LESSON 1

Meaning of Art

Etymology
- French word art which means skill as a result of
learning or practice
- Latin word ars – ability or practical skills

Meanings of Art
- Art is generally understood as any activity or product
done by people with a communicative or aesthetic
purpose.
- Art is a product of man’s inventiveness and
creativity.
- According to Susanne Lander, Art molds our actual
life of feelings, by giving form to the world, it
articulates human nature, sensitivity, energy,
passion and mortality.

Meaning of art
- Art is concerned with sensuous medium such as the
mind, senses and arousing inner emotions.
- Art is the human ability to make things of beauty and
things that stir man; it is creativity.
- Art is not meant to be looked at only for what it is. It
is meant to stimulate thought because it allows
viewers to draw their own emotions and pull from
their personal experiences when viewed. It is very
 powerful in this way and it naturally develops
critical and innovative thinking skills. Art also
teaches many important qualities such as listening,
observing and responding to multiple perspectives
Art in Humanities
- Art is a human experience through words and non-
verbal forms of expression. Arts is the act of creation
itself whether through performance or the physical
production of works. The creation is also the product
based on research and methodology necessary for
humanities to survive in all aspect of existence.

Meanings of Humanities
- Comes from the Latin word – humanus.
- A human is cultured, educated and refined.
- Cultured is characterized by refined taste and
manners and good education.
- Educated means with rationality, kindness and
tenderness.
- Refined means polished, polite, cautious behavior.

Aim of Humanities
- To promote awareness of the interrelationships of all
fields of knowledge because it represents people’s
highest goals, aspirations, hopes and ambitions as well
as challenges, disappointments and frustrations
reflected in various acts.
Humanities as a Social Science
- Anthropology – study of man’s beginnings.
- Psychology – study of man’s mind and his behavior.
- Linguistics – study of man’s languages
- Cultural studies – study of man’s beliefs, arts,
customs, literature, etc.
- Communication – art of sharing information
Art in Humanities
- Art in Humanities is something that expresses an idea,
an emotion or, more generally, a world view.
- It is a component of culture, reflecting economic and
social substrates in its design.
- Art transmits ideas and values inherent in every culture
across space and time.
- Art’s role changes through time, acquiring more of an
aesthetic component here and a socio- educational
function in humanities.

Assumptions of Art
- Art is Universal
- Art is Not Nature
- Art Involves Experience

Art is Universal
- Art immortalizes man and his marvelous achievements.
Literature and history provide us with all the evidence
about the timelessness and universal value of art and its
unique contribution to mankind.
Art is Not Nature
- it is a self assumption that art is not nature simply
because the natural things around us as we believe
created by God is a work of art. Though man’s art may
get from the nature or environment for inspirations,
man most of the time deal with the art using his own
ability and skills to create one.

Art Involves Experience

- All art involves experience. Experience is the actual
doing of something. The perfection of art appreciation
will never be possible without experiencing art. All art
requires experience.

Two Characteristics of Experience

1. Experience of Art is Subjective
2. Art Experience Accompanied by Emotional Response

Characteristic 1: Experience of Art is Subjective

- Our judgement of art is highly personal and individual.
Not everybody will agree on ones judgment therefore
it’s tantamount to a famous saying that “beautyis in the
eye of the beholder.”
Characteristic 2: Art Experience Accompanied by Emotional
Response
- Initial reaction in such experience of art is inevitable.
We may either like it or the other way around. Just like
the first one, the emotional effect of art in one person
may not be the same to others

Art as a Process and a Product

- The acts such as drawing, painting, sculpting,
decorating, designing buildings, building bridges,
engineering and technology, singing, dancing. etching, a
musical composition, choreography or a tapestry and
the use of camera or computers to create images and
memorable works and etc.
Common Art Examples

- Drawings / Sketching – any drawings for the purpose of

expression or function.

- Blue Prints – house, furniture, appliances and etc.

- Painting – is an image (artwork) created using pigments

(color) on a surface (ground) such as paper or canvas.

- Sculpting – creating three-dimensional art object using

any materials either by carved, modeled, molded, cast,
wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or otherwise shaped
and combined.
- Decorating – any of those arts that are concerned with
the design and decoration of objects for personal or
commercial purposes.

- Designing Buildings – the use of any the building

materials that is functional, flexible and durable for the
intended purpose of the building.

- Building Bridges – a structure built to span a physical

obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or rail)
without blocking the way underneath.

- Engineering and Technology – the art of creative

technology and engineering allows engineers to
improvise and confront new situations. A creative
engineer can adapt to change and successfully take on
new problems with new set of formula.

- Art in Singing – is the act of producing musical sounds

with the voice. A person who sings is called a singer or
vocalist (examples of genre are jazz and popular music).

- Art in Dancing – a sequence of body movements,

accompanied by music. The art of dance is also known
as a form of performing art.

- Etching – is a printmaking technique that uses chemical

action to produce incised lines in a metal printing plate
which then hold the applied ink and form the image.
Lesson 1 Examples of Art
 - Musical Composition – the act of conceiving a piece of
music, the art of creating music, or the finished product.

- Choreography – is the art of making dances or other

artistic body movements, or the gathering and
organization of movement into order and pattern.

- Tapestry – a form of textile art, traditionally woven by

hand on a loom. Tapestry is weft-faced weaving, in
which all the warp threads are hidden in the completed
work

- Camera Art Images – creating or capturing still or

moving images using a camera. Photography or video
making is an art form using digital camera and treated
using computer apps or soft wares.

Art gives meaning to our lives and helps us understand our

world. It is an essential part of our culture because it allows
us to have a deeper understanding of our emotions. It
increases our self- awareness, and also allows us to be open
to new ideas and experiences.

“Art and humanities are coexisting. Art Appreciation is

anytime and everywhere. It’s a way of living... It’s a lifestyle.”
- Anonymous -
 LESSON 2
Appreciating History of Art

What is Art History?

- The history of art is as old as the history of human from
the prehistoric to the present times. Early paintings of
the cavemen to Da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” in the early 20th
century are both in the form of visual arts that
challenge our creative minds and inspire us to witness
the beauty of man’s creative skills.

Art history - doesn’t consist in simply listing all the art

movements and placing them on a timeline but rather it is
the study of objects of art considered within their time
period.

Art Historiography - is the historical study of the visual arts

which aims to identify, classify, describe, evaluate,
interpret, and understand the historical progress of painting,
sculpture, architecture, and other notable drawing, including
the modern day printmaking, decorative arts, photography,
interior designs and other art products.

Art Historiography Primary Concern:

 - To discover who made the particular art piece or object;
and
- To understand techniques and format developments of
artistic traditions in a greater measure and within a
broad historical perspective.

Art Historian - analyze visual arts’ meaning and are are

interested in what the works of art represented at the time
they were created. It is a way to learn about the civilizations
of the past and its connection to the present time.

Art Iconography - It is the science of identification,

description, classification, and interpretation of symbols,
themes, and subject matter in the creation of the visual arts

Time division- chronological dating

- Era
- Period
- Circa
- Movement
- Timeline
- Stage

Time tags
Christian/Western
- BC- before Christ
 - AD- Anno Domini
Latin: in the year of the Lord.
Secular/Generic
- BCE- Before Common Era
- CE- Common Era

Art timeline
- The history of art is immense. The next slides shows
some of the summarized period of art from prehistoric
dated form 27,000 up to modern times:

Stone Age
- 30,000BC- - 25,000BC
- Characteristic: cave paintings, fertility goddesses,
megalithic structures.
Major Artwork:
- Stonehenge (3,000 – 2,000BC) – believed to be
constructed several stages and now one of the most
famous prehistoric landmarks in the United Kingdom.

