FIRST FREE CLASS

Prashant Kirad
 About Your Teacher

● Cleared JEE Mains + advanced

● Mentored 1 Lakh+ Students

● Author of Two Books for Class 10th

Prashant Kirad
 What We’ll Provide!

● Lectures

● Top 25 Questions

● Sample Papers
(NCERT Exercises Included)
 Chemical reaction and Equations
Science
CLASS - 10th
 Topics We’ll Cover!

● Change & Chemical reactions

● Balancing Chemical Equations
● Types of Reactions
● Effect of Oxidation in our Daily Life
● NCERT Activities
Change
& Chemical reaction
Classification of Change
Chemical change
Chemical composition changes along with a change in
shape/size/state changes e.g. Rusting of Iron

Physical change
Shape/Size/Physical state change e.g. melting of wax
Q. Which of the following is a chemical change?

A. Crushing a paper cup

B. Boiling of water to give water vapour
C. Combustion of charcoal
D. Melting of ice to water
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process in which substances undergo a
transformation, resulting in the formation of new substances with
different chemical properties.

Chemical equation
A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical
reaction, using chemical formulas and symbols to show the
reactants and products involved.
e.g. H2 + O2 → H2O
 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : To observe and study the burning of magnesium ribbon.
Procedure :
1. Clean a magnesium ribbon about 2 cm long
by rubbing it with sandpaper.
2. Using tongs, hold a piece of magnesium
ribbon at one end.
3. Light a Bunsen Burner or a candle.
4. Hold one end of magnesium ribbon in the
flame of the burner or candle. Make sure that
the flame touches the magnesium ribbon.
Observation:
1. Magnesium ribbon burns with a white
dazzling flame and changes into white ash.
The white powder (ash) is magnesium oxide.
2. The ash may fall onto the watch glass.

Conclusion : It is clear that Mg burns and changes into a new substance of a

new state, which is magnesium oxide (MgO).

Combustion: When the magnesium ribbon is heated in the flame, it

undergoes combustion, combining with oxygen from the air to form
magnesium oxide (MgO). The chemical equation for this reaction is:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Why Magnesium ribbon is cleaned before burning in air?

Magnesium is a highly reactive metal. It combines with oxygen in air to form a layer
of magnesium oxide on its surface. Hence, it should be cleaned with a sand paper
before burning to remove the oxide layer formed on its surface.

Why the magnesium ribbon should be burned by keeping it as far as possible from
the eyes?

The burning magnesium ribbon produces light of sufficient intensity to cause

temporary loss of sight. Avoid looking directly at the light source. The burning of
magnesium in air produces intense heat which can cause burns and initiate
combustion in flammable materials.
 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : To observe the formation of a precipitate when solutions of lead nitrate and
potassium iodide are mixed.
Procedure :
1. Take two clean and dry test tubes say A and
B.
2. In test tube A, take lead nitrate solution and
in test tube B take potassium iodide solution.
3. Using a dropper, carefully add potassium
iodide solution to the lead nitrate solution in
test tube A.
 Pb(NO3)2

Observation:
1. A yellow precipitate forms in test tube A Mix
when the solution are mixed.
2. The yellow precipitate is the precipitate of
lead iodide.
KI

Conclusion : On mixing Pb(NO3)2 and KI, the yellow-coloured precipitate of

PbI2 is obtained.

The reaction involved: Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Kl (aq) → Pbl2 (s) + KNO3(aq)

Reema took 5 ml of Lead Nitrate solution in a beaker and added approximately 4 ml
of Potassium Iodide solution to it. What would she observe? [SQP-2021]

A. The solution turns red.

B. Yellow precipitate was formed.
C. White precipitate was formed.
D. The reaction mixture became hot.
 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : To observe and compare the reactions of zinc with hydrochloric acid and
sulphuric acid.

