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Flume Design

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Peter Kinyaga
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186 views6 pages

Flume Design

Uploaded by

Peter Kinyaga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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srtar202t Parshall Fumes - calculation sofware, equation, formulas Parshall Flume. Calculation uses ISO 9826 Submerged and Free Flow methodology Register to enable "Calculate" button. Demonstration mode for throat width b of 0.5 m (cookies must be enabled). Submerged. h, Hknown ¥ ~~ www.LMNOeng.com _[Not registered user Flowrate in m3/s ¥ Flowrate, Q (m?/s): [Willbe computed Width in m Throat width, b (m): 05 Head in m . Upstream head, h (m): 4 Downstream head, H (m): 0.9 ©2016 LMNO Engineering, Head ratio, H/h: [Wil be computed Research, and Software, Ltd Click to Calculate Graphing: Minimum head, h (m): 0 Graph Q vs. h(Hih const) ¥ Maximum head, h (m): 4 Plan View 770.05 mforb=3.05 m 0.305 m for b23.05 m ke a ker Free flow Submerged Hins).6 for b<3.05 m Hh?0 6 for b<3,05m Hins0.8 for 623.05 m Hhe0.8 for b23.05m Units in Parshall Flume calculation: cm=centimeter, ft=foot, gal-U.S. gallon, hr=hour, m=meter, MGD=million gallons (US) per day, min=minute, s=second Topics: Equations Comparison of ASTM D1941 and ISO 9826 Variables Exror Messages References Introduction Our Parshall flume calculation is based on the ISO 9826 (1992) standard. The standard is valid for submerged as well as free-flowing Parshall flumes. A free flowing flume can be identified by the drop in water depth at the flume throat. In submerged flow, the downstream water backs up into the throat swallowing the drop making the drop difficult or impossible to identify, Analysis of submerged flow requires two head measurements - one in the approach channel and one in the throat. Free flow requires only the upstream head measurement. Parshall flumes must be built with their dimensions in strict accordance with specifications in| published documents such as the ISO 9826 and ASTM D1941 (1991) standards or USBR (1997). Flumes (like weirs) are designed to force a transition from sub-critical to super- critical flow. In the case of Parshall flumes, the transition is caused by designing flumes to have a narrowing at the throat and a drop in the channel bottom, Such a transition causes htps:wwucimaaeng.comFlumesiparshall php Parshall flume To: LMNO Engineering home page (more calculations) Other flume and weir calculations: V Notch Weir Cipoletti Weir Other: Unit Conve Register 18 snarz024 Parshall Flumes - calculation sofware, equations, formulas flow to pass through critical depth in the flume throat, At the critical depth, energy is minimized and there is a direct relationship between water depth and velocity (and flowrate). However, itis physically very difficult to measure critical depth in a flume because its exact location is difficult to determine and may vary with flowrate. Through mass conservation, the upstream depth is related to the critical depth. Therefore, discharge can be determined by measuring the upstream depth, which is a highly reliable measurement. Equations and Methodology Back to calculation The methodology for our Parshall flume calculation follows that of ISO 9826 (1992). ASTM D 1941 (1991) also addresses Parshall flumes but has pages of tabular data which are more difficult to implement into a computer program compared to the figures and equations of ISO| 9826 Variable definitions can be found in the Variables section. Validity The LMNO Engineering calculation allows O0.152 m, C and n values are from ISO 9826 (1992), equations 10 and 11 Free flow Free flow occurs when a hydraulic jump is visible at the throat; that is, when the downstream| head is significantly less than the upstream head. Our calculation defines free flow as occurring when H/h<0.6 for b<3,05 m or when H/h<0.8 for b>3.05 m. These criteria (called “modular limits") are similar, but not identical, to