Mesopotamian
- 3500BC - 539BC
- Characteristic: warrior art and narration in stone relief.
Major Artwork:
- Hammurabi’s Code (1792 - 1750 BC) – black stone stele
containing the Code was carved from a single, four-ton
slab of diorite.

Egyptian
- 3100BC - 30BC
- Characteristic: art with an afterlife focus.
Major Artwork:
- Statue of Seated Imhotep (332–30 BC) - Imhotep was a
high official and an architect who oversaw construction
of Egypt's first monumental stone pyramid.

Greek and Hellenistic

 - 850BC - 31BC
- Characteristic: Idealism on balance and proportion.
Major Artwork:
- Elgin Marbles (447 – 468 BC) – a famous statue sculpted
by Phidias who is also renowned painter and architect.

Roman
- 500BC – 476AD
- Characteristic: realism, practical, down-to-earth and
grand arches.
Major Artwork:
- Augustus of Prima Porta (447 – 468 BC) – The statue is
an idealized image of Augustus, a pose of a Roman
orator.

Indian, Chinese, and Japanese

- 653BC – 1900AD
- Characteristic: serene and meditative art.
Major Artwork:
- A Solitary Temple amid Clearing Peaks (919 – 967 AD) –
the painting was rendered in 1nk and light color on silk
measuring 111.76 × 55.88 cm.
 Byzantine and Islamic
- 476BC – 1453AD
- Characteristic: heavenly and maze art like design.
Major Artwork:
- Alhambra - a palace and fortress complex located in
Andalusia, Spain. Originally constructed as a small
fortress in 889 AD.

Middle Ages
- 500 – 4100
- Characteristic: Celtic, Carolingian, Romanesque,
Renaissance & Gothic.
Major Artwork:
- Durham Cathedral - is a Norman building constructed
between 1093 and 1133 in the Romanesque style. The
oldest surviving building with a large stone vaulted
ceiling.

Early & High Renaissance

- 1400 – 1550
- Characteristic: Rebirth of classical culture
Major Artwork:
 - Mars and Venus (1485) – early renaissance painting by
an Italian Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi
known as Sandro Botticelli.

Venetian & Modern Renaissance

- 1430 – 1550
- Characteristic: Northward spread of high renaissance.
Major Artwork:
- The Tempest (1508) – a painting by the Italian master
Giorgione. Originally commissioned by the Venetian
noble Gabriele Vendramin, the painting is now in the
Gallerie dell'Accademia of Venice, Italy.

Mannerism
- 1527 – 1580
- Characteristic: breaking the rules, artifice vs nature.

Major Artwork:
- The Carmignano Visitation (1528) – is an oil on panel
painting of the Visitation by Jacopo Carucci also known
as Jacopo Pontormo. He was an Italian Mannerist
painter and portraitist from the Florentine School.

Baroque
- 1600 – 1750
- Characteristic: splendor and art as a religious weapon.
Major Artwork:
- Palace of Versailles (1650) – the home to the Kings of
France, the Palace of Versailles is one of the most
important landmarks in French history and the symbol
of absolute monarchy system.

Neoclassical
- 1750 – 1850
- Characteristic: recapturing Greco-Roman grandeur.
Major Artwork:
- Venus Victrix (1808) – sculpture by an Italian Antonio
Canova, often regarded as the greatest Neoclassical
artist, inspired from Baroque avoiding melodramatic
classical revival.

Realism
- 1865 – 1885
- Characteristic: rustic painting, working class, peasants.
Major Artwork:
- The Death of Nelson (1806) – a painting by the
American artist Benjamin West dated 1806. Entirely
self-taught artist, soon gained valuable patronage, and
he toured Europe before, eventually settling in London.
 Realism
- 1848 – 1900
- Characteristic: rustic painting, working class, peasants.
Major Artwork:
- Stone Breaker (1849) – a painting by the French painter
Gustave Courbet. A work of social realism, depicting
two peasants breaking rocks and exhibited at the Paris
Salon later that year.

Impressionism
- 1865 – 1885
- Characteristic: fleeting effects of natural light.
Major Artwork:
- The Bellelli Family (1867) – also known as Family
Portrait, an oil painting on canvas by Edgar Degas. The
painting is a portrait of his aunt, her husband, and their
two young daughters.

Post-Impressionism
- 1885 – 1910
- Characteristic: post revolt against impressionism.
Major Artwork:
Tahitian Women on the Beach (1891) – a painting by Paul
Gauguin. The painting depicts two women on the Pacific
island of Tahiti on the beach during the time of his short
residency in a small island.

Fauvism and Expressionism

- 1900 – 1935
- Characteristic: harsh colors, emotion distorting forms.
Major Artwork:
- Yellow-Red-Blue (1925) – is an abstract oil painting by
Wassily Kandinsky. It features beautiful bright colors
and a variety of different shapes.

Post-Modernism
- 1970 – Present
- Characteristic: without center, remixing past styles.
Major Artwork:
- The Heydar Aliyev Center (2012) – is a 57,500 m²
building complex in Baku, Azerbaijan designed by Iraqi-
British architect Zaha Hadid and noted for its distinctive
style and flowing, curved style that eschews sharp
angles.

Why appreciate art history?

- Art history provides a means by which we can
understand our human past and its relationship to our
 present, because the act of making art is one of
humanity’s most ubiquitous activities.

1. Art History brings you closer to the footprint of

humankind along history, because it’s the story of us
and our superpower to appreciate and create.
2. Art History helps you wipe your fears of the unknown.
- appreciate to learn about the past and
- to discover connections to the present and the future.
3. Art History introduces cultural diversity. The bizarre
and the oddities help us to understand humanity.
4. Art History trains you to deal and manage oodles of
images in little time. To successfully process everything
we encounter in our everyday life.
5. Art History teaches us to cope with uncertainty, despair
and sorrow. Every artwork is related to reality in itself
and it helps us to somehow understand all the
difficulties in life.
6. Art History allows you to connect with feelings we
never knew we could have. When we understand an art
we are looking at, and we feel its message that’s what
we call aesthetic experience.
7. Art History reminds us how very human we are. Artists
just like us are human being. Every art they make is a
reflection of how human we are
8. Art History teaches us how to solve problems as artists
have done. Architects and engineers are artists too.
Have we ever realized how our life can be the same
without them?
9. Art History boosts our imagination. It is normal to have
so many what-if in our minds on things around us and
 processing it helps us to be innovative and more
creative
10. Art History encourages us to be an artist too in our
own right.

The history of the world is similarly the history of art,

continually intertwined. For millions of years, as humans
roamed the earth, evolution, and environment shaped many
different cultures depending on location, weather, natural
resources, and food

These cultures formed the foundation of all art today. Art

appreciation analyzes art using the methods and materials,
allowing people to make connections to the context of art
and the interactions of societies.

The History of Art is the history of revivals”

- Samuel Butler -

LESSON 3
 Nature, Functions and Philosophies of Art

Nature of Art History

- Art is created by man for representation of life or
simply the way of life identified as follows:
1. To Express Life
2. To Provide Social Values and Cultural Identity
3. To Bridge Human Intelligence and Perceptions

1. To Express Life - exploring ideals and possibilities

2. To Provide Social Values and Cultural Identity - Order
and structure
3. To Bridge Human Intelligence and Perceptions - Form
and Meaning.