Procedure :
1. Take two clean and dry test tubes, label one as
“HCl” for the hydrochloric acid reaction and other
as “H2SO4” for the sulphuric acid reaction.
2. Place a small amount of zinc granules in each
test tube.
3. Add hydrochloric acid to the HCl test tube and
sulphuric acid to the H2SO4 test tube, ensuring
that the zinc is completely immersed in the acid.
 4. Stopper each test tube with a stopper that has
a delivery tube attached.
5. Connect the delivery tube from the “HCl” test
tube to a rubber tubing and place the other end
of the tubing in a glass beaker filled with water.
6. Connect the delivery tube from the H2SO4 test
tube in the same way.
Observations:
● In both the test tube, upon adding the dilute acid to the zinc granules,
we will notice bubbles forming around the zinc granules.
● The bubbles are formed due to the release of hydrogen gas during the
reaction between zinc and the dilute acid.
● On touching the test tube, we will observe a change in temperature,
with the container becoming warm.
We verified that it is Hydrogen gas forming around the zinc metal
when passed through soap solution.

Reaction with HCl: Reaction with H2SO4:

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

Conclusion :
● In both case, the Zn granules react with acid, releasing H2 gas as
bubbles.
● Acid react with metals to form salt and hydrogen gas.
● The increase in temperature indicates that the reaction is highly
exothermic.
Identify gas A in the following experiment:

A. Nitrogen
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon dioxide
Characteristics of a Chemical reaction
I. Change in Colour
Fe + CuSO4(Blue) → FeSO4 (Blue green) + Cu

II. Change in Temperature

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat

III. Change in State

H2(g) + O2(g)→ H2O (i.e. from gas to liquid)

IV. Evolution of gas

(Zn(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)
Characteristics of a Chemical reaction
V. Formation of precipitate
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Kl (aq) → Pbl2 (s) + KNO3(aq)

VI. Endothermic reaction (energy is absorbed)

CaCO3 + Heat → CaO + CO2 (photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction)

VII. Exothermic reaction (energy is released)

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat (Digestion and respiration are exothermic
reactions)
How to balance a
chemical equation?
Balanced Chemical reaction
A balanced chemical equation is one where the number of
atoms of each element is equal on both the reactant and
product sides. This ensures the law of conservation of mass is
obeyed, meaning no atoms are created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
H2 + O2 → H2O

This reaction is not balanced as the no. of oxygen atoms on the reactant
side are not equal to the no. of oxygen atom on the product side.
Let’s learn how to balance a chemical equation?
Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation.
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2

Step 2: Count the atoms of each element on both sides.

Elements Reactant side Product side

Fe 1 3

H 2 2

O 1 4
Step 3: Balance the most complex molecules first by adding coefficients.
To balance oxygen atoms we multiply H2O molecules by 4.
Step 4: Adjust coefficients to balance the atoms.
Fe + 4(H2O) → Fe3O4 + H2
Step 5: Recheck the atom count after each adjustment.

Elements Reactant side Product side

Fe 1 3

H 8 2

O 4 4
Step 6: Repeat the process until all elements are balanced.
Now to balance hydrogen atoms, we multiply hydrogen on the product
side by 4.
Fe + 4 (H2O) → Fe3O4 + 4H2

Elements Reactant side Product side

Fe 1 3

H 8 8

O 4 4
 Now to balance Fe atoms, we multiply Fe on the reactant side by 3.
3(Fe) + 4 (H2O) → Fe3O4 + 4H2

Elements Reactant side Product side

Fe 3 3

H 8 8

O 4 4

Number of atoms on reactant side = Number of atoms on the product side.

