PROJECT REPORT

ON
DIFFERENT TYPE OF HUMAN DISEASES

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF XII BIOLOGY OF CBSE
BY
Name: Akshor Sonu A.S

2023-2024
NEW JYOTHI CENTRAL SCHOOL, SENIOR SECONDARY
UDIYANKULANGAR, NEYYATTINKARA, TVM
PIN: 695132
 DECLERATION
I Here By Declared That The Project
Entitled Different Types Of Human
Diseases, Submitted For New Jyothi
Central School Investigatory Project
For The Academic Year 2023-2024
Has Been Carried Out By My Own
Efforts And Facts Arrived By My
Observation Under The Guidance
And Motivation Of Mrs Anupama
Chandran{Biology Teacher}.

Name: Akshor Sonu A.S

Class: XII
Reg No:
 New Jyothi Central School, Senior Secondary
Udiyankulankara, Neyyattinkara, Tvm
Pin: 695132

CERTIFICATE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN DISEASES
is a bonafide record of the work done by
AKSHOR SONU A.S in certified that the
project entitle partial fulfilment of requirement
for the award of XII biology in the CBSE board
during the academic year 2023-2024.
Reg no:

Principal teacher in charge

External examiner
Content
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of the project
 Introduction
 Sources of diseases
 Types of diseases
 Viral diseases
 Influenza
 Rabies
 AIDs
 Bacterial diseases
 Cholera
 Typhoid
 Tuberculosis
 Protozoa diseases
 Malarial
 Cancer
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would acknowledge the continuous
encouragement and timely suggestions
offered by our Principal Mrs. Kavitha V.G.
I extend my hearty thanks for giving me the
opportunity to make use of the facilities
available in the campus to carry out the
project successfully.
I am highly indebted to Mrs. Anupama
Chandran for the constant supervision,
providing necessary information and
supporting in completing the project .I
would like to express my gratitude towards
them for the kind cooperation and
encouragement.
Finally, I would like to extend my
gratefulness to one and all who helped
directly or indirectly in the successful
completion of this project work.
 AIM
To Study the Different types
of Human Diseases
INTRODUCTION:
A disease is a condition of the body or apart of it
in which functions are disturbed or arranged. Diseases
may also be defined as morphological , physiological ,
psychological disturbance in the body or body parts
caused by some external agencies which may be non-
parasitic e.g. deficiency of nutrients or may be
parasitic caused by causes, bacteria , fungi etc. A
disease can be defined as a disorder of structure or
function of an organism that is not a direct result of
physical injury The term disease means DIS-EASE or
discomfort. In short it can be defined as „diseases are
disorder of body‟.
SOURCES OF DISEASES:
The reservoirs of human diseases are:

a) Air: It is reservoir of pathogens of many

diseases like, measles, mumps, tuberculosis,
diphtheria etc.
b) Food and Water: These are reservoir of
pathogens of many diseases like, cholera, polio,
typhoid, roundworm, tapeworm etc.
c) Soil: It is a reservoir of pathogen of tetanus
diseases.
d) Animals: These are those living organisms
which spread the pathogens from an infected
person of healthy person. These do not suffer
from the diseases so are also called reservoir
host.
TYPES OF DISEASES:
Diseases are broadly classified into two categories:
A. Congenital Diseases;
Diseases present since birth and are caused due to
defective development of inheritance e.g. congenital
heart diseases, haemophilia, colour blindness etc.
B. Acquired Diseases;
Diseases developed after birth. They are further
classified as-
a) Communicable Diseases;
The diseases which spread from one person to
another. They are caused by pathogens, e.g. malaria,
smallpox etc.
b) Non-Communicable Diseases;
The diseases which are not transmitted from one
person to another. They are caused by deficiency of
nutrients, allergy, abnormal proliferation of cells etc.
e.g. kwashiorkor, cancer etc.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
The diseases are transmitted from the
reservoirs of infection to the healthy persons the
following ways:
1) Direct transmission:
The pathogens are transmitted from an
infected person or healthy person directly without
an intermediate agent. It occurs in following
ways-
a) Contact with infected person.
e.g., small pox and chicken pox.

b) Contact with soil.

e.g., tetanus.