Nature of Art, Living with Art

- The role of art in human life is to transform man's
widest metaphysical ideas, by selective reproduction
of reality, into a physical form and work of art that he
can comprehend and to which he can respond
emotionally.

Purposes & Functions of Art

- Art plays an important role in the society. There is
difficulty in quantifying the functions of arts in the
history of human being because almost all creations of
man had its own unique purpose.
- The following are significant areas in society where art
is playing important functions:

1. Personal or Individual Function

- Regardless of how social we think we are and how
dependent we are on others, we have a private and
separate understanding of ourselves. We think of
ourselves as unique, different, exceptional in some
ways, as if we have thoughts unique only to us and
no one else.

2. Social Functions of Art

- Many works of art are deliberately designed to
influence group thinking like:
 Artists may try to make us laugh at the same
phenomena.
 Accept economic, religious, or social ideologies.
 See our social situation in ways which had not
previously been apparent.

3. Psychological Function of Art

- Art is not a pastime or a leisurely activity. Some
important aspects are:
 self identity
 actualization of self
 remembering
 hope
 avoiding sorrow
 rebalancing
 self-understanding
 growth
 appreciation

4. Physical Function of Art

- Usually relates to items that can be used for a
practical purpose because of their physical structure,
despite their artistic appeal. Examples are:
 Architecture and related fields of design
 Furniture and equipment
 leisure park development
 gadgets and appliances
 And etc.

5. Historical Function of Art

- Understand our human past and its relationship to
our present. Recording and documentation.
- Learn about this rich and fundamental strand of
human culture.
- Learn to talk and write about works of art from
different periods and places.

6. Cultural Function of Art

- Art influences society by changing opinions,
instilling values and translating experiences across
space and time. It allows people from different society
and different times to communicate with each other via
images, sounds and stories enriching cultural worth.
7. Religious Function of Art
- As a stimulus for creativity and culture, religion is the
spiritual impulse that conjoins humanity with
divinity through spiritual experience, ceremony, and
mythology. Art and religion converge through ritual
practice and presentation of sacred narrative, thereby
affecting "an experience of the numinous" (Otto, 1923).

8. Aesthetic Function of Art

- Three crucial characteristics of aesthetic experience:
 fascination with an aesthetic object (high arousal
and attention),
 appraisal of the symbolic reality of an object (high
cognitive engagement), and a
 Strong feeling of unity with the object of aesthetic
fascination and aesthetic appraisal.

9. Industry and Economy Function of Art

- Arts and Design can be classified as a creative
industry. Every industry no matter what its type can
play a role in the economic growth.
 manufacturing
 advertising
 entertainment
 tourism
 engineering & technology
 computer software
 construction
 etc.

10. Political Function of Art

- The arts and politics has a strong relationship,
particularly between various kinds of art and power,
occurs across historical epochs and cultures. As they
respond to contemporaneous events and politics, the
arts take on political as well as social dimensions,
becoming themselves a focus of controversy and even
a force of political as well as social change.

Philosophies of Art
- Philosophy of art is the study of concepts and nature
of arts such as: interpretation, representation and
expression, and form. It is closely related to aesthetics,
the philosophical study of beauty and taste.
1. Interpretation
2. Representation
3. Expression
4. Form

1. Interpretation
- Interpretation in art refers to the attribution of
meaning to a work. A point on which people often
 disagree is whether the artist’s or author’s intention
is relevant to the interpretation of the work.

Two Branches of Interpretation:

Intentionalism
- Concerned with the artist’s intention.
Anti-intentionalism
- Rejecting the relevance of the artist’s intention.

2. Representation
- It’s a type of description or portrayal of the artist in
the artwork in which revolve around creating
visceral, intimate worlds that reach far beyond mere
reproduction of the subjects in the physical world

Types of Representation Art:

Realism
- Sometimes called naturalism, in the arts is generally
the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully.
Abstraction
 - Art that does not attempt to represent an accurate
depiction of a visual reality but instead use shapes,
colors, forms and gestural marks to achieve its
effect.
Impressionism
- Impressionist art were not trying to paint a
reflection of real life, but an 'impression' of what the
person, light, atmosphere, object or landscape looked
like to them

Aesthetic Theory:
- Aestheticism was a late 19th century European theory
based on the idea that art exists for the sake of its
beauty alone. Good judgements in aesthetics are
grounded in features of artworks themselves, not
just in us and our preferences
- Aesthetic qualities are the qualities of an artwork
that speak to the overall feeling or mood of the
artwork. It’s when art elements and principles come
together to create a sense of beauty, harmony and
feel in the artwork
- Aesthetic perception according to form,
interpretation, and context of an artwork
- Aesthetic theory of art related to the embedded
descriptions and interpretations of the concepts of
art and its significance to people’s experience and
emotions.
1. Imitationalism
2. Formalism
 3. Emotionalism
4. Intrumentalism
5. Institutionalism

1. Imitationalism
- Representational artwork aims to represent actual
objects or subjects from reality. Although some forms
are taking steps toward abstraction, they still fall
under the category of representation

2. Formalism
- It describes the critical position that the most
important aspect of a work of art is its form. The way
it is made and its purely visual aspects rather than
its narrative content or its relationship to the visible
world.

3. Emotionalism
- Theory of art which places emphasis on the
expressive qualities. According to this theory, the most
important thing about a work of art is the vivid
communication of moods, feelings, and ideas

4. Instrumentalism
- The theory that art should be an instrument for
furthering a point of view that is moral, social,
religious, or political. This art tends to be persuasive
 5. Institutionalism
- This is a relatively new theory of looking at art. It is
a somewhat controversial theory and some people
feel it is not a valid way of looking at art. This tends
to be artwork that a lot of people look at and think
"that's art

Fundamental Philosophies of Art:

The key to understanding and appreciate art, each of the
following fundamental theories the enthusiasts, artists
(beginner or master) should consider:
1. Art is human-made.
2. Art must be creative not imitative.
3. Art must benefit and satisfy human being.
4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or
material by which in which they should be known for.

1. Art is human made

- Art is human-made. Art expresses as a result of the
intricacies of life, as a result of humans continually
searching for meaning, making meaning out of lived
or observed experiences, and attempting to connect
to other humans

2. Art must be creative not imitative

 - A creative work of art is something that makes you
ask questions and, because it makes you ask
questions, it gets your creativity flowing.

3. Art must benefit and satisfy human being

- Stress Relief
- Confidence Boost
- Problem Solving
- Inspiration

4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or

material in which they should be known for. Own
unique approach and concept

Art, whether you love it or hate it, the purpose is to elicit a

response. Artists produce work as a result of internal or
external stimuli, it is the only aim should be to cause a
reaction.
- A.C. Grayling

Art is not what you see, but what you make others to see.”
- Edgar Degas

LESSON 4
Defining Art Appreciation, Creativity, Imagination, &
Expression
Defining Art Appreciation
- The term ‘art’ encompasses a large variety of works,
from paintings to sculptures, architecture to design, and
in modern times, digital art and so many other forms
like the things that surrounds our existence.

