Chapter 6 – Respiration in Organism

Why do we respire?

 All the living organisms are made up of small microscopic units called the cells.

 These cells have different functions to perform in these organisms such as digestion,
respiration, transportation and excretion.

 The cells can perform this function only if they get the energy to do so.

 Hence, all living organisms need food which gives them the required energy.

 The energy present in the food gets released when the organisms respire or breathe.

How food helps us in gaining energy?

 As we breathe, we take in the air that contains oxygen in it and breathe out air which
contains carbon dioxide. This oxygen when transported to our cells helps in breaking down
the food and we get energy.

What is cellular respiration?

 Cellular respiration can be defined as the process in which the food that we eat is broken
down inside the cells which results in the release of energy. All the cells in living organisms
undergo cellular respiration.

 The cellular respiration takes place in a cell organelle called mitochondria.

 The oxygen that an organism breathes in reacts with the carbohydrates (glucose) present in
the food and results in the release of carbon dioxide, water and energy.

Types of respiration

Anaerobes:

 Organisms that can exist in the absence of air are called anaerobes.

 They undergo anaerobic respiration hence can get energy even without oxygen.

 For example, Yeasts. These are unicellular organisms that exist in the absence of oxygen as
well.
  As a by-product, they release ethanol and carbon dioxide. That is why they are used to make
wine and beer. This is called as alcohol fermentation.

Anaerobic respiration in human beings

 Sometimes muscles of human beings can respire without oxygen.

 This generally happens when we undergo a heavy exercise such as running, weightlifting,
cycling or walking for a longer duration.

 In such situations, the muscles require more energy and the supply of oxygen is not enough.

 Hence anaerobic respiration takes place in the muscles.

 As a result of muscles also produce lactic acid along with energy.

 This lactic acid accumulates in the muscles and causes cramps.

 That is why we often feel cramps while we do heavy exercises.

 In order to get relief from cramps, we can take a hot water bath or massage our muscles.

 This is so because hot water bath or massage improves the blood circulation in the muscles.

 As a result, the oxygen reaches the cells easily which breaks on the lactic acid into carbon
dioxide and water.

Breathing:

 Breathing can be defined as a process in which organisms, with the help of their respiratory
organs, take in the oxygen-rich air present in the surroundings and release out air that
contains high amount of carbon dioxide in it. Breathing occurs continuously in the organisms.

 Inhalation is the process of taking the air that contains oxygen inside the body.

 Exhalation is a process of releasing out air that contains carbon dioxide out of the body.
Inhalation and exhalation take place alternatively in the breathing process.

 Breathing rate can be defined as the number of times a person breathes in a minute.

 A breath can be defined as an inhalation followed by an exhalation.

 The breathing rate is not always constant in human beings. We generally breathe faster when
our body needs more energy for example while exercising.

 This is so because the body needs more oxygen that can break down the food and produce
more energy.

 An average adult human being breeds 15 to 18 times in a minute. While exercising, this rate
can change up to 25 times a minute.
Why do we feel hungry after doing a physical activity like walking or running?

When we do a physical activity the food that is present in our body is converted into energy. Since all
the food gets consumed in generating the energy we start feeling hungry. Hence in order to gain
more energy we need to eat more food.

The mechanism of breathing in human beings

 We take in the air present in the environment through our nostrils which travels through the
nasal cavity.

 Then it moves through the windpipe and reaches the lungs.

 The lungs are located in the chest cavity which is surrounded by the ribs.

 On the floor of the chest cavity lays a muscle sheet called diaphragm.

 During the breathing process, the movement of the ribs and diaphragm takes place.
This is so because the lungs expand and contract during breathing.

 As we take in the air it fills up the lungs. This moves the diaphragm downwards and the ribs
outwards.

 The lungs when releasing out air from the body which brings back the diaphragm and the
ribs to their original positions.
Why do we sneeze?

 As we inhale the air present in the surroundings sometimes various unwanted elements such
as smoke and dust are also included in it.

 However, they get stuck in the hair in our nostrils but some of them can get through the
nasal cavity.

 They thus cause irritation in the nasal cavity which makes us sneeze.

 This helps in getting rid of the unwanted particles out of the nasal cavity.

Breathing in other organisms

 Many animals have just cavities in their bodies just like human beings for example lions,
elephants, goats, cows, snakes and birds.

Breathing in cockroach:

 Many insects like Cockroaches have small openings called spiracles present on the sides of
the bodies.

 Also, they have an air tube-like structure called the trachea that allows the exchange of gases
in these insects.

 The air enters the body through the spiracles and diffuses in the cells via the trachea.

 Similarly, the air from the cells enters the trachea and moves out of the body through
spiracles.

Breathing in earthworms:

 Earthworms have a soft, slimming and moist skin.

 Hence the gases can easily pass in and out of the earthworm through its skin.

 Similarly, frogs also have a slippery and moist skin that can help in breathing. However, frogs
contain lungs too.
Breathing underwater

 Animals that live underwater have special respiratory organs called gills.

 They are a comb-like structure present on the skin of these animals.

 Gills allow the exchange of gases between animals and the water easily

 Some animals called the amphibians can breathe on land by lungs and through moist skin
under water. For example frogs and toads.

Respiration in plants

1. We know that plants also respire. They take in the carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere and
use it in the process of photosynthesis to produce food. As a result of photosynthesis in plants, they
release out oxygen in the environment.

2. All the parts of the plants can independently respire that is they can take in the carbon dioxide and
release oxygen on their own.

3. The leaves of the plants have stomata present upon them which are small pore -like structures.
The allow gases exchange in leaves.

4. The woody stems of the plants also respire. This is because of the presence of special tissue called
Lenticels. The cells of this tissue have large intercellular spaces. They exist as dead cells on woody
plants and roots and allow the exchange of gases. The bark of trees although is impermeable to
gases hence these tissues serve an important purpose of respiration in the stems. As the name
suggests, lenticels have a lens-like shape.
5. The roots of the plants have hair-like structures on them. Hence they can absorb the air present in
the soil.

Why plants can die if overwatered?

 We know that the roots get oxygen from the soil.

 We also understand that the air in the soil is present between the soil particles.

 Along with the air, soil also contains some water or moisture.

 If we over-water the plants the spaces between the soil particles get clogged.

 As a result, the roots will not be able to get enough air and the plant can die.

Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 7 with good score can check this article for Notes,
Study Material, Practice Paper. Above we provided the link to access the Notes, Important Question
and Practice Paper of Class 7 Science for topic Physical and Chemical Changes.