2. Indirect transmission:
The pathogens of some diseases are carried
through some intermediate agents. It occurs in
following ways:
a) Air borne diseases.
b) By unclean hands and fingers.
c) Food and drinking water.
VIRAL DISEASES
INFLUENZA;
It is commonly known as “Flu” and is highly
infectious. It is commonly caused by influenza virus.
Mode of transmission:
Through direct contact, sneezing, coughing etc.
(air–borne diseases).
Symptoms:
It affects upper respiratory tract. It starts with
fever, headache, sore throat, coughing and pain all over
the body with restlessness.
Control:
 Antibiotics should be given to prevent secondary complications
like pneumonia and ear infections.
 No vaccine is available which can give protection against
all types of influenza viruses.
Prevention:
 The patient should avoid joining parties or gatherings
of people.
 Handkerchief should be used while sneezing and
coughing.
RABIES;
Rabies a fatal viral disease that is transmitted to
human beings by bite of rabid dog or cat. Disease is not
expressed after infection up to 1-3 months.
Symptoms:
Rabies is 100% fatal disease. It is characterized by
high fever and pain contraction of muscles of throat and
chest. The patient feels restless, has choking feet and finds
difficulty in taking even liquid food. He is afraid of water,
so called hydrophobia. The virus destroys the brain and
spinal cord. So, it causes paralysis and painful death.
Prevention:
 Compulsory immunization of dogs and cats should be
done. Pet dogs should be vaccinated with anti-rabies
vaccine.
 Rabid animal should be killed, if it shows excessive
salivation and tries seeking isolation.
Control:
 There is no treatment until now.
AIDS;
Aids stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
It is caused by HIV (Human immune-deficiency virus).
This virus weakness the human body‟s immunity or self
defence mechanism. Hence the aids virus reduces the
natural immunity of the human body.

Modes of transmission:
 It spreads through sexual contact with an infected
person carrying AIDS virus.
 It spread though the transfusion of blood infected with
AIDS virus.
 It spread though the use of infected needles for
injections, blade or razors and other equipment of
barbers.
 The children of AIDS infected mother get this disease
from mother‟s blood.
Symptoms:
 Severe brain damage which may lead to loss of
memory, ability to speak and think.
 Swollen lymph nodes.
 Decreased count of blood platelets causing
haemorrhage.
 Sweating at night and weight loss.
 AIDS patient also become more susceptible to
infections of any body.
Prevention:
 Use of disposable syringes.
 Using condoms and adopt clean sex habits.
 People should be educated about AIDS.
 Blood test must be done in pregnant woman, blood
donor‟s organ donors.
 Dentists should use sterilized instrument.
 The common razor at the barber shop should be used.
Control:
 Till today there is no specific therapy against HIV
infection.
 Some medical have been discovered which can
suppress AIDS virus.
BACTERIAL DISEASES
CHOLERA;
It is highly communicable diseases caused by
vibrio-cholera it is common during fairs and after floods.
Modes of transmission:
It is transmitted through contaminated food and
water flies it is spread rapidly when sanitation is poor.
Symptoms:
 Rice watery stool, which is generally painless.
 Rapid loss of large amount of water from the body,
which causes dehydrates muscular cramps and
weight loss.
 Repeated effortless vomiting without nausea.
 Due to excessive loss of water, eye becomes sunken,
cheeks hollow subnet temperature etc.
Prevention:
 Use of boiled water and proper cooking of food. The
drinking water must disinfect with strong chlorine
solution.
 Underground disposal of human faces.
 Cholera vaccine should be given during epidemics
and fairs. Vaccine immunity for about 6 months.
Control:
 Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)- in which fluid and
electrolytes (NaCl- 3.5g , Sodium bicarbonate -2.5g,
KCL-1.5g, Glucose- 20.0g, Sucrose-40g in one litre of
water) are given to patient orally (through
mouth).This solution helps in preventing dehydration.
 Saline drip may be given intravenously.
 Use ant cholera drugs.
 Doctor should be consulted immediately.
TYPHOID;
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhoid
bacteria, commonly found in interterm of man. It is most
common communicable diseases.
Modes of transmission:
 Contaminated food and water and house flies.
Symptoms:
 Headache and rise in body temperature.
 Lesions of intestinal mucosa.
 Rose coloured rash on the upper abdomen.
Prevention:
 Underground disposal of human faces.
 Disinfection of water and proper cooking of food.
 TAB- Vaccine provides immunity for 3 years.
 Typhoid is diagnosed by widal test.
Control:
 Antibiotics can treat the diseases.
TUBERCULOSIS;
It is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs. The
bacterium releases a toxin called tablet.
Modes of transmission:
 It can be transmitted directly as well as indirectly.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of tuberculosis vary depending on the
site of diseases in the body. Two specific sites of infection
are-
a) Lymph gland TB: The main symptom is swelling
and tender ness of lymph glands often in the leg,
which may discharge secretions though the skin.
b) Pulmonary(Lung) TB: The main symptoms are –
 Fever
 Coughing
 Chest pain and breathlessness
 Sputum containing blood
 Loss of weight and weakness.
Prevention:
 Isolation of TB patients.
 BCG vaccine provides immunity.
 Vigorous public health measures are the best method
of prevention.
 Control:
 Anti-tubercular therapy- Antibiotics can treat the
diseases.
 Proper rest, diet, rehabilitation and surgery help in
controlling diseases.
PROTOZOAN DISEASES;
MALARIA:
Malaria is more common in tropical and subtropical
countries, especially in Africa and Asia. Malaria is caused
by the toxins produced in the human body by the malarial
parasite Plasmodium. Presence of malarial parasite can be
checked by blood test.
Modes of transmission:
Plasmodium of transmitted by female Anopheles
mosquito. When this mosquito bites man to suck blood, it
introduces its saliva containing the malarial parasite into
the blood stream of the man.
Symptoms:
Malaria attack is preceded by headache, nausea and
muscular pain. After the malaria attack, the patient feels
weak, exhausted and anemic. The malaria may
secondarily cause engagement of lever and spleen. Total
period of malarial attack is of 6-10 hour and can be
divided into 3 stages:
 Cold stage- Characterized by chilling and
shivering.
 Hot stage- Characterized by high fever, faster rate
of breathing and heart beat, etc.
 Sweating stage- It is characterized by lowering
down of temperature to normal.
Prevention:
 Use of insect repellents to prevent mosquito bite.
 Wire- gauzing of doors, windows, etc. to check the
entry of mosquitoes.
 All the mosquito breeding places should be destroyed
or covered. Kerosene oil should be sprayed on ponds
and ditches to kill the larva.
 Sleeping under mosquito nets.
 Destroying breeding places of mosquitoes.
Control:
A number of anti-malarial drugs are available. The
commonest anti-malarial drug is quinine. Efforts are
being medicine for the development of an anti-malarial
vaccine.
CANCER;
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body's cells
grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body,
which is made up of trillions of cells.