- The term ‘appreciation’ – giving value to; increase the

worth of; understand and recognize good qualities of

- Art appreciation is the knowledge and understanding of

the universal and timeless qualities that identify all
great art. The more you appreciate and understand the
art of different eras, movements, styles and techniques,
the better you can develop, evaluate and improve your
own artwork

- Art Appreciation – simply deals with learning or

understanding and creating arts and enjoying them

- Art Appreciation or Aesthetic education - the capacity

to understand works of art and experience a certain
emotional enjoyment in looking other work of art or
creating own arts.

- Art Appreciation refers to analyzing the form of an

artwork to general audiences to enhance their
enjoyment of such works of art

- Art may be appreciated or analyzed without reference

to subject matter, symbolism or historical context.
 - Art appreciation can be subjective depending on
personal preference to aesthetics and form, or it can be
based on several elements and principle of design and
also depends on social and cultural acceptance

- Art appreciation centers on the ability to view art

throughout history, focusing on the cultures and the
people, and how art developed in the specific periods. It
is difficult to understand art without understanding the
culture, their use of materials, and a sense of beauty

Art Appreciation is:

- Gaining the knowledge to understand the art.
- Acquire the art methods and materials to discuss art
verbally or by the written word.
- Ability to identify the movements from ancient
cultures to today's contemporary art.

Importance of Art Appreciation

- Every person is born with the innate desire to create
art, and similar to other professions, training is
essential in honing skills to produce art. Art education
broadens a person's comprehension, development,
and visions of art. Art brings an understanding of
diversity, how people lived in the past, and connects
the issues concerning contemporary life and art today.
1. Art Allows us to Connect with Our Inner Selves
- Art can transform our lives. When we connect with
art, we are ultimately connecting with our inner selves.
Art enables us to look within and to listen to ourselves,
realize who we are, and what we care about. It connects
us to our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and our outer
realities and experiences.

2. Art causes us to have an Appreciation and

Gratification for What we Have in our Lives.
- We tend to be happier when we are able to look at life
through a standpoint of appreciation and
gratification - when we are able to view all of the
wonderful details that are going well in our lives
instead of focusing on the alternative.

3. Art Brings More Creativity, Satisfaction, and

Happiness Into Our Lives
- Art gives us meaning and helps us understand our
world. Scientific studies have proven that art
appreciation improves our quality of life and makes us
feel good.
- When we create art according to Dr. Shelley Carson,
“arts gives us ability to improve our mood, broadens
our attention and allows us to see possible and creative
solutions to problems.
Importance of Art Appreciation
- Art is not meant to be looked at only for what it is but
it allows us to connect and empathize on an
emotional level while also learning about the culture
- It is meant to stimulate thought because it allows
viewers to draw their own emotions and pull from their
personal experiences when viewed.
- It is very powerful and it naturally develops critical
and innovative thinking skills.
- It also teaches many important qualities such as
listening, observing and responding to multiple
perspectives
- Due to the subjective nature of art, we can learn to
construct meaning and articulate their thoughts when
they express, in our own words, our personal opinions
about what we are seeing, feeling and thinking
- It allows us an opportunity to develop an open mind
and understand that there is more than just one
solution to a problem
- Having an appreciation for art also helps us to develop
an appreciation for each other and how we are all
unique in our own way
- As always mentioned, art is all around us and therefore
we have to react towards it because it gives meaning to
our lives and helps us understand our world.
- Appreciating art provides us with a forum in developing
our literacy and communication skills.
 Francisco Goya “Saturn Devouring His Son”, 1819–1823

“Art does not exist only to entertain, but also to challenge

one to think, to provoke, even to disturb in a constant search
for the truth”.
- "Art is something that makes us more thoughtful and
well-rounded humans."
- “Appreciating art is important. We tend to think it is a
luxury, but it gives people deep pleasure because beauty
is the personification of hope that something grander is
at work.”

Why Study Art Appreciation?

We have always heard sayings like "Why study art? Why not
Engineering, Science, or Commerce?", "Art won't get you
anywhere," "Art is useless," "You won't get a proper job"
and so many other issues.
The truth based on research was, students do better in their
education because arts makes a huge impact in their
character and personality.
The next few slides are the pointers why art is Important in
every human daily existence.

1. Arts improves creativity skills.

 “Everybody has a creative potential and from the
moment you can express this creative potential, you can
start changing the world.” - Paulo Coelho, Author

2. Arts gives you joy.

“Exercising our creativity can give us an outlet from our
daily routines, helping us express emotions and boost
our happiness levels.” - Juliet Davey, Psychologist

3. Arts relieves stress.

- Studies suggest that art therapy can be very valuable in
treating issues such as depression, anxiety, post-
traumatic stress disorder and even some phobias. It is a
great way to express your emotions without words,
process complex feelings and find relief.

4. Arts gives us the opportunity to showcase our skills and

talent.
- There are many different ways of expressing our artistic
side, and we don't have to aspire to be a professional.
Art is for everybody, and we can enjoy it simply for its
own sake. Our artistic abilities are there to be
discovered.

5. Arts gives us confidence.

- Arts education improves our confidence. Studies have
shown that when an individual participate in art
activities with peers, the feedback they give to each
other builds self-respect by helping them learn to accept
criticism and praise from others.
6. Arts helps us do well academically.
- Study shows a few hours of art will help us relieve
stress and give you happiness. With that our mind will
be clear, and that would help us focus on our studies,
and that would help us get better grades.

7. Arts helps us to communicate well with other people.

- Research shows that art therapy has a way of energizing
the brain, even for those children who are non-verbal or
are autistic. A calm mind helps us to be more social and
react pleasantly.

8. Arts helps us learn visually.

- As they progress in Visual Arts, we develop perceptual
skills in observation and the ability to respond and view
artworks critically. We also develop the conceptual
capacity to develop ideas and express them visually.
They identify, analyze and interpret meaning in
artworks from diverse contexts.

9. Arts helps you to express your emotions.

- Art can provide us very natural and safe way to express
ourselves. It allows us to play, experiment, make a
mess, create stories, use metaphors to represent
feelings, explore alternative narratives, externalize
feelings by creating characters, reflect, by sharing art
with others.
 10. Art is the language of the soul.
“Art is a profound mirror, always reflecting back who
you truly are. Most people are petrified to take a look...
But if you are brave enough, you can see right into your
soul.” - Michelle Baker, Art Therapist

The more you appreciate and understand the art of different

eras, movements, styles and techniques, the better you can
develop, evaluate and improve your own artwork. The more
you develop your skills in any art forms of your choice the
more you become human.

Creativity in Art
Fallacy:
- Art and creativity are two different concepts. Yes, they
are correlated, but one does not imply the other at least,
not automatically, or one is less than the other in value.
- The skill of being creative develops curiosity and, along
with it, brings new opportunities forward.

Fact:
- Being creative means seeking ways to change the
normal and think out of the box. Linking creativity with
persistence can result in art, which is the result of
creativity and constant effort combined.
- Motivation has to be another element in the process of
creation for art to result.
- There cannot be art without creativity, but creativity
can exist without art.

Creativity - according to Webster’s creativity is the ability to

create and the quality of being creative.
Creativity in Art – An artist is the maker of the art and must
be creative. Being a creative artist requires knowledge in
using the imagination to explore innovative ideas, materials
and tools applicable to any art forms making.

A creative artist is a person who is dedicated to artwork’s

originality and authenticity.

