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72 views26 pagesChapter 10 (E Maths)
Uploaded by
26hninpwintphyuhppCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 26
ete Mesa a ed
Straight lines
ines
| using equations to plot a Tae Keele makes at charge of $40 and then aot
Me Keele owns boat i ula forthe total cos $7 after a hire time of xhourg,
per hour ofhire, you can
flat charge + total charge for all hours
Total cost =
yados15xx
BT no or (rearranging)
You will recognise thatthe formulae y= 15x-+40
Used to describe n® terms in n
Chapter 9 are very simirto the Now think about the total cos
equations used in this chapter. 4 one hour: cast = 15 1 + 4
two hours: cost = 15x 2+ 40= $70
st fora range of different hire times:
$55
three hours: cost = 15x 3 + 40= $85
and so on,
1F you put these values into a table with some more added) you can then plot graph ofthe ig
‘cost against the number of hire hours:
5. 2) Sa
70 | 8 | 100 | 115 | 130 | 145 | 160
z ‘Costs for hiring Mr Keele’s boats
200 -
150
Toual
cost (8)
100
50
Number of hours
‘The graph shows the total cost of the boat his
eee ae t hire (plotted on the vertical axis) against the nu™™*
a asadc ee Notice thatthe points allie ona straight line.
youhow the y co-ord
| thes co-ordinates, This formulas cag th coat ofall points onthe line are reste?
uation ofthe line,
} ‘The following worked examples sho
| aatee ies show you how some more lines can be drawn from give?
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A straight line has equi
reoqait
Substituting the values -2,
- following table:
° 1 2
3 5 7
Notice thatthe y-values range from ~5 to 7, so your y-axis should allow for this.
Graph of y=2043
Wecce.
The table for this ine would be:
2] °
4 3
Graph of y=—x+3
y
Scanned with CamScanner Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics
Before drawing your axes away
check that you thow the tange of
Yokes that you need to use
Exercise 10.1
Unit
‘To draw a graph from its equation:
e-draw up a table of values and fil in the x andy
you may be given more)
draw up and label your set of axes
«plot each point on the number plane
drawa straight inet join the pints (ase a rut)
ordinates of at least three points,
oy
for the range of y-values you have worked out
for each of the following equations
le for xvalus from -3 103
Bae sbi ic elas faxes and draw the lines.
Plot the co-ordinates on separate paits of
a y=3et2 b yext2 © ya2e-1
e ya-2et1 f x-2 Bee *
i yapeel j ky
m xty=4 n x-y=2 0 yas Pp)
2 Plot thelines y= 2x, y=2x+ 1, y=2x—3and y= 2x+20n the same pair of axes,
‘Use x-values from ~3 to 3. What do you notice about the lines that you have drawn?
3. For each ofthe following equations, draw up a table of x-values for 3, 0 and 3.
‘Complete the table of values and plot the graphs on the same set of axes.
ayaxt2 b ya-x42 © yax-2 d ys-r-t
4 Use your graphs from question 3 above to answer these questions.
Where do the graphs cut the x-axis?
Which graphs slope up tothe right?
Which graphs slope down to the right?
Which graphs cut the y-axis at (0,2)?
Which graphs cathe y-axisat (0,2)
Does the point (3,3) lie on any of the graphs? Ifso, which?
Which gophs are parallels eachother
‘Compare the equations of graphs that are parallel to re they iit?
fibres tie a parallel to each other. How are they i
Gradient
The gradi fine tls you how step the lines Fr everyone unit moved tothe Hi
‘gradient will tell you how much the line moves rallloe
other, they have the same gradient, ves up (or down). When graphs are parallel
Vertical and horizontal lines
Look atthe two lines shown in the fllowing diagram:
Scanned with CamScanner PONS es SU ee ak
Every point on the vertical line has x co-ordinate = 3. So the equation of the line is simply x = 3.
Every point on the horizontal ine has co-ordinate =~2 So the equation ofthis line s y= 2
Allvertical lines are of the form: x= a number.