the ISO 9826 criteria. For free flow, Q=Ch" where Q is in m3/s and h is in m Parshall Flume Coefficients 40 4.52 35 1.80 30 7 158 25 41.56 ©20 154 n 15 452 410 e 1.50 5 148 ao 146 004 o4 1 10 400 ‘Throat width, b [r) Submerged flow Submerged flow occurs when a hydraulic jump is not visible at the throat; that is, when the htps:wwucimaaeng.comFlumesiparshall php 216 srtar202t Parshall Fumes - calculation sofware, equation, formulas downstream head is sufficiently high that it “drowns out" or "swallows up" the hydraulic jump. In our calculation, submerged flow occurs when H/h>0.6 for b<3.05 m and when H/h>0,8 for b=3.05 m. For submerged flow, ISO equation 12 is re-written as: Q=Ch"-Q. where C and n are found from the above figure based on width (b). Qe accounts for the effects of submergence. For b<3.05 m, ISO 9826 equation 13 provides the following equation for Q, which is implemented in our calculation: 4.57-3.14H fh h = +HIh 0305 [22 |" 246 Hik Q, =0.07B0.815 For b23.05 m, Q.=C,Qs C,=(0.3281)b. ISO 9826 Figure 2 is a graph of Q; as a function of H/h and h. LMNO. Engineering fit equations to all of the lines in the ISO figure for use in our calculation. A graph using our equations for selected H/h ratios is shown: Q3 for Submerged Parshall Flume. Wicth>=3 05 m 10 E = E a4 0.01 a1 1 10 03 (m3¥s) Comparison of ISO and ASTM methods Back to calculation Both ISO 9826 and ASTM D1941 present methods for computing discharge through Parshall flumes, Since a Parshall flume is a standard flume, the two methods should be similar. Looking at the two standards, they at first appear somewhat different because ISO 9826 is in ST units while ASTM D1941 uses predominantly English units. Further, the ISO standard htps:wwucimaaeng.comFlumesiparshall php a6 snarz024 Parshall Flumes - calculation sofware, equations, formulas presents information in tables, equations, and figures while ASTM D1941 uses tables almost exclusively. Curious as to how well the two methods compare, we developed the following table. We also have done other comparisons but, due to space considerations, have chosen not to show the results on this web page. In general, there is good agreement for free flow, but in some cases the submerged flow rates are significantly different, such as for the 'b-0.152 m case shown below. Comparison of ASTM D1941 and ISO 9826 Width, b | Upstream Head, h Flow Regime | ASTM Flow, Q || ISO Flow, Q 0.152 m 0.24 m Free Flow 0.0400 m/s) || 0.0408 m/s) (inch) | (0.78741) _|[ Submerged, 17-084 | 0.0309 mis | 0.0237 mis 7.62 m 0.6096 m Free Flow 813m) | 8.13 ms 25 f) (2.0 f) Submerged, H/h-0.9 | 7.34mi) [| 7.36 m/s ()) based on Table 2 in ASTM D1941, 2) based on Equation 10 in ISO 9826, () based on Tables 2 and 6B in ASTM D1941 (4) based on Equations 10, 12, and 13 in ISO 9826. (5) based on Tables 2, 9A, and 9C in ASTM D1941 (8) based on Equations 11, 12, and 14 and Figure 2 in ISO 9826. Variables Back to calculation ISO 9826 specifies the indicated units for the equations shown above. Our calculation allows you to select a variety of units from dropdown menus. m=meters, s-seconds ‘b-Throat width [m]. C-Parshall flume constant [empirical units] C,-Submergence coefficient (unit-less]. This is not the submergence ratio, h=Measured upstream head [m]. H-Measured downstream head [m]. Only needed if the flume is submerged, or to determine mathematically if the flume is submerged. Usually, one can visually see if there is a hydraulic] jump, but determining the ratio H/h is a quantitative method. H/h=Submergence ratio. Flume is submerged if H/h>0.6 for b<3.05m or if H/h>0.8 for ‘b=3.05 m. n=Parshall flume power constant [unit-less]. (Q=Flow rate (discharge) through flume [m*/s]. Q,=Reduction in flow rate due to submergence [m?