Hence the equation is balanced.
Let’s balance together !
1. Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Let’s balance together !
2. CO(g) + O2(g) ⟶ CO2(g)
Let’s balance together !
3. Pb(NO3)2 + KI ⟶ KNO3 + PbI2
Let’s balance together !
4. Al + H2SO4 ⟶ Al2(S04)3 + H2
Let’s balance together !
5. FeSO4(s) ⟶ Fe2O3(s)+SO2(g) + SO3(g)
Let’s balance together !
6. Zn + HNO3 ⟶ Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + N2O
Limitations of Chemical Equations
● It doesn’t tell us about the physical state of reactants such as solid, liquid,
or gaseous.
● We can’t predict whether an equation is reversible or irreversible.
● Actual concentration and dilution are unknown.
● The time duration required for a particular chemical reaction is not known.
● Whether the reaction goes to completion or is stopped in between i.e., the
extent to which a reaction takes place is not known from a chemical
equation
● The parameters that affect a chemical reaction such as temperature,
pressure, catalyst, etc are unknown.
Removal of limitations
● Mention the physical state of reactants when denoting a chemical reaction.
Use common notations like (s) for solids, (l) for liquids, (g) for gases and (aq)
for aqueous medium. These denote the phases of the reaction.

● Apart from this, the temperature, pressure and catalyst information is

mentioned on the arrow that directs towards the product.

● If the reaction is reversible and can proceed in both directions, then two half
arrowheads (⇌) are used, whereas if the reaction is irreversible and proceeds
only in one direction, i.e., forward direction, then a single arrow (→) directing
towards the product is used.
Combination Reaction and its types:
A combination reaction, also known as a synthesis reaction, is a type of chemical
reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single new
substance. In a combination reaction, the reactants typically come together to
create a more complex product. The general chemical equation for a
combination reaction is:

A + B → AB

Examples: 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s) [Burning of Magnesium Ribbon]

Magnesium reacts with oxygen

present in air to form to form a layer
of magnesium oxide on its surface.
Combination Reaction and its types:
(i) Calcium oxide (Quick lime) reacts with water vigorously to produce Calcium
hydroxide (slaked lime) releasing a large amount of heat (exothermic):

CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat

A solution of slaked lime or Ca(OH)2 is used for white washing

walls. Calcium hydroxide reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide in
the air to form a thin layer of calcium carbonate on the walls.
Calcium carbonate is formed after 2dto 3 days of white washing
and gives a shiny finish to the walls. It is also called Lime wash.

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)

Combination Reaction and its types:
(ii) Formation of water:

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)

(iii) Burning of Coal:

C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)

Combination Reaction
Most of the combination
reactions are exothermic, but
not all. For example: the
uncatalysed synthesis of NO
from N2 and O2 is Do all
endothermic. combination
N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g) reactions are
exothermic?
Decomposition
reaction and its
types :
Decomposition Reaction :
A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a single
compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

AB → A + B

Examples: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Decomposition Reaction and its types:
Thermal Decomposition : In a thermal decomposition reaction, a compound
breaks down into simpler substances when heated. For example,

a. The decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) into calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) when heated is a thermal decomposition reaction.
heat

CaCO3 (s )
Calcium
→ CaO (s) + CO (g)
Calcium
2
Carbonate Oxide

● Calcium Carbonate ( CaCO3) is a chemical compound with the

chemical formula CaCO3. It is a white insoluble powder-like
substance which occurs naturally in minerals, chalk, marble,
limestone, calcite, shells, pearl, etc.

● Calcium Oxide is used for manufacturing of cement.

b. Thermolysis of hydrated ferrous sulphate:

heat

FeSO4.7H2O (s) → FeSO (s) + 7H O (g)

4 2

heat

2FeSO4(s) → Fe O (s) + SO (↑) + SO (↑)

2 3 2 3

Ferric Oxide
(reddish-brown)
 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : Decomposition of Ferrous sulphate.
Observation:
● Ferrous sulphate crystals lose water when
heated and the colour of crystals changes.
● Ferrous sulphate crystals are green in
colour and have 7 molecules of crystalline
water.

FeSO4.7H2O(s) → FeSO4(s) + 7H2O(g)

Conclusion :
When ferrous sulphate further decomposes, it gives a reddish-brown residue of
ferric oxide and fumes of sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide evolve.