All horizontal lines are ofthe form: y= a number.
‘The gradient ofa horizontal line is zero (it does not move up or down when you move to
the right)
Exercise 10.2 1 Writedown the equation of each line shown in the diagram.
xed
Sie. x22
2 Draw the following graphs on the same set of axes without plotting points or drawing up a
table of values.
a ys3 b x=3 ©
e y=3 fa=¢ 8
ia graph parallel to the x-axis which cuts the y-axis at (0,4)
ja graph parallel to the y-axis which goes through the point (
Scanned with CamScanner be Tet ache uur
rizontal
ast ronwaro |
You will deal with gradient as a rate
Of change when you work with
kinematic graphs in Chapter 21, >
Anasher good way of remembering
the gradient formule is
gradient = 52. The ‘un! must
always be to the right (Increase x).
yr hor
Lines that are neither vertical no!
‘The diagram shows two different lines. Ifyou take a point A on the line and then move totic
right then, on graph (a) you need to move up to return to the line, and on graph (b) you ne
move down,
“The gradient ofa line measures how steep the line is and is calculated by dividing the chang
the y co-ordinate by the change in the x co-ordinate:
change
xincrease
gradient =:
For graph (a: the y-change is 8 and the x-increase is 2,
8
so the gradient is 5
sradient is 5
For graph (b): the y-change is -9 (negative because: You need to move down to return tothe
and the x-increase is 4, so the gradient is —2
> .25,
4
Ieis essential that you think about x-increaseso neg
tells you what the sign ofthe gradient wil hao MEE the y-change is postive oF"
Scanned with CamScanner ‘a Notice that the graph passes through the points (2, 4) and (4, 10).
y-change _10
xincrease 4
'b Notice that the graph passes through the points (2, 1) and (4, 0).
gradient = change _
xincrease = 4=2
gradient =
(eee
a
4
Think about where the points would
be, in relation to each other, on a pair
‘of axes. You don't need to draw this
Scanned with CamScanner miswers as a Fraction init lowes,
Exercise 10.3 1 calculate the gradient of each line. Leave your - ; term
2 Calculate the gradient of the line
@
that passes eee
arn moet tole namberorafmcoe oa se.
A (1,2) and B (3,8)
© AQ,-1)andB (4,3) b A (0,6) and B (3,9)
€ ACH. ~4) and B (3, 2) ‘ (3,2) and B (7, -10)
A (3,—5) and B (7, 12)
Applying your skills
Scanned with CamScanner pio ae
You met the coefficient in
chopter2. 4
FN
Finding the equation of a line
Look at the three lines shown below.
\ b
‘Check for yourself that the lines have the following gradients:
© gradient ofline (a) = 3
© gradient of line (b)
© gradient ofline (.) =
Notice thatthe gradient of each line is equal tothe coefficient of x in the equation and that the
point at which the line crosses the y-axis (known as the y-intercept) has a y co-ordinate that is
‘equal to the constant term.
In fact this is always true when y is the subject ofthe equation:
y = a +
‘vis the subject gradient intercept
‘ofthe equation
Insummary:
(© equations of straight line graphs can be written in the form of y= mx +
‘© (the constant term) tells you where the graph cuts the y-axis (the y-intercept)
‘© m (the coeficient of isthe gradient of the graph; a negative value means the graph slopes
down the to the right, a positive value means it slopes up tothe right. The higher the value of
1m, the steeper the gradient ofthe graph
‘e- graphs which have the same gradient are parallel to each other (therefore graphs that are
parallel have the same gradient).
Mice
The coefficient of x is 3.
‘The constant term is 4,
Re-write the equation as y=—3x +5,
‘The coefficient of x is -3.
The constant term is 5,
noe
Scanned with CamScanner =,
Ey y-tx+9 ;
so ‘The gradient can be a fraction.
Gradient =. 5
syintercept =9
Subtracting x from both sides, so that y isthe
subject, gives y=-x +8.