/s] Qs-Flow factor for determining Q, if b23.05 m [m*/s]. Error Messages given by calculation Back to calculation "Need h > 0". Negative head was entered. If h=0, calculation automatically sets Q=0. "Need h <3 m". Head cannot exceed 3 m. "Need H > 0". For submerged flow, downstream head must be positive. "Need Hh > 0", "Need H/h = 1". If submerged flow is selected, H/h must be in this range "Need b > 0". Throat width must be positive. "Need 0.01 Ch ", Message will only appear if submerged flow. Input values result in htps:wwucimaaeng.comFlumesiparshall php 406 eytarzozt Parshall Flumes - calculation sofware, equations, formulas negative Q. Usually this occurs with very small upstream heads h and when H/h>0.6 resulting in Q, > Ch®. See variables and equations for Q,, C, and n. Input checks for graph. If one of these messages appears, the graph will not proceed. Note that if any value is out of range in the upper portion of the calculation, a graph will not be shown, "Min h must be >0", "Min H/h must be >0". Minimum head or H/h ratio entered for graph cannot be < 0. "Max h must be <3 m’. Graph has maximum limit of h=3 m. "Need 0.63.05 m. Q is independent of H/h until H/h becomes greater than 0.8. So to avoid a "boring" graph showing a constant value for Q, the calculation requires that max H/h be in the range where submergence affects Q. "Min/Max must be < 0.99". Minimum value entered for graph must be less than 0.99 times maximum value entered for graph. Otherwise, the minimum and maximum are too close together to have good axis labels for the graph. "Min must be < Max". Minimum value entered for graph must be less than maximum value centered for graph. Run-time errors. The following message may be generated by the graphing portion of the calculation: "No graph for input range”. The entire range from minimum to maximum results in parameters that are out of the range of validity of the flume equations. Usually this occurs for submerged flow with very small upstream heads h and when H/h>0.6 resulting in Q. > Ch®. See variables and equations for Q,, C, and n. "Q=0 when low h and/or high H/h", Some heads in the range entered for the graph result in parameters that are invalid, so those could not be computed and were plotted at Q=0. ‘Message appears on graph and table pages. Graph Comments When the graph "Q vs. H/h (h constant)" is selected, you may notice a discontinuity in the graph at H/h-0.6 for b<3.05 m or H/b-0.8 for b23.05 m. The discontinuity occurs because the flow is transitioning from free flow to submerged flow. For some ranges of H/h, you may observe something similar to the following: htps:wwucimaaeng.comFlumesiparshall php 56 srtar202t Parshall Fumes - calculation sofware, equation, formulas Graph of Q vs. H/h, for b=0.5 m and h=0.5 m = ® a a si a a 2 4 \ 000 9.000 1.000 2.000 3.007 4.000 5,000 8.000 7.000 6.00) 9.000 10 Heh (multiply by 10°) The discharge for H/h<0.6 does not appear to be shown. However, our software scales the y- axis based on the maximum value on the curve. In this case, the maximum value on the curvel is 0.398 m3/s which blends in with the boxed outline of the graph. The flow is 0.398 m/s for| all Hh <0.6 References Back to calculation American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D1941-91). 1991. Standard test method for open channel flow measurement of water with the Parshall flume. Available at hitp//www.astm.org, Herschy, Reginald W. 1995. Streamflow Measurement, E & FN Spon (an imprint of ‘Chapman and Hall), 2ed, International Organization of Standards (ISO 9826). 1992. Measurement of liquid flow in open channels - Parshall and SANIIRI flumes. Reference number: ISO 9826:1992(E). ISO documents can be downloaded as .PDF files for a fee at http://webstore.ansi.org. USBR, 1997. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Water Measurement Manual. 1997. 3ed. Available from htip:/www.usbr, gow/tse/techreferences/mands/iwmm/index.htm © 2001-2016 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Softwai reserved. Ltd. All rights Please contact us for consulting or questions about Parshall flumes. LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio 45701 USA Phone: (740) 707-2614 LMNO@LMNOeng.com _ https://www.LMNOeng.com htps:wwucimaaeng.comFlumesiparshall php oe

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