2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

The decomposition of ferrous sulphate occurs in the above reaction.
C. Thermolysis of lead nitrate: On heating lead nitrate, it decomposes to give
yellow lead monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas.
heat

2Pb(NO3)2 (s) → 2PbO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

Lead NItrate Lead Oxide Nitrogen dioxide
(colourless) (yellow) (brown fumes)
 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : Decomposition of Lead Nitrate:
Observation:
On heating lead nitrate, reddish-brown fumes with a pungent smell are
evolved and a yellow residue remains in the test tube which is lead monoxide.
(Lead monoxide is reddish-brown when hot but yellow when cold).

Conclusion :
On the decomposition of lead nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas are evolved.

2Pb(NO3)2 (s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Lead nitrate Lead oxide

The decomposition of lead nitrate occurs in the above reaction.

Electrolytic Decomposition or Electrolysis : Electrolysis is a chemical process in
which an electric current is used to decompose or break down compounds into
their constituent elements or ions.

a. Electrolysis of water : When an electric current is passed

through water, it breaks down into hydrogen gas (H2) at the
cathode and oxygen gas (O2) at the anode.

2H2O (l) →Electricity

2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

b. Electrolysis of sodium chloride : When an aqueous solution of sodium
chloride (table salt) is subjected to electrolysis, it decomposes into chlorine
gas (Cl2) at the anode and hydrogen gas (H2) at the cathode.

Electricity

2NaCl (l) → 2Na (s) + Cl2 (g)

Photo Decomposition : Photo decomposition reactions are initiated by
exposure to light.

a. Decomposition of silver chloride (AgCl) into silver (Ag) and chlorine (Cl2) when
exposed to sunlight.
Sunlight

2AgCl (s ) → 2Ag (s) + Cl (g) 2

(white) (grey)
b. Decomposition of silver bromide (AgBr) into silver (Ag) and bromine (Br2) when
exposed to sunlight.

Sunlight
2AgBr (s ) → 2Ag (s) + Br (g) 2
(yellow) (grey)

These reaction of
silver halides is used
in Black and White
photography.
 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : Decomposition of silver chloride in the presence of sunlight.
Observation:
When silver chloride is placed in sunlight. The white colour of silver chloride
changes.

Conclusion :
On the decomposition of silver chloride which is white in colour, it changes to grey (due to
the formation of silver metal.

2AgCI (s) + Sunlight → 2Ag(s) + CI2 (g)

white grey yellowish-green

Silver chloride decomposes into silver and chlorine. so, the decomposition reaction
takes place in the presence of sunlight, it is called Photolysis.
Decomposition Reaction :
Yes all decomposition reactions
are endothermic. Decomposition
reactions involve breaking of
bonds which require energy. Due
to this decomposition reactions
Do all
are generally endothermic in
decomposition
nature.
reactions are
endothermic?
Displacement
reaction and its
types :
Displacement Reaction and its types:
Displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction where one element in a compound is
replaced by another element. This reaction typically occurs when a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element in a compound, leading to the formation of a new
compound and the release of the displaced element.

Examples: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Displacement Reaction are of 2 types:

1. Single Displacement Reaction

2. Double Displacement Reaction
Reactivity Series
On the basis of this reactivity
series, more reactive
element will displace the
less reactive element from
its salt solution in a
displacement reaction.
 Single Displacement Reaction:
A single-displacement reaction is a specific type of chemical reaction in which a
single element is replaced by another element that is part of a compound.

Analogy : A + BC → AC + B , for example:

a. When iron is added to a copper sulphate solution, it displaces copper metal as iron
is more reactive than copper.

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

b. When lead is added to a copper chloride solution, it displaces the copper metal as
lead is more reactive than chlorine.

Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) → PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s)

 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : The displacement of copper from copper sulphate by iron.
Observation:
● After 20 minutes we take out both the nails from test tube B.
● Now we compare both nails with the nail kept aside, and we find the iron nail
that remained suspended has a brownish coating on its surface.
● We also find that the blue colour of the copper sulphate solution fades and
changes to light green colour which is different from the colour of the copper
sulphate solution in test tube A

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Copper sulphate Iron sulphate

Conclusion : Iron displaces copper from the copper sulphate solution.