‘Make y the subject of the equation.
Gradient =>
yrintercept =3
Gradient =6 and the y-intercept =
So the equation is y= 6x — 1
Graph crosses y-axis at-1
should always label your axes x
Way winen drawing gephs ~ even
Shen they are sketches. Gratient = andthe yintercept=
‘So the equation is y
2
Graph crosses y-axis at 1.
*
Exercise 10.4 1 Find the gradient and y-intercept ofthe lines with the fo ee secs
the graph in each case taking care to shows where the graph cuts the ya
corel ie Y
took sand 1@) you daw rae b y=2e43 Pe ey.
3
Buel
+3
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———EE———— ee
2 Rearrange each equation so that itis inthe form y= mx + cand then find the
‘radient and y-intercept of each graph,
a dy=x-4 1 aie a 2x-y-5=0
© xat-2
2
f x+3y-6=0 gg ay=i2x-8 hh At y=?
1 Daax-2
3
2 x
Pe a4 & 2 gyeig
Vaz ras
3 Find the equation (in the form of y= m+) ofa line which has:
a gradient of 2 and a y-intercept of 3
4 gradient of -3 and a y-intercept of -2
a gradient of 3 and a y-intercept of 1
a gradient of ~3 and a y-intercept at (0,-0.5)
4 y-intercept of 2 and a gradient of =>.
a y-intercept of -3 and a gradient of $
a y-intercept of -0.75 and a gradient of 0.75
ay-intercept of -2 and a gradient of 0
i agradient of 0 and a y.intercept of 4
4 Find an equation for each line.
a ’
mth
Fame anoe
Unit 3: Algebr
Scanned with CamScanner nee nl =
which passes through both points in each cae,
b A(4,5) and B (8, ~7)
a A(3,-5) and B (7, 12)
5 Find the equation of the line
a A(2,3) and B (4, 11)
¢ A(-1,-3) and B (4, 6)
6 Write down the equation ofa line thatis parallel to:
a y=3e b y=2x-3 cy
x-2 eee
dy:
7 Which of the following lines are parallel to
by=2x c y+1=
8 Find the equation of aline parallel to y= 2x+4 which:
a hasay-intercept of -2
passes through the origin
© passes through the point (0, ~4)
a hasa y-intercept of
9 A graph has the equation 3y — 2x=9,
‘Write down the equation of one other graph that is parallel to this one.
‘Write down the equation of one other graph that crosses the y-axis atthe same
point as this one.
€ Write down the equation of. line that passes through the y-axis at the same point
as this one and which is parallel to the x-axis.
b
Parallel and perpendicular lines
You have already seen that
same gradient are parallel,
Perpendicular lines meet at right angles. The product of the ‘gradients is —1.
So, m, Xm, =—1, where m isthe gradient ofeach line,
‘The sketch shows two perpendicular graphs,
Parallel lines have the same gradient and that lines with the
Scanned with CamScanner 1 1
442 hasa gradient of 2
$+ 2hasa gradient of
y=38~4hasa gradient of 3
The product ofthe gradients is — 3x3 =—1.
c=0
‘The equation ofthe line is,
3
$ from part (a) above.
Substitute the values of x and y for the given point to
solve for c
Aline perpendicular to y= = +3 pases through 1,3). What the equation ofthe line?
2 Show that the line through the points A(6, 0) and B(0, 12) is:
‘a perpendicular to the line through P(8, 10) and Q(4, 8)
1b perpendicular to the line through M(—4, ~8) and N(-1, -") a
3 Given A(0,0) and B(1, 3) find the equation of the line perpendicular to AB with a
sy-intercept of 5.
4 Find the equation of the following lines:
‘perpendicular to2x~ y~1'= and passing through (2, -!)
b_ perpendicular to 2x + 2y = 5 and passing through (1, ~2)
5 Line A joins the points (6, 0) and (0, 12) and Line B joins the points (8, 10) and
Determine the gradient of each line and state whether A is perpen ae (4,8).