Creativity J
- Just like the first, the envisioning of ideas is likely a
choice between to create a new one and or recreate and
improve the present ideas

How to be a Creative Artist?

1. Opened to play.
- Artists will be the explorer who never stops. They will
not be taken back by previous discoveries or
preconceived notions. Creative artists will succeed
because they are continuously open to new possibilities,
won’t see failure as a drawback but rather as a means of
achieving greatness by becoming aware of what could
improve.
 2. Artist’s emotion.
- We all know that artists, whether self-taught or
otherwise, are creative, emotional, and often sensitive
people. Most creative individuals share in common with
the artist’s success and it depends on the degree to
which they develops these traits.

3. A constant desire to create.

- A creative people are constantly engaging in creating
something new. They don’t wait for something to
happen or for the-right-moment to pass by. They are
creating circumstances for the creation and, therefore,
increase their chances of success in whichever they are
doing.

The Creative Process:

- Step 1, Preparing for creation.
- Step 2, Incubating selected ideas.
- Step 3, Implementing chosen ideas

Step 1, Preparing for creation.

- This does not mean waiting for the right time to come to
take action instead preparing yourself for a long ride
and understand where your motivation comes from. It
means that you are taking in the arguments for which
you are starting the process and what benefits this
creative process will bring to you.

Step 2, Incubating selected ideas.

- This is time to brainstorm ideas and see what you want
to create. What are the best ideas you came up with,
 and why do you think that they are good? But most
importantly, how will you act on them?

Main Components of Creativity:

- Originality The method or idea must be new and unique.
It should not be the extension of something, which
already exists. However, one can take inspiration from
the already existent methods and ideas to fabricate
something new and unique.

- Functionality – A creative idea must work and produce

results, otherwise, the whole effort will be in vain.

Qualities of Creative People:

1. Energetic
- Creative people are energetic physically and mentally
utilizing it to conceptualize ideas.

2. Intelligent
- Creative people are intelligent. Though high level of IQ
is a plus, most people are intelligent enough in creative
thinking and smart to create new ideas.

3. Disciplined
- creativity happens unexpectedly, so whenever an artist
is under any circumstances, he or she is ready to
somehow make a note or record the ideas in anyway
possible
4 Types of Creativity:

1. Deliberate and Cognitive Creativity

- People who possess deliberate and cognitive
characteristics are purposeful. They have a great
amount of knowledge about a particular subject and
combine their skills and capabilities to prepare a course
of action to achieve something. This type of creativity
built when people work for a very long time in a
particular area.

2. Deliberate and Emotional Creativity

- Their creativity is always a balanced product of
deliberate emotional thinking and logical actions.
Creativity is found in the amygdala, a part of the brain
and is responsible for human emotions that helps in
learning and information processing. This is actually a
random moments referred to as “a-ha!” moments when
someone suddenly thinks of a solution to some problem
or think of some innovative idea.

3. Spontaneous and Cognitive Creativity

- There are times when you spend a long time to crack a
problem but can’t think of any solution or think of any
possible way. But when you are having your relaxation
time and suddenly everything falls in place. Remember
the great scientist Isaac Newton’s law of gravity, the
‘Eureka’ moments

4. Spontaneous and emotional Creativity

- This type of creativity are those moments that are
defined as rare moments when great discoveries take
place. There is no need to have specific knowledge for
spontaneous and emotional creativity to happen but
 there should be a special skill to put the ideas into
record in anyway can be.

Imagination in Art

Imagination
- Visualizing the unseen or impossible things or
envisioning ideas that are not present in reality or
wanting it to happen or exist

Imagination in art
- Imagination is very much associated with creativity
since it is through imagination where ideas, feelings or
images are initially put together in the artist’s mind.
- The imagination of the artist may be in the form of
imaging or picturing, feeling, or thinking what the work
of art will become. The artists may also use their
imagination on the possible alternatives to what they
have finished at every step of the process
- In the part of the audience or the public viewers would
perhaps use their own imagination to understand the
artist’s work, which could be verbally difficult to
explain.

8 Subsequent Imagination in Art

1. Effectuated Imagination
- Allows the artists to synthesize existing ideas together
from existing information.
2. Intellectual or Constructive Imagination
- The artist is able to work from an existing plan or a
definite idea and is guided towards a distinct purpose.
Intellectual imagination is a very conscious and
deliberate process.

3. Imaginative Fantasy
- This is when you’re able to generate new ideas from
scratch and can be guided or unguided. This is what
most writers and artists are good at. We usually have a
moment of inspiration and go off to explore wherever
the fantasy may take us.

4. Empathy
- This is a capacity that human beings have to mentally
detach from ourselves and experience what another
person is experiencing from their point of view. It
allows us to take an imaginative stroll in someone else’s
shoes.

5. Strategic Imagination
- This is primarily concerned with what-could-be
scenario. It’s the ability to spot opportunities and
visualize what might happen if you were to take them.
People who have an excellent strategic imagination will
have a realistic understanding of their own skills, and
be able to spot opportunities to develop.

6. Emotional Imagination
- An artist has to be aware of our emotions and the
emotions of human beings more generally. The artists
has to know how to create or project fear, how to create
sadness, laughter and how the artist’s possess the
ability to play on those emotions to generate form and
 structure that plays into this facet of audience’s
mindsets.

7. Dreams
- These are an unconscious form of imagination that we
do when we’re asleep. Scientists are still deciding what
these crazy little night visions are all about, but for
those of us that dream, it can be a fun and sometimes
scary way to access our imagination interpret them in
an art form.

8. Memory Reconstruction
- When we retrieve our memories of people, objects and
events we use our imagination to regenerate the
images. Memories are subconscious stored bits of
information dragged into our conscious brain and our
imagination often fills the gaps where memory hasn’t
been curated properly.

Explain your thoughts.

"Imagination is more important than knowledge.“ – Einstein

Expression in Art

Expression
- Individual expression of art, it reflects the artist’s
personal thoughts, ideas, style and feelings.
- Art is an expression made visible by a form. Art as a
piece is an expression of the artist and the artist is an
expresser to convey message or create meaning.

Characteristics of Expressions in Art

1. Expression of Feelings
 2. Expression of Beliefs and Ideas
3. Expression of Character

Mode of Expressions in Creating Art

1. Expression of Feelings
Natural release or reactions.
- Expression of feelings often defined as a showing of
emotion that come from the inner world. Expression is
the natural or intentional reaction in which emotional
processes are made and reflected as a concrete
phenomenon.

2. Expression of Beliefs and Ideas:

Philosophical Interpretation.
- In many cultures, art is used in religion, spiritual or
magical rituals, performances and dances as a
decoration or symbol of a god or other divine quality.
Anthropologists however knows that this expression
often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a
particular culture or social norms.

3. Expression of Character:
Expressing the nature of things.
- Any moral message in the work should not, therefore,
affect the overall value of the artwork in its aesthetics
quality, either positively or negatively. Artist’s and
patrons of the arts also want to protect their creation
from censorship. If an artwork is judged only on the
basis of its aesthetic qualities, it should not be
condemned for its moral message.
Forms of Expressing Art

- Visual Arts
 Is a major field in art that includes painting,
drawing, printmaking, ceramics, sculpture
architecture, crafts and photography.

- Literary Arts
 Literature is literally “acquaintance with letters”
according to Oxford. It originates from the Latin
word ‘littera’ which means an individual written
character. Literary art is a combined discipline of
ideation, literary appreciation, and creative
writing, which is mainly prose of both fiction and
nonfiction, drama, and poetry.

