St. PETER’S CENTRAL PUBLIC SCHOOL.

(+2)

NAME: J. JOEL PAUL DEV RAJ

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 ST PETERS CENTRAL PUBLIC SCHOOL
SENIOR SECONDARY +2

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PRINCIPAL DEPT OF BIOLOGY

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Acknowledgement
As a student of class XII, I did this project as a part of my
studies entitled "TO STUDY VARIOUS COMMON DISEASES
IN HUMAN".
I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my biology teacher
Mr. BYLLA PRASAD Sir whose valuable advice, guidance
helped me in doing this project from conception to
completion.
At the same time, I can't forget to express my
thankfulness to principal DR G. MATHYAS REDDY Sir for
extending his generous patronage and constant
encouragement.
J. JOEL PAUL DEV RAJ
 Contents
• Introduction
• Types of diseases
• Modes of transmission
• Viral diseases
• Bacterial diseases
• Protozoon diseases
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
A disease is a condition of the body or a part of it in
which functions are disturbed of maligned. Diseases
may also be defined as morphological, physiological,
psychological disturbance in the body or body parts
caused by some external agencies which may be
non-parasitic e.g. deficiency of nutrients or may be
Cars fie caused by causes, bacteria, fungi etc. The
term disease means DIS- or discomfort. In short it
can be defined as 'disease is disorder of body'.
SOURCES OF DISEASES
The reservoirs of human diseases are:
a) Air: It is reservoir of pathogens of many diseases
like, measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria etc.
b) Food and Water: These are reservoir of
pathogens of many diseases like, cholera, polio,
typhoid, roundworm, tapeworm etc.
c) Soil: It is a reservoir of pathogen of tetanus
diseases.
d) Animals: These are those living organisms which
spread the pathogens from also called reservoir
host.

TYPES OF DISEASES :
Diseases are broadly classified into two categories:
A. Congenital Diseases :
Diseases present since birth and are caused due to
defective development of inheritance e.g.
congenital heart diseases, haemophilia, colour
blindness etc.
B. Acquired diseases :
Diseases developed after birth. They are further
classified as-
a) Communicable diseases
b) Non-Communicable diseases

MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES :
The diseases are transmitted from the reservoirs of
infection to the healthy persons the following ways:
1) Direct transmission: The pathogens are
transmitted from an infected person or healthy
person directly without an intermediate agent. It
occurs in following ways-
a) Contact with soil e.g., tetanus.
2. Indirect transmission:
The pathogens of some diseases are carried through
some intermediate agents. It occurs in following
ways:
a) Air borne diseases.
b) By unclean hands and fingers.

VIRAL DISEASES
1. RABIES:
Rabies a fatal viral disease that is transmitted to
human beings by bite of rabid dog or cat.
A number of wild animals also carry the virus,
e.g. Jaundice wolves, foxes, bat, monkeys, rabbit
etc.
Symptoms:
Rabies is 100% fatal disease. It is characterized by
high fever and pain contraction of muscles of throat
and chest. The patient feels restless, has choking
feet and finds difficulty in taking even liquid food.
He is afraid of water, so called hydrophobia.
Prevention:
Dogs should be vaccinated with anti-rabies vaccine.
Rabid animal should be killed, if it shows excessive
salivation and tries seeking isolation.
Control: There is no treatment until now.

AIDS
Aids stands for acquired immune deficiency
syndrome. It is caused by HIV (Human immune-
deficiency virus). It was firstly detected in June 1981
in USA. This virus weakness the human body's
immunity or self defense mechanism. Hence the
aids virus reduces the natural immunity of the
human body; therefore, the body saving AIDS
becomes prone to many other infections.
Modes of transmission:
It spreads through sexual contact with an infected
person carrying AIDS virus.
It spread though the transfusion of blood infected
with AIDS virus.
Symptoms:
The important symptoms are-
• Severe brain damage which may lead to loss of
memory, ability to speak and think..
• Swollen lymph nodes.
• Sweating at night and weight loss.
• AIDS patient alsobecomemore susceptible to
infections of any body.
Prevention: No absolutely satisfactory vaccine is yet
available. So, we can prevent AIDS only preventive
measures like-
• Use of disposable syringes.
• Using condoms and adopt clean sex habits.
• People should be educated about AIDS.
• Blood test must be done in pregnant
woman, blood donor's organ donors.
Control:
A number of anti-malarial drugs are available. The
commonest anti- malarial drug is quinine.