Exercise 10.5
6 Line MN joins points (74) and 2,5) Find the equation of AB, the perpendicular bisector of MN.
7. Show that points A(-3,6),B(-12,~4) and C(8,-5) could not be the vertices ofa ial
~~ iene Eee
Scanned with CamScanner ere res a ued
jth the x-axis
cept has bee
pt too, The fllovein
he graph or from the equation,
Intersection wi
vs the line with equation y= 3,
So far only the y-inte
‘of course, an x-interce
1n found, either from t |
sketch show
importantly, y = 0. In acl
Notice thatthe line crosses the x-axis atthe point where x= 2 and,
into the equation ofthe ite
points on the x-axis have y co-ordinate =. If you substitute y =
y=3x-6
You will need to understand this 0=ax-6 (put
method when solving simultaneous
equations in chapter 14.
y=0)
(add 6 to both sides)
(dividing both sides by 3)
this is exactly the answer that you found from the graph
‘You can also find the y-intercept by putting x= 0. The following worked examples show
calculations for finding both the x- and y- intercepts
| PCL ats
= y=-12
y=0=6x-12=0
x=2
Scanned with CamScanner Exercise 10.6
1
Find the x- and y-intercepts for each of the following lines. Sketch the graph in each case.
a y=-5x+10
ya3xtl
ye
b
f
For each equation, find ¢ if the given point lies on the graph.
©
ye3rte
yrete
ei
yayere
yoet ae
(15)
(-3,-3)
(23)
>
a
f
ye6rte
x
yaiete
y
ee
ee
deteny
(1,2)
(4-5)
(4,5)
G4) >
Pythagoras’ theorem is covered
in more detail in chapter 11
Remember though, that in any right
angled triangle the square on the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares on the other two sides,
We write this as 0? +b? = c2,
»
eae t
Finding the length of a straight line seus is
Although lines are infinitely long, usually just a part ofa Tine is Fed. Any section
of a line joining two points is called a line segment.
Ifyou know the co-ordinates of te end points ofa line segment you can use Pythagogy
theorem to calculate the length of the line segment.
cues
| Find the distance between the points (1, 1) and (7, 9)
@=6*+¢ (Pythagoras’ theorem)
Work out each expression.
Undo the square by taking the
‘square root of both sides.
=? +c (Pythagoras' theorem)
Work out each expression.
2.AB = 25 =5 units
Scanned with CamScanner Pet eeu Ce a ee
Midpoints
Its possible to find the co-ordinates of the midpoint of the line segment (Le. the point
that is exactly halfway between the two original points)
Consider the following line segment and the points A(3, 4) and (5, 10).
» (5,10)
RMT you acd both x co-ordinates and then divide by two you get 2-8
cape 12 you wil leam about Peer
ttemeon of two or more numbers. Ifyou add both y co-ordinates and then divide by two you get (##10) _ 1t
Themidpoint uses the mean ofthe ‘ 4 2 hacia
x coordinates and the mean of the ‘This gives a new point with co-ordinates (4, 7). This point is exactly half way between A and B.
yeoordnates.
Exercise 10.7 | 1) Find thelengli'and the cootdtes ofthe muldpoint of tet easeat eeeeete
pair of points.
4 a (3,6)and(9,12) b (4, 10)and(2,6) € (8,3)and (4,7)
Kink that yo eRe TR 4 G,8)and(411) e (4,7)and(,3) f (12, 3)and (11,4)
del sth give humbels when g (L2)and(@,5) bh (4,-1)and(5,5) i (2,4) and 3,7)
ating « 2. Use the graph to find the length and the midpoint of each line segment.
oh
ee om
Scanned with CamScanner pe ALT lca utara
5).
3. Find the distance from the origin to point (~
s nt C(-3, 2)?
