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CH 6 E - Notes Respiration

1. Respiration is the process by which organisms obtain energy from food through the breakdown of glucose and the release of carbon dioxide. It involves both cellular respiration within cells and gas exchange through breathing. 2. The human respiratory system includes the nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the alveoli through thin membranes. 3. Breathing is controlled by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During inhalation, they expand the lungs and lower pressure to draw in air. During exhalation, they relax to raise pressure and push air out.

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44 views

CH 6 E - Notes Respiration

1. Respiration is the process by which organisms obtain energy from food through the breakdown of glucose and the release of carbon dioxide. It involves both cellular respiration within cells and gas exchange through breathing. 2. The human respiratory system includes the nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the alveoli through thin membranes. 3. Breathing is controlled by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During inhalation, they expand the lungs and lower pressure to draw in air. During exhalation, they relax to raise pressure and push air out.

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Rajvir trada
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL JAMNAGAR

Biology Notes

Grade: X Date: 16.04.2023


Topic: Chapter 6 (Life Processes: Respiration)

1. Respiration – Respiration is the release of energy from food that happens in all the living
cells in the body. Respiration involves:
(i) Gaseous exchange: Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of CO2 = Breathing
(ii) Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell =Cellular respiration

Reaction involved in respiration is:


C6H12O6 + 6O2 -------6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (Stored as ATP)

Steps of respiration:
(i) Breaking down of glucose into pyruvate: This step happens in the cytoplasm.
Glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid. Glucose molecule is composed of 6
carbon atoms, while pyruvic acid is composed of 3 carbon atoms
(ii) Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria
and the molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a particular organism.
Respiration is of two types, viz. aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

2. Breakdown of Glucose by Various Pathways


Pain in leg muscles while running:
When someone runs too fast, he may experience throbbing pain in the leg muscles. This
happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the muscles (due to insufficient supply
of oxygen).

During running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases. Due to incomplete
break down of glucose, lactic acid is formed in the process.
The deposition of lactic acid causes cramps (pain in the leg muscles). The pain subsides after
taking rest for some time.

3. Respiration and Breathing


 Respiration involves external and internal respiration.
 External respiration refers to inhalation of oxygen and CO2 produced during oxidation
of food.
 Internal or cellular respiration involves release of energy in the form of ATP by
oxidation of food.

Breathing Respiration
i. It is a physical process. It involves i. It is a biochemical process. It
inhalation of fresh air and involves exchange of respiratory
exhalation of foul air. gases and also oxidation of food.

ii. It does not release energy, rather ii. It releases energy.


it consumes energy.
iii. It is confined to certain organs iii. It occurs in all the cells of the
only. body.

4. Exchange of gases:
For aerobic respiration, organisms need a continuous supply of oxygen, and carbon dioxide
produced during the process needs to be removed from the body. Different organisms use
different methods for the intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide.
-Diffusion is the method which is utilized by unicellular and some simple organisms for this
purpose.

-In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases. It is taking place through
stomata, lenticels, and from general surface of roots. Respiration in leaves occurs during
the daytime as well as at night. Whereas, photosynthesis occurs only during the daytime.
(a) During Daytime, rate of photosynthesis is much faster than the rate of respiration, there
is a net movement of CO2 from the environment to the plant tissue through stomata and O2 is
diffused out from cells to outer environment through stomata.
(b) During night time the conditions are just reversed, photosynthesis stops and only the
process of respiration takes place and as a result O2 diffuses into the plants and CO2 diffuses
out.

In complex animals, respiratory system does the job of exchange of gases.


-Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take in oxygen which is dissolved
(Dissolved Oxygen) in water through gills. Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic
environment, so the breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster.
-Insects have a system of spiracles and tracheae which is used for taking in oxygen.
-Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases.
-Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial environment so breathing rate is
slower as compared to what it is in fishes.

Terrestrial organisms: Use atmospheric oxygen for respiration. Aquatic organisms: Use
dissolved oxygen for respiration.

5. GAS EXCHANGE SURFACES –


 The surface of an organism where the gaseous exchange takes place is called
respiratory surface.
Characteristics of gas exchange surfaces:
 Have a large surface area for the diffusion of gases
 Moist surfaces so that gases can dissolve before diffusion
 Thin walls (Only one cell thick in each alveolus) so the gases do not have to diffuse very
far (fast process)
 A good blood supply so that lots of oxygen is supplied and carbon dioxide is quickly
removed and this maintains the concentration gradients for these gases.

 Exchange of gases in plants: in leaves (stomata),in stems ( lenticels), roots.


 Exchange of gases in animals:
(i) In aquatic animals: Through gills and body surface.
(ii) In terrestrial animals: Moist skin (earthworm, frogs), spiracles and air tubes
(Cockroach) and lungs ( birds, reptiles and mammals)

6. Respiratory system in Humans:


 The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs.
 These are attached to a system of tubes which open on the outside through the
nostrils.
 Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
i. Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining
of the nostrils is lined by hair and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the
hair help in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when
it enters the nasal passage.
ii. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal passage.
iii. Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called voice box.
iv. Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the
collapse of trachea in the absence of air.
v. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, with one bronchus going to each
lung.
vi. Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches inside the lung.
vii. Alveoli: These are air sacs(balloon like structures) at the end of bronchioles
 The alveolus is composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood
capillaries open
 In alveolus, the oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the
blood
 The exchange of gases, in alveoli, takes place due to the pressure
differences
7. Mechanism of Breathing
It involves inhalation and exhalation
The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and the intercostal
Muscles (muscles between the ribs)
The diaphragm is a dome shaped membrane which separates the thoracic chamber from
the abdominal cavity.
 When the diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand and the air is inhaled.
 When the diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract and air are exhaled.

Inhalation Exhalation
i. Muscles of the ribs contract pulling the i. Muscles of the ribs relax allowing the
ribs and sternumInhalation
upwards and outwards ribs and the sternum to return to their
original position

ii. The muscles of diaphragm contract and ii. The muscles


downwards and of diaphragm relax and
inwards.
the diaphragm is pulled down and the diaphragm is pushed back to its
flattened. original dome like position.
iii. Volume inside the thorax increases. iii. Volume inside the thorax decreases.

iv. Pressure inside the lungs decreases so iv. Pressure inside the lungs increases
air rushes in through the nostrils. and air is rushed out.

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