BACTERIAL DISEASES
TYPHOID:
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhoid bacteria,
commonly found in interterm of man. This is
common is age group of 1-15 years. Every year
about 2.5 million people suffer from typhoid.
Modes of transmission:
Contaminated food and water and house flies.
Symptoms:
It is characterized by-
• Headache and rise in body temperature.
• Lesions of intestinal mucosa.
• Rose colored rash on the upper abdomen.
Prevention:
• Underground disposal of human faces.
• Typhoid is diagnosed by widal test.
Control: Antibiotics can treat the diseases.

PROTOZOAN DISEASES
MALARIA:
Malaria is more common in tropical and subtropical
countries,
especially in Africa and Asia. It is estimated that
about 300 million people are infected with malaria
every year and more than 2 million people die
annually due to this diseases.
Causes:
Malaria is caused by the toxins produced in the
human body by the malaria parasite Plasmodium.
Presence of malarial parasite can be checked by
blood test.

Modes of transmission:
Plasmodium of transmitted by female Anopheles
mosquito. When this mosquito bites man to suck
blood, it introduces its saliva containing the malarial
parasite into the blood stream of the man.
Symptoms:
Malaria attack is preceded by
headache, nausea and muscular pain.
Total period of malarial attack is of 6-10 hour and
can be divided into 3 stages:
• Cold stage- Characterized by chilling and
shivering.
• Hot stage- Characterized by high fever, faster
rate of breathing and heart beat.
• Sweating stage. It is characterized by
lowering down of temperature to normal.
Prevention: Use of insect repellents to prevent
mosquito bite.
• Wire-gauzing of doors, windows, etc. to check
the entry of mosquitoes.
• Killing of adult mosquitoes by spraying
insecticides likes D.D.T and B.H.C.
Control :
A number of anti-malaria drugs are available.

CANCER
It is the uncontrolled and unwanted growth of cells.
Causes:
1. No definite cause has been arrived at so far.
However, it is found that body has proto-
oncogenes.
2. Heavy smoking and alcoholism.
3. Chewing of tobacco.
4. Consistent irritation of skin or repeated injury at
the same point. Cancer is a kind of tumorous
growth.
Tumors can be classified into two
categories:
a) Benign tumor: It remains confined to the place
of origin and does not spread to other body parts.
b) Malignant tumor: It spreads to other parts of
the body and growth is rapid.
Symptoms:
1. Persistent lump or thickening in tissues,
especially in tongue, breast and uterus.
2. Anyirregular bleeding or blood-tinged
discharge from anybody opening.
Prevention and cure:
1. Cancer check up should be done once a year.
2. Treatment should be taken under medical
advice.
3. Avoid smoking, taking alcohol and chewing of
tobacco.

Filariasis
Pathogen: Filarial worm
Mode of transmission: Bites of mosquitoes - Aedes
and Culex.
Symptoms
1. Fever
2. Collection of endothelial cells and
metabolites in the wall of lymph vessels.
3. Swelling takes place in certain parts of the body
like legs, breasts & scrotum
Prevention and cure
1. Mesh doors and windows in the house to check
the entry of mosquitoes. be properly covered.
2. The water collected in tanks or other articles
should
3. Sprinkling of kerosene in ditches, etc.

CONCLUSION :
The diseases caused by intrinsic sources are called
organic or metabolic diseases like cardiac failure,
kidney failure, diabetes, allergies, cancer etc and the
diseases caused by extrinsic factors are Kwashiorkor,
obesity, Night blindness, scurvy etc. Some diseases
are also caused by micro-organisms due to
unbalanced diet such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi,
protozoan’s, worms, etc.; environmental pollutants,
tobacco, alcohol and narcotic drugs are also an
important extrinsic factors which upset human
health.

BIBLIOGRAPHY :
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 NCERT textbook class XII
 www.khanacademy.com
 Lab manual