Double Displacement Reaction:
A double-displacement reaction is a kind of
reaction which involves the exchange of ions
between two reactants to create two new
molecules. Also, called precipitation reduction as a
precipitate is produced in such reactions.

Analogy : AB + CD → AD + CB

Double Displacement Reaction are of 3 types:

1. Precipitation Reactions
2. Neutralisation Reactions
3. Gas-forming Reactions
 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : Decomposition of silver chloride in the presence of sunlight.
Observation:

If sulphate ions are present in the sodium sulphate solution, a white

precipitate of barium sulphate (BaSO₄) will form. This is a chemical reaction
represented by the following equation:

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

The white precipitate of barium sulphate is insoluble in water and will settle at
the bottom of the test tube. The appearance of this white precipitate confirms
the presence of sulphate ions in the original solution.

Conclusion :
Sodium sulphate and barium chloride undergo double-displacement reaction and
form insoluble white barium sulphate precipitate.
Q. Observe the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Is it a displacement reaction?

Yes, the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid is a

displacement reaction. In this reaction, zinc displaces hydrogen
from hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen gas.
The chemical equation for the reaction is:

Zn (s) + 2HCl (dil.) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

 OXIDATION :
It is defined as the addition of oxygen to the substance or the removal of hydrogen
from the substance. In electronic terms loss of electrons is called oxidation.

Addition of oxygen : C + O2 → CO2 (oxidation of carbon)

Removal of hydrogen : H2S + Br2 → 2 HBr + S (oxidation of sulphide)

Oxidising agent is a substance which brings about oxidation. In the above

examples O2 and Br2 are oxidising agents.
 NCERT ACTIVITY:
Aim : Decomposition of silver chloride in the presence of sunlight.
Observation:

● Initially, the copper powder is likely to be reddish-brown in color.

● As the copper powder is heated, you may observe a color change in the
powder.
● The copper powder may turn black as it reacts with oxygen from the air
to form copper oxide.

2Cu (s) + O2 (g) → 2CuO (s)

Conclusion :
In this activity we see oxidation reaction in which copper is oxidised to form copper
oxide. The reaction is an exothermic process that produces heat and results in the
observed colour change.
 Reduction :
A chemical reaction which involves addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen or
gain of electrons is called as reduction.

Addition of hydrogen : N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3 ( reduction of nitrogen)

Removal of oxygen : ZnO + C → Zn + CO (reduction of zinc)

Reducing agent is a substance which brings about reduction. In the above

examples H2 and C are oxidising agents.
Redox Reaction :
A chemical reaction in which reduction and oxidation take place simultaneously.

In a redox reaction substance getting oxidised is called a Reducing agent.

And the substance getting reduced is called an Oxidising agent.

 Effects of Oxidation :
Corrosion —
Corrosion is the process by which a metal surface is attacked by a certain
substance such as air or water. For example : Rusting and Tarnishing.
Rusting : The interaction of Iron with air
and water produces rust. The oxygen
present in the air form a powdered
substance called rust. The rust is a
reddish-brown flaky substance and the
phenomenon of the formation of rust is
called rusting. Rusting is an oxidation
process, and is more likely to occur on the
metal surface.
Tarnishing : When silver metal or
ornaments made of silver get exposed
to air, they get decolourised or we can
say tarnished. It is because in the
atmosphere, a silver metal reacts with
the hydrogen sulphide and oxygen
present in the air and it leads to
formation of compounds which leads to
tarnishing of silver ornaments.
 Effects of Oxidation :
Rancidity —
When fats and oils stay in open for long, they get oxidized and become rancid (old
and stale), and their smell and taste change. This process is known as rancidity.
Methods to prevent Rancidity —
● Adding antioxidants (substances that prevent oxidation) to food.
● Storing food in airtight containers to slow the process of rancidification.
● Refrigerating food also helps to slow down rancidification.
● Replacing oxygen in the containers with another gas.
Thankyou!!