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Unit 2 - ASV

This document provides an overview of temperature sensors and measurement units. It discusses common temperature sensors like thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermocouples. RTDs measure temperature by relating the electrical resistance of a metal to its temperature, with increased temperature causing higher resistance. The document also covers temperature measurement units, including the Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine scales, and provides conversions between them. The key purpose of temperature sensors is to allow precise measurement and control of temperature in industrial and scientific applications.

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Anup S. Vibhute DIT
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34 views5 pages

Unit 2 - ASV

This document provides an overview of temperature sensors and measurement units. It discusses common temperature sensors like thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermocouples. RTDs measure temperature by relating the electrical resistance of a metal to its temperature, with increased temperature causing higher resistance. The document also covers temperature measurement units, including the Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine scales, and provides conversions between them. The key purpose of temperature sensors is to allow precise measurement and control of temperature in industrial and scientific applications.

Uploaded by

Anup S. Vibhute DIT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2:

Introduction to sensors & Transducers


Unit 2:
Sensors for Temperature and Humidity Measurement

Syllabus:
Temperature Measurement: Units of Temperature Measurement / Temp Measurement Scales;
Celsius Scale, Fahrenheit Scale, Kelvin Scale, Rankine Scale-Unit Conversions Broad Classification
of Temperature Transducers, RTD (e.g.PT-100), Thermocouple, Thermistors, Optical Fiber Sensors.
(Basic Principle of Working, Selection Criteria, Installation and Calibration, Signal Conditioning (e.g
Instrumentation Amplifier (with AD-620).
DC bridge: Wheatstone bridges, AC Bridge: Wein Bridge, Schering Bridge, Signal Conditioning: 2
Wire, 3-Wire and 4-Wire Compensation.
IR Temperature Sensor: MLX90614 ESF Non-Contact Human Body Infrared Temperature
Measurement Module.
Smart temperature and solid state sensors: LM35, AD590 (Only for real time
application/implementation in project based learning)
Humidity: Hygrometer, Soil Humidity Sensor, Soil Hygrometer (DHT11, TI HDC1050)

Course Outcome:

CO2: Select the proper sensor for measurements of Temperature and Humidity.
2.1 Temperature Measurement : Introduction
Temperature measurement in today’s industrial environment encompasses a wide variety of
needs and applications. To meet this wide array of needs the process controls industry has
developed a large number of sensors and devices to handle this demand. Temperature is a
very critical and widely measured variable for most mechanical engineers. Many processes
must have either a monitored or controlled temperature. This can range from the simple
monitoring of the water temperature of an engine or load device, or as complex as the
temperature of a weld in a laser welding application. More difficult measurements such as the
temperature of smoke stack gas from a power generating station or blast furnace or the
exhaust gas of a rocket may be need to be monitored. Much more common are the
temperatures of fluids in processes or process support applications, or the temperature of
solid objects such as metal plates, bearings and shafts in a piece of machinery.
Temperature sensors are vital to a variety of everyday products. For example, household
ovens, refrigerators, and thermostats all rely on temperature maintenance and control in order
to function properly. Temperature control also has applications in chemical engineering.
Examples of this include maintaining the temperature of a chemical reactor at the ideal set-
point, monitoring the temperature of a possible runaway reaction to ensure the safety of
employees, and maintaining the temperature of streams released to the environment to
minimize harmful environmental impact. While temperature is generally sensed by humans
as “hot”, “neutral”, or “cold”, chemical engineering requires precise, quantitative
measurements of temperature in order to accurately control a process. This is achieved
through the use of temperature sensors, and temperature regulators which process the signals
they receive from sensors.
2.2 Units of Temperature:
S.I Unit of Temperature
The S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin, denoted by K. It was devised by Lord Kelvin.
Though the scientists commonly use the scale Celsius or Centigrade (°C). Kelvin degree
scale has the same measurement as the Celsius degree scale. In Kelvin’s scale, the zero
point is 273.15 which is considered to be below that of the Celsius scale. Every division of
the Kelvin scale is considered to be equivalent to a degree of the Celsius scale.
Kelvin scale is used in the cases where the temperature of substances where water is not
involved is not measured. According to the Kelvin scale, the freezing point of water at
273.15oK, and the boiling point is observed to be at 373.15 oK. The Kelvin scale of
temperature is also known as S.I. scale. It is recognized as the international standard for
scientific temperature measurement.
Applications of Kelvin scale:
 It is used in lightning
 Scientific measurements
 Colour temperature determination
The scale used in most of the world is in degrees Celsius, sometimes called “centigrade”. It
is most widely used in everyday applications. It is a convenient and comfortable unit of
temperature measurement since it measures the freezing point of water at 0 o C and boiling
points at 100o C respectively.
Celsius scale is also commonly known as the centigrade scale because of the 100-degree
interval between the defined set of points. It can be used to measure both scientific
temperatures as well as a temperature interval in between two observed points. It is
characterized by two points namely, absolute zero and triple point.
Applications of Celsius scale:
 Metric system
 Scientific measurements