- Performing Arts
 Performing arts are forms of art such as music,
dance or drama. In this category, artists is using
voices, and physical body to convey message or
artistic expression.
 The body is considered the primary medium and
conceptual material on which Performance Art is
based. Other key components are time, space and
the relationship between performer and audience.
- Cinematic and Video Arts
 Cinematic and video arts is a visual language in the
form of portraying stories thru moving images.
Cinematic or movie arts is a combination of many
disciplines and crafts to produce a more realistic
emotional experience for the audience
entertainment and learning as well.

- Digital Arts
  Just like the cinematic and video arts, digital arts is
a new emerging expression of motion pictures. The
only difference of the latter is the use of
sophisticated tools like the computer.
 Initially, digital arts is solely used for photography
enhancement until the emergence of video games
and apps. Today digital arts serves tremendous
purpose in the field of the industry like advertising
and software development

Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the

same time.”– Thomas Merton –

LESSON 5
The Art Forms, Subjects and Methods of Art, Mediums,
Technique, Elements Principles of Art

Art Forms
- An activity or a piece of artistic work that can be
regarded as a medium of artistic expression
1. Visual Arts
2. Performing Arts
3. Performance Arts
4. Literary Arts
5. Digital and Multimedia Arts
6. Decorative Arts

1. Visual Arts
- Visual Arts Visual arts refers to any piece of work or
creation of art which are primarily visual in nature with
artistic merit. Major forms are:
a. Painting
b. Sculpture
c. Architecture
d. Plastic Arts

 Painting
- Painting From Latin word ‘pingere’ meaning to paint.
Painting is a category in visual and fine arts that involve
the application of paint, pigment, color, or other
medium to a surface or support base in order to present
an image of a subject. Paintings may be done in any
surface as walls, paper, wood, concrete glass, cloth, or
cardboard, etc.
 Sculpture
- It came from a Latin word ‘sculpere’ which means to cut
or removing pieces from a stone or any materials. It is
the art of carving, modelling, casting, assembling, and
constructing materials into figures of forms to achieve
three- dimensional piece

 Architecture
 - The art and technique of designing and building, as
distinguished from the skills associated with
construction. The practice of architecture is employed
to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements,
and thus it serves both utilitarian and aesthetic ends

 Plastic Art
- Derived from the word ‘plasticize’, meaning ‘to mold’
which describes any art form that involves modelling or
molding in three dimensions. The most common
example of the plastic arts is sculpture and
artchitecture.

2. Performing Arts
- Performing arts are art forms in which artists use their
body movements to dance or play music instruments or
use voice to sing in order to convey artistic expression.

The common performing art forms are:

a. Music
b. Opera
c. Dance
d. Drama
e. Spoken Words
f. Cinema/Film/Movie

 Music
- is a form of art that uses sound organized in time. Music
is also a form of entertainment that puts sounds
together in a way that people like, find interesting or
dance to. Most music includes people singing with their
voices or playing musical instruments like the piano,
guitar, drums, violin, etc.
- Example of Music Ensemble Founded in 1973, the
Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra is the resident
symphony orchestra of the Cultural Center of the
Philippines.

 Opera
- is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a
dramatic work combining text or ‘libretto’ and musical
score, usually in a theatrical setting.
- Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken
theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and
sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically
given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra
or smaller musical ensemble.
- Example of Opera Artist Armida Siguion-Reyna is known
to be a Harana and Kundiman singer but she was also
 noted in the world of operas as she performed the lead
singing roles in Lucia de Lammersville, Rigoletto, La
Traviata, I Pagliacci, The Merry Widow, and the
zarzuela Ang Mestiza.

 Dance
- is the art form in which human movement becomes the
medium for sensing, understanding, and communicating
ideas, feelings, and experiences. Dance has its own
content, vocabulary, skills, and techniques, which must
be understood and applied to be proficient in the art.
- Example of Hip-hop Dance Ensemble Upeepz won the
gold medal in 2016, Mega Crew, International Dance
Hip-hop Competition. The team was known for their
urban choreography and street culture advocacy.

 Drama
- arts are a form of narrative performed on a stage in
front of an audience. These stories and the way they are
portrayed manifest in a wide variety of styles, also
known as genres. The two oldest genres are tragedy and
comedy and are still popular theme to theater
productions at present.
- Example of Drama Production From Lualhati Bautista's
novel Desaparesidos, a 2018 stage play production in
times of political turmoil which took place during the
1970s
  Spoken Words
- poetry is an art that focuses, at its core, on the words
themselves. One quality of spoken word artists is they
tend to have a general passion for vernacular and
vocabulary. A quality spoken word artists tend to have
is a commanding stage presence, though its not always
innate, its learned.
- Example of Spoken Poetry Artist. Scott-Heron’s poetry
collections to name a few include Small Talk at 125th
and Lenox: A Collection of Black Poems (1970) and So
Far, So Good (1990).
- Gilbert Scott-Heron was an American soul and jazz poet,
musician, and author, known primarily for his work as a
spoken- word performer in the 1970s and 1980s.

 Cinema/Film/Movie,
- though art cinema is often defined as an artistic or
experimental work expressing symbolic meaning
through the medium of film. It is ambiguous,
aesthetically rich, and complex and is now considered
as the highest form of performing arts.
- Example of Cinema Artist Switzerland, Charles Spencer
Chaplin Actor, Director and Composer “Charlie Chaplin”
Comedy Act, 191

Performing Arts Amusement forms of performing arts:

a. Magic and Illusion
b. Mime
c. Puppetry
 d. Circus Act

 Magic and Illusionism

- is a form of performing art using the natural ability to
create illusion and manipulative tricks for the purpose
of entertainment in front of the live audiences.

 Mime
- is a form of silent art that involves acting or
communicating using only movements, gestures, and
facial expressions. A person performing mime is also
simple called a ‘mime’.

 Puppetry
- is a form of theatre or performance that involves the
manipulation of puppets inanimate objects, often
resembling some type of human or animal figure, that
are animated or manipulated by a human called a
puppeteer.

 Circus Act
- Circus is a group of many different performers, often
including clowns, trapeze artists, and animal trainers.
Traditional circuses have performing animals, clowns,
and acrobats, while more contemporary circuses
combine elements of theater, dance, acrobatics, and
music.
 3. Performance Arts
- Performance Art is a form of arts practice that involves
a person or persons undertaking an action or actions
within a particular timeframe in a particular space or
location for an audience (most of the time live
audience). Central to the process and execution of
Performance Art is the live presence of the artist and
the real actions of his/her body, to create and present
an ephemeral art experience to a live audience.

- Main characteristic: The primary medium and

conceptual material on which Performance Art is based
is the artist’s own body especially facial expressions.
Other key components are time, space and the
relationship and connection between performer and
audience.

Characteristics:
- It is a legitimate artistic movement.
- It is performed live in front of the audience.
- It is an advocacy oriented art.
- It has no rules or guidelines. It is art because the artist
says it is art. It is experimental.
 - It may be entertaining, amusing, shocking or horrifying.
It is meant to be memorable.
- It is primarily a not for sale art.

