output voltage 𝑣𝑜 is an inverted scaled replica of the input voltage 𝑣𝑠. Negative sign is why we
call it inverting. The voltage gain provided from the above circuit is given as

Av = vo / vs

The output voltage (Vout) equation shows that the op-amp circuit is linear for a fixed gain of an
amplifier like Vo = Vs * Gain. In a practical manner the configuration of the operational
amplifier can be addressed in Figure 8.2

Figure 8-2: IC Chip configuration of Op-Amp

3
Multisim Simulation

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 8-3 by the following steps:

Figure 8-3: The circuit diagram of Op-Amp circuit

21) Start Multisim.

22) Add a Resistor, R1=2.2 K , R2=1 K
23) Add 5 terminals op-Amp as shown in the figure.
24) Add +Vcc, -Vcc = 15 v (check polarity)
25) Add Vi = 5 v
26) Add Ground.
27) Connect the circuit by adding wires.
28) Connect voltage probe at the output voltage node.
29) Simulate the circuit.
30) Fill Table 8-1.
31) Insert the graph in your prelab assignment.

Table 8-1
V o (Multisim) V o (Theoretical ) A(Multisim) A(Theoretical )

4
Experimental Work

Equipment:
1) Dc Power Supply 4) 741 Op-Amp
2) Bread Board. 5) Discrete resistors.
3) Wires 6) Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Part 1 – Finding Vo

Figure 8-3: The circuit diagram of Op-Amp circuit

1. Set up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Adjust the DC-Voltages to Vcc=15V and -Vcc=-15 V.
3. Measure the output voltage and calculate the voltage gain A
Table 8-2
V o (Multisim) V o (Theoretical ) A(Multisim) A(Theoretical )

V o (Experimental ) A(Experimental )

Post Lab Questions:

5
 Q1: Fill in the table and calculate the percentage error between the theoretical and experimental
results for the voltage gain of inverting Op-Amp.
Theoretical Calculation Experimental Results Compare (%error)
(Using Equation if needed) for voltage gain A
Vi

Vo

A = Vo/Vi
(v/v)

Q2: Design an inverting op-amp circuit for voltage gain 10. Assume Vi = 1v. Simulate the circuit
using Multisim and attach it to your solution.