Causes :

Many factors are attributed to causing cancer. The

most probable factors include:
 Physical factors – Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays
and gamma rays
 Chemical factors – Such as tobacco and smoke
 Biological factors – Viral ontogenesis, proto-
ontogenesis and cellular ontogenesis
Tumour can be classified into one of these
three types ;

 Benign Tumour:
These tumours are localized at a particular
location in the body. Moreover, it does not spread to
the other parts of the body.
 Malignant Tumour:
These tumours are cancerous – meaning that they
will grow quickly and spread to other normal tissues of
the body. This ability to spread is called metastasis.
Symptoms:
 Lump or thickening of the area that you experience
under the skin.
 Fluctuations of weight changes, like significant weight
loss or weight gain.
 Difficulty in swallowing food
 Hoarseness of voice
 Skin changes, such as reddening or darkening, or
yellowing of the skin
Prevention:
 Stop smoking
 Avoid sun exposure excessively
 Eat a healthy diet
 Exercise regularly.
 Maintain a healthy weight
 Avoid or Reduce alcohol
CONCLUTION
Diseases remain a major threat to humankind. Infectious
diseases kill around 10 million people every year
worldwide and are caused by pathogens. There are more
than 1400 different pathogens that cause human diseases,
but only about 20 cause two-thirds of human deaths from
infection. There are many types of pathogen, including
multicellular parasites, single-celled protists, yeasts and
bacteria, as well as viruses and prions.Pathogens can be
transmitted directly or indirectly. Direct methods included
transmission by touch, sexual transmission and mother-to-
child transmission. Indirect methods involve transmission
via air, water or food, such as the faecal–oral route and
environmental contamination. The underlying causes of
infectious diseases include biological susceptibility, the
social and economic conditions in which people live, and
behaviors that influence the spread of infection. The
symptoms of a disease can only be experienced by the
person who suffers from them, whereas the signs of a
disease can be observed by others. Infectious diseases may
be acute, resulting in recovery or death within a few
weeks, or chronic and slowly progressing over months or
years; a chronic condition may include an acute episode.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions
 https://www.healthline.com/health/disease-
transmission
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/cancer-2
 www.wikepedia.com
 https://byjus.com/biology/human-diseases

Books
 NCERT Biology Test Book
 Arihant All In One Class 12 Biology