Examples
- Modern Men’, An Experimental Performance Art
- Steady Act, ‘Rhythm 0’, 1979, Social Experiment by
Marina Abramovic, Russia
- Janine Antoni: Loving care, lick, and lather

4. Literary Arts

Literary art comes from two words namely:

- Art
- Literature

 Art means the expression of human feelings that have

beauty value
 Literature is an absorption word means guide, guidance
or order in the form of text or voice

So it can be concluded that literary art is something in the

form of writing or stories that have artistic and cultural
value that displays the beauty of speech and language to
convey certain meanings

Genres of Literature:
 a. Fiction
b. Nonfiction
c. Drama
d. Poetry
e. Folktale

Fiction
- Features imaginary characters and events. This genre is
often broken up into several subgenres namely: fantasy,
historical fiction, contemporary fiction, mystery, and
science fiction. Each subgenres could feature interesting
themes like: graphics, comedy, and romance.
Nonfiction
- tells the story of real people and events. Examples
include biographies, autobiographies, or memoirs.

Drama
- a popular category of literature, is a story created
mostly for a stage performance. The most renowned
author of drama was William Shakespeare, the writer of
Macbeth, Hamlet, and Romeo and Juliet

Poetry
- a style of writing words arranged in a metrical pattern
and often (though not always) in rhymed verse.
- Renowned poets include E.E. Cummings, Robert Frost,
and Maya Angelou.
 - Francisco Balagtas, 1788-1862 Introduced ‘Balagtasan’

Folktale
- referred to as mythology, tells stories of originally oral
literature and are meant to pass on particular moral
lessons. These tales often have a timeless quality,
dealing with common concerns that are relevant despite
the time period.

5. New Media Arts

- Since the 1960s, artistic work or practice that uses
digital or computer technology as part of the creative or
presentation process is either called ‘computer art’ or
‘digital art’. Later part it was defined as ‘digital media
art’. Today it is now placed under the larger umbrella
term the ‘new media art’.
Remarkable Impacts of New Media Arts to Contemporary
Arts
- The impact of digital technology has transformed
human art expressions such as painting, drawing and
sculpture, music and literature even in architecture. The
use of new tools which become very helpful for the
artists not only to enhance but to make artwork in a
more creative process towards innovative and
unexplored paths.

Examples
 - Architecture 3D Printing
- Landscape digital painting
- Green screen CGI effects Movies/films

SUBJECTS OF ART
- In general, subject may be thought of as the ‘what’ in a
piece of art such as the topic, focus, and image. The
most common subjects of art include:
1. Portraiture
2. Still-life
3. Landscape
4. Flaura and Fauna
5. Countrylife
6. Religious
7. Mythological
8. Abstraction
In the selection, abstraction is categorized as non- objective
art or non-representational art while the rest is categorized
as objective art or representational art.
1. Portraiture, Specifically referring to depiction of human
male and female.
- ‘Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird’ is
a 1940 painting by Mexican painter Frida Kahlo

2. Still-life, It represents a piece that features an

arrangement of inanimate objects as its subject.
- ‘Still Life with a Turkey Pie’ is a 1627 painting by the
Dutch painter Pieter Claesz
3. Landscape is strictly referring to land and water
sceneries and forms. Seascape and cityscape is also an
acceptable term in specifying particular sceneries.
- ‘The Bridge at Narni’ is an 1826 painting of the Ponte
d'Augusto at Narni by French artist Jean-Baptiste-
Camille Corot

4. Flora and Fauna, artworks representing animals and

any form of flowers and plants.
- ‘The Morning in a Pine Forest’ is a painting by Russian
artists Ivan Shishkin and Konstantin Savitsky, 1889

5. Country Life, artworks representing animals and any

form of flowers and plants.
- ‘The Fall of Icarus’ portraying life by theriver and
abundant land to farm by Pieter Bruegel, 1560

6. Religious, It represents events objects and persons

related to religious beliefs and practices.
- ‘The Transfiguration’ is the last painting by the Italian
High Renaissance master Raphael. 1516

7. Mythological, it represents supernatural events or

fantasy depiction of people, places and objects.
- Greek sculpture of Ocean god, named ‘Marforio’ or
‘Marphurius’, located in Rome, Italy. Classic mythology
in art.
 8. Abstraction, Art that has no real subjects or
representation is an abstract, a total departure from
reality.
- White Center (Yellow, Pink and Lavender on Rose) is an
abstract painting by Mark Rothko completed in 1950

METHODS OF PRESENTING ART

Every artist has his own individual and unique style of doing
his artworks. The style is almost all governed by his
expertise and choice of the methods in presenting his
subjects.
1. Realism
2. Surealism
3. Cubism
4. Expressionism
5. Impressionism
6. Symbolism
7. Pointillism
8. Futurism
9. Minimalism
10. Fauvism
11. Dadaism
12. Pure Abstractionism

1. Realism Known also as naturalism, this is an attempt to

represent things as it is with accuracy and precision.
- ‘The Shepherdess’, also known as The Little
Shepherdess, is a painting by William-Adolphe
Bouguereau completed in 1889.
2. Surrealism An invented word came from super
naturalism or simply beyond realism. Surrealist attempt
to represent subjects which is usually the result of
dreams or fantasy.
- ‘I and the Village’ is an oil on canvas painting by the
Belarusian-French artist Marc Chagall created in 1911

3. Cubism The cubist want to emphasize the advantage of

using the basic geometric shapes in presenting any
subjects. Pioneer artists in this method is Brague and
Picasso.
- Cubism, ‘The Bird Seller’ is a history painting created by
a Filipino visual artist Vicente Manansala, 1976 Lesson
5

4. Expressionism method is a depiction of emotional

realism expression of a real-life subject based on
subjective perspective.
- ‘Jeune garçon au cheval’ is an oil on canvas painting by
Pablo Picasso. 1906

5. Impressionism is a realism art based on the artist’s

impression or perception particularly the effects of
lights on the objects or subjects.
- ‘Luncheon on the Grass’ is an 1865–1866 oil on canvas
painting by Claude Monet.
6. Symbolism, Just like in literature, symbolism in painting
represents absolute reality using visible signs of object
in an indirect manner.
- ‘Oedipus and the Sphinx’ is an 1864 oil on canvas
painting by Gustave Moreau, 1864

7. Pointillism, a unique way of rendering a painting

applying fine dots in the canvas.
- ‘The Beach at Ambleteuse at Low Tide’ a pointillism
painting by Théo van Rysselberghe

8. Futurism, Originated in Italy, this type of painting

depicts motion like the speed of a flying objects are
portrayed dramatically in the canvas.
- ‘Auroro Sul Golfo’, A futurism painting by Gerardo
Dottori, 1935

9. Minimalism, A modern art emphasizes the importance

of shapes and space to depicts minimal usage of
flamboyant display of decorative design but rather
simplicity. This method is more applicable in sculpture,
architecture and product design.
- ‘She Who Must Be Obeyed’ is a minimalist sculpture 33’
wide and 16’ deep made by Tony Smith in 1975.