4 Which of the points A(5, 6) or B(S 3) is closer to point Cl
5 Whichis further from the origin, A(4, 2) or B(-3, —4)
6 Triangle ABChasits vertices at pints A(0, 0) BC, ~8) and C(-3, 3). Find the
length of each side.
7 The midpoint of the line segment joining (10, a) and (4, 3) is (7, 5). What isthe
value of a?
B The midpoint of line segment DE is (-4, 3). If point D has the co-ordinates (~2, 8),
what are the co-ordinates of E?
Quadratic (and other) expressions
‘The diagram shows a rectangle of length (x + 3) cm and width (x + 5) cm that has been di
{nto smaller rectangles.
al) 2 | ae
‘The area of the whole rectangle is equal to the sum of the smaller areas, so the area of wha
rectangle = (x+3) x (x +5).
The sum of smaller rectangle areas: x" +3x+5x +15 =x? +8x+15.
s|| sx | as
‘This means that (x +3) (x +5)
+8x+15 and this is true for all values of x
Notice what happens if you multiply every term in the second bracket by every term in
the first:
(e+ 3)x+5) (4 3](x45) (c43)(re 5) (043)(x4
i 5) kk) G+3ye+s) (43K 7
3] Be 15
Notice that the four terms in boxes are exactly the same as the as that wer
| Pats hehe ly 4s the four smaller areas th
| Another way to show this calculation i to use a grid
Rouwil notice that thisisalmortthe same asthe areas method above but it can sob
en the conan ae negaive at You willsce in the worked esrepies sos.
‘When you remove the brackets and re-write the algebraic expanding
multiplying out the brackets, The result cna ance
ee
aE
rr
Scanned with CamScanner 10 Straight lines and quadratic equations
You need to choose which method
wots best for you but ensure that
youshow athe appropriate stages
iuorking dehy
Worked example 11
e 3
Expand and simplify: cet ab Bi
a &+2)@¢+9) bG-7)c+6)\ v0) 2 €(2x=1)69) ent eee
n (Gaesy) 2849%42«+18 | Inthis version ofthe method |_|
ee ‘you will notice that the arrows,
| have not been included and
the multiplication ‘arcs’ have
been arranged so that they
‘are symmetrical and easier to
remember.
(=P 41s18
|
The grid method with a negative
value.
-1Noe+9) ‘third method that you can
Fiat ee 2 41ex-x—9 | femember using the mnemoni
Ousides arcocie [ot OX 759 [ron which stands fr Fis
ince aa nae Outside, inside, Last. This means
asc oe ‘that you multiply the frst term
in each bracket together then
the ‘outside’ pair together (ie.
the first term and last term), the
‘inside’ pair together (ie. the
second term and third term) and
the lat’ pair together (i.e. the
second term in each bracket).
The product of more than two sets of brackets e
You can multipin steps o expand three (or more) sets of brackets, Your answer might
contain terms with powers of 3 (cubic expressions).
DRC aed
Gx +2) N61)
=P + 4x4 3x42)€- 1)
= (6 + 7x42) -1)
Expand the first two brackets.
Collect like terms.
Scanned with CamScanner Exercise 10.8
—
You will need to remember how to
™ultiply fractions. This was covered
in chapter 5.
<
Refer to chapter 2 to remind you
how to mukiply different powers of
the same number together.
unit 3: Algebra
following.
b (x+ 6x44)
(xt DQ+D
Expand and simplify each of the
a (e434)
ds (x43) +12) e = aytx-+-8)
ees t omen
oe Fear a G+ae-8)
p (h=3)(h-3) a (g-NE+4)
Find the following products.
a G-20-2) b G-29(1+30)
da eae e (4a —2b)(2a + b)
ee)
« (x+3)(4) w (23) (e-5
j (7-9b\4b+-6) k (ety)ey'-4”) (3x- 3165429)
Expand and simplify each ofthe following,
aa) b Gy+7y+1) © (7e+I\(e+2)
4 @+5)4t-3) © Qw-7\(w-8) f 4e—1)4g+)
B (x-1)(x+4) h (20¢—3)(18e~ 4) i (@m-4)3-m)
Expand and simplify each of the following.