Temperature Conversion (Exact)


From To Fahrenheit To Celsius To Kelvin
Fahrenheit °F (°F - (°F - 32) / 1.8 +
(°F) 32) / 1.8 273.15
Celsius (°C) (°C * 1.8) + 32 °C °C + 273.15
Kelvin (K) (K - 273.15) * 1.8 + K - 273.15 K
32

2.3 Temperature Sensors:


Temperature Sensors Temperature sensors are devices used to measure the temperature of a
medium. There are 2 kinds on temperature sensors: 1) contact sensors and 2) noncontact
sensors. However, the 3 main types are thermometers, resistance temperature detectors, and
thermocouples. All three of these sensors measure a physical property (i.e. volume of a liquid,
current through a wire), which changes as a function of temperature. In addition to the 3 main
types of temperature sensors, there are numerous other temperature sensors available for use.
Contact Sensors Contact temperature sensors measure the temperature of the object to which
the sensor is in contact by assuming or knowing that the two (sensor and the object) are in
thermal equilibrium, in other words, there is no heat flow between them.
Examples
 Thermocouples
 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
 Full System Thermometers
 Bimetallic Thermometers
Noncontact Sensors- Most commercial and scientific noncontact temperature sensors
measure the thermal radiant power of the Infrared or Optical radiation received from a known
or calculated area on its surface or volume within it.
Thermometers Thermometers are the most common temperature sensors encountered in
simple, everyday measurements of temperature. Two examples of thermometers are the Filled
System and Bimetal thermometers. Filled System Thermometer The familiar liquid
thermometer consists of a liquid enclosed in a tube. The volume of the fluid changes as a
function of temperature. Increased molecular movement with increasing temperature causes
the fluid to expand and move along calibrated markings on the side of the tube. The fluid
should have a relatively large thermal expansion coefficient so that small changes in
temperature will result in detectable changes in volume. A common tube material is glass and
a common fluid is alcohol. Mercury used to be a more common fluid until its toxicity was
realized. Although the filled-system thermometer is the simplest and cheapest way to measure
temperature, its accuracy is limited by the calibration marks along the tube length. Because
filled system thermometers are read visually and don’t produce electrical signals, it is
difficult to implement them in process controls that rely heavily on electrical and
computerized control. Bimetal Thermometer In the bimetal thermometer, two metals
(commonly steel and copper) with different thermal expansion coefficients are fixed to one
another with rivets or by welding. As the temperature of the strip increases, the metal with the
higher thermal expansion coefficients expands to a greater degree, causing stress in the
materials and a deflection in the strip. The amount of this deflection is a function of
temperature. The temperature ranges for which these thermometers can be used is limited by
the range over which the metals have significantly different thermal expansion coefficients.
Bimetallic strips are often wound into coils and placed in thermostats. The moving end of the
strip is an electrical contact, which transmits the temperature thermostat. Resistance
Temperature Detectors A second commonly used temperature sensor is the resistance
temperature detector (RTD, also known as resistance thermometer). Unlike filled system
thermometers, the RTD provides an electrical means of temperature measurement, thus
making it more convenient for use with a computerized system. An RTD utilizes the
relationship between electrical resistance and temperature, which may either be linear or
nonlinear. RTDs are traditionally used for their high accuracy and precision. However, at high
temperatures (above 700°C) they become very inaccurate due to degradation of the outer
sheath, which contains the thermometer. Therefore, RTD usage is preferred at lower
temperature ranges, where they are the most accurate. There are two main types of RTDs, the
traditional RTD and the thermistor. Traditional RTDs use metallic sensing elements that result
in a linear relationship between temperature and resistance. As the temperature of the metal
increases, increased random molecular movement impedes the flow of electrons. The
increased resistance is measured as a reduced current through the metal for a fixed voltage
applied. The thermistor uses a semiconductor sensor, which gives a power function
relationship between temperature and resistance. RTD Structure A schematic diagram of a
typical RTD is shown in Figure 1

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