10. Fauvism, this painting uses bright colors and

attractive shapes that depicts happiness and positivity.
- ‘The River Seine at Chatou’ by Maurice de Vlaminck.
1906
 11. Dadaism, Dada as known to artists, this painting is
shocking in portrayal of political, social, and cultural
issues and subjects.
- ‘Switzerland, Birth-Place of Dada’ by Max Ernst. 1920

12. Pure Abstractionism, from its name, this art is

actually a withdrawal from truth and reality. This art is
being presented in distortion, elongation, mangling,
cubism and abstract expressionism.
- ‘The She-Wolf’ is a pure abstraction painting by Jackson
Pollock. 1943

Mediums and Technique of Arts

Medium
- refers to the art materials and tools and other supplies
while technique refers to how the desired materials are
used or applied to make an art piece.
- in art is the material that artists use to create their art.
One piece of art can be made of one medium or could be
made by several media if several medium is applied to
it. The more you know about the properties of various
mediums, the wider your artistic horizons are.
 Common Mediums In Making an Art:
Watercolors,
- they are unpredictable. It is hard to change the way it is
going to disperse once it is applied on the paper. Once
you master the skill and the courage, you will realize
that watercolors is one fun art medium in making art.

Pastels,
- Chalk pastels are great for creating textures, blending
colors, and layering. This medium in art is known as
luminous and tender. The powder used for pastel
pencils and chalks is a pigment itself that is why the
colors are deep and the effect is stunning.

Ink
- is a convenient and affordable art medium. It comes in
the form of a graphic, fountain, drawing, reed, and
drafting pens or simply ballpoint pens. Ink goes as paint
in small bottles too. It can be used for drawing as well
as calligraphy and writing.

Pencils,
- colored pencils are not for kids alone. There is no such
thing as a ‘childish’ medium because everything
depends on how you use it. Pencil artwork has deep, and
 luminescent effect aside from it is convenient to use and
affordable art medium.

Mixed media
- is the incorporation of two or all media of your choice
together in a unique way. This technique is enjoyable
because it allows you to experiment and can take
numerous forms, and there are no limits for your
imagination to explore.

 Again, there is no such thing as ‘the best medium.’

Everything depends on your preferences, ideas, and
creative objectives. Try them all and choose the one you
like most

Technique,
- style, your look, whatever you want to call it is as
individual as your signature and your art skill should be
your identity. Learning the fundamentals is simple to
do, but like all art, they require a lot of practice to
master.
- Pencil stroke

Drawing
 - is one of the most basic ways to exercise your creativity.
Whether you’re using a pencil, pen, crayon, or even
your fingers, the skills you gain from the activity
translate to a bevy of different media. But once you do,
you’ll have the ability create images you’re truly proud
of.

To learn how to handle a particular medium takes a few

hours of practice. One needs to open their mind, heart, and
emotions to feel what is right. Let intuition take over, to
listen to their gut, let your hand and fingers do the work and
surprisingly, technique will come.
Mediums and technique are essentials in creating art. After
every art is done, it should meet the following measurement:
1. Genuineness
2. Aesthetic quality
3. Mastery of skill

Focal Point Technique,

- is the area or areas within a scene that leads to the
visual attention of the viewers. In most cases, the main
subject of the art is also the focal point of the art.
1. Contrast
2. Isolation
3. Placement
4. Convergence
5. Unusual
 Composition, Elements of Art
- The structure of an artwork refers to the composition of
finished artwork assembled in harmony by necessary
elements based on artist’s critical taste, planning, and
decision making to create thereby a composition of a
master piece.
1. Elements of Art
2. Principles of Design

Elements of Art
- The structure of an artwork refers to the composition of
finished artwork assembled in harmony by necessary
elements based on artist’s critical taste, planning, and
decision making to create thereby a composition of a
master piece.
- Line
- Shape
- Form
- Value
- Color
- Space
- Texture
- Time & Motion

Line
- can be vertical, diagonal, horizontal, and even curved. It
can be any width, size, shape, position, direction,
interval, or density.
Shape
- if a line were to curve around and eventually cross
itself, the enclosed area is called a shape. Shapes can
either be in irregular or regular geometric form.

Form
- connotes something that is three-dimensional having
length, width, and height. A form can be geometric or
organic and is also used to describe the physical nature
of the artwork not only in paintings but in architecture
and sculpture as well.

Value
- The light or dark quality of a color. When black is added
to a color the value of that color is darkened. When
white is added to a color the value is lightened or tinted.
Value is best seen in black and white photography.

Variance in Value:
- Chiaroscuro – balance of light and shadow.
- Sfumato – gradual blending of light and shadow.
- Caravaggio – heavy shadow against light

Color
 - is often one of the most exciting elements in art. In both
figurative and abstract painting, color can be used for
its decorative beauty, to create mood and to express or
arouse an emotion. In nature and in art, color has a
profound effect on the viewer.

Characteristics of Color:
 Hue – the color itself.
 Value – dark or light quality of color.
 Intensity – brightness or saturation of color

Basic Categories of Color:

1. Primary – yellow, red, and blue.
2. Secondary – mixture of two primary colors makes
orange, purple, and green.
3. Intermediate – mixture of one primary and
secondary color makes blue-green, yellow-green,
yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, and blue
violet.

Space
- refers to the distance or area between, around, above,
below, or within things. Negative space in a painting is
 any volume or air that is not occupied by a solid form,
positive space is any space in a painting that is filled
with something, such as lines, colors, shapes or designs.

Picture Plane within a Space

1. Foreground – nearest to the viewer
2. Middle ground – layer next to foreground
3. Background – layer after the middle ground

Texture,
- it describes the feel of surfaces like smooth, rough, soft,
hard, cold, warm, etc. For example the optical sensation
of the surface of the wood and how it feels even without
touching it.

Time & Motion

- is employed in both static and in time-based mediums
and can show a direct action or the intended path for
the viewer's eye to follow through a piece. Techniques
such as scale and proportion are used to create the
feeling of motion or the passing of time in static visual
artwork.
 COMPOSITION PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

Principles of Design
- When you look at a piece of art work, the first thing you
will notice is the composition of the master piece. The
principles of design is an artistic arrangement of the
desired composition according to the following:
- Balance
- Unity
- Emphasis
- Contrast
- Pattern
- Movement and
- Rhythm

Balance
- in design covers how the visual weight of elements are
balanced with each other on both sides of a design to
create cohesiveness, completion, and satisfaction. To
achieve optimal balance, your composition should be
balanced vertically, horizontally, diagonally, or
background versus foreground.
Unity
- is the principle of design that unifies all other principles
within a piece of work, allowing each individual
element to coexist with one another to form an
aesthetically pleasing design.
Emphasis
- is a strategy that aims to draw the viewer's attention to
a specific design element. That could be to an area of
content, to an event, to an image, to a link, or to a
button, etc. The aim is to create a focal point in the
design, an eye-catching part that stands out, distinct
from the rest of the design elements.

Contrast
- refers to the arrangement of opposite elements and
effects. For example, light and dark colors, smooth and
rough textures, large and small shapes. Contrast can be
used to create variety, visual interest, and drama in an
artwork.

Pattern
- can have multiple meanings and elements in design.
Repetition focuses on the same object being repeated.
Patterns are made up from different components which
are then repeated in the same way throughout the
design.

Movement
- is the path the viewer's eye takes through the work of
art, often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed
along lines, edges, shape, and color within the work of
art. The main goal is for the artist is to direct the
 viewers eye movement through an entire piece to rest
on the focus of interest

Principles of Design
- Rhythm suggests movement or action. Rhythm is usually
achieved through repetition of lines, shapes, colors, and
more. It creates a visual tempo in artworks and
provides a path for the viewer's eye to follow. Rhythms
help to guide the viewer's eye around a piece rather
than allowing the eye to settle on a particular focal
point.

Every Art master piece is like God’s creation of man, it start

from the beauty of its own nakedness”- Anonymous -