Seer es) b Gx-Gx*-3) € Gx—yext3)
Expand and simplify.
a (5e+2)0ax-3)(e+2)
b (&-5)x-5)(e+5)
€ (x14 1)Gx—2)
4 (+H 2x4+4 2x44)
© (Qx-3)(3x~2)(2x—1)
£ Gx-2@r-)
g G42)
h (2x-2p
i
(ey + )(ay + ay —2)
» (5+4)5-4)¢-3)
‘The volume of cuboid canbe found using the formula V-= tbh, where isthe lent
bisthe breadth and h isthe he 3
andbeight (e— 2), eh A cuba as length (x +3), breath x2)
‘a Write an expression for the volume of the cuboid j
es a 'e of the cuboid in factor form.
€ Determine the volume of the cuboid when x=2.2 m Scanned with CamScanner ‘This works whenever there is just one x in each bracket.
We eke ene
_
6+ 12=18 and 6x 12=72 so this
and 72.
Bives tg,
44-13 =-9 and 4x13 =-52.0 his pe
9x and -52.
Ifyou use the method in worked example 11 and work backwards you can see how to put
‘@ quadratic expression back into brackets. Note that the coefficient of x’ in the quadratic
expression must be I for this to work.
‘Consider the expression x! + 18x-+72 and suppose that you want to write it in the form
(e+ M(x+6).
172 and 6 x 12 are the factor
pais of 72. You leamed sbeat From the worked example you know that a+ =18 and ax b=72.
factor pairs in chapter 1. ‘Now 72 =1 x72 but these two numbers dont add up to give 18.
SE Sarin tae *
However, 72=6x 12 and 6+ 12=18,
: S0,x°+ 18x-+72 = (x+6)(x+ 12),
“The process of putting a quadratic expression back into brackets like this is called factorisit
Perec eae)
List the factor pairs of 12. ‘You need two numbers that multiply to gi¥€
i ir ‘2 and add to give 7.
(you spot which pair of numbers a
noe then you dont : i
eeu area ‘These don't add to give 7
factor pairs.)
These don't add to give 7.
‘These ‘Multiply to give 12 and add to give
So, x4 7x+12=(x+3)(x+4)
-8x2=-16 and-8+2--6
‘You need two numbers that multiply tos
$0,28-6x-16=(n-8)(x42), | 18 and add to give -6 since they mulPH
Bive a negative answer, one of the numbé
‘ust be negative and the other must be
Positive. (Since they add to give a i i
larger of the two numbers must be nese!
8 You need two numbers that mutipl - re
Sox? Bx +15=(x-3)(x-5), | 1° and add to give-8, since they MUP ine
Bive a positive value but add to give ®
then both must be negative.
SP 5: 05202 setae a
Scanned with CamScanner Exercise 10.10
when looking for your pair of
regs think about the factors
tobe constant term fist. Then.
thoose the pair which adds up to
thextem inthe right way.
i Factorise each of the following.
a x 414x424
dx? 412x435,
g x 4+11x430
jt ax47
2 Factorise each of the following,
a x -8r+12
d xt -6x48
g x'-8x-20
k x+x-6
3 Factorise each of the following.
a y'+7y-170
dP +161~36
nro
here
b
e
Xo +3x+2
xi 412427
xt +10x+16
x7 4+24x-+80
x -9x+20
xt 12x +32
x'-7x-18
x 482-33
pi +8p—84
P+ 20475:
Difference between two squares
‘The very last question in the previous exercise was a special kind of quadratic.
To factorise x* 100 you must notice that x -100= x? +0x—100.
Now, proceeding as in worked example 12:
10 x =10 ==100 and -10 + 10 = 050, x7 +0x—100=(x—10)(x+10).
‘Now think about a more general case in which you try to factorise x? —a?.
Notice that x” —a* =x" +0x—