Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The review of related literature and studies serve as the guide and instrument for the

researcher to continue and pursue this research. This part includes the local and foreign writings

reviewed by the researchers, which has relevance to this study.

Foreign Related Literature

According to the article entitled "A Multilevel System of Quality Technology-Enhanced

Learning and Teaching Indicators" stated that:

“Integrating the use of digital technology into the learning and teaching process to

improve the quality of learning outcomes has become an important strategy for improving

educational quality and is often referred to as Technology-enhanced Learning and Teaching

(TEL&T). Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) is an increasing focus for educational policy

makers, school leaders and teachers around the world as technological literacy becomes

progressively more important in the global society.” (Law, N., Niederhauser, D.S., Christensen,

R., & Shear, L. pg. 72–83, 2016)

Teachers and educational policy makers have an increased interest in the Technology-Enhanced

approach since it provides high-quality education for students, and they value the quality of

learning outcomes.

In the article entitled “Does Technology Enhance Actual Student Learning?” stated that:

“Despite widespread acceptance of technology in the classroom, there is little empirical

research on the effectiveness of students' use of technology in enhancing their learning. To date,

studies suggest that students perceive technology to be a useful learning tool; however, research

has not linked the use of technology to actual student performance measures. In this study, the
 authors examined the degree to which technology enhanced actual student learning and whether

individual characteristics of the student population moderated this relationship. The results

suggest that the incorporation of technology in the classroom does enhance actual student

learning and that this relationship is moderated by student characteristics.” (Kathleen A. Krentler

& Laura A. Willis-Flurry, pg. 316-321)

The enhancement of education through technology-enhanced learning can also be seen in the

improvement of students’ characteristics. According to Kevin C. Costley, Ph.D., incorporating

technology into education has led to an increase in student engagement and motivation.

In the article entitled "An Overview on Effectiveness of Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL)"

stated that:

"It is necessary to introduce changes in teacher education in order to include the

acquisition of competences necessary for the technology-enhanced learning process both

organizing the learning process and developing new and innovative didactic means that promote

learning as well as using digital technologies that nowadays has become an integral part of any

teacher's and university lecturer's competence in the learning process to perform qualitatively

their work. Despite the fact that teaching/learning methods used in the education system in the

world have been explored, different studies on advantages and shortcomings of these methods

have been performed there still are no serious reviews on the effectiveness of applying

technology-enhanced learning methods in the contexts and environments of different school

subjects. In order to close this gap, serious research has been carried out using the latest scientific

literature found in Web of Science data basis to work out a scientific review on the effectiveness

of applying TEL in the educational environment." (Daniela, L., Kalniņa, D., & Strods, R., pg. 79-

91, 2017)
There are advantages to implementing technology in education because it improves students' and

teachers' competency in the learning process, allowing them to perform more efficiently in the

classroom; however, there are risks considering, such as a lack of critical evaluation of the wide

variety of technologies used in education, and certain students may be left unprepared or

excluded as a result of its implementation.

In the article entitled "Technology enhanced learning or learning driven by technology" stated

that:

Students' expectations regarding how and when to study have changed over the past

decade. Traditional teaching methods that center on unchanged materials are not necessarily the

most effective way to increase learning. Using technology in education, or Technology Enhanced

Learning (TEL), can promote efficient e-learning methods in which technology assists learners in

building their knowledge and developing competencies. It encourages new learning approaches

by utilizing technology as a basis for this type of development and performance. This type of

learning focuses on maintaining the learner's attention through active learning or transitioning to

blended learning and applying technology as a new resource in the learning process. (Baneres et

al., n.d.)

Technology-enhanced learning environments promote active engagement and interaction

between teachers and students in the classroom through higher-order thinking tasks,

collaboration, and critical thinking by means of e-assessments, which simplifies the design,

delivery, evaluation, and analysis of learning.

satisfaction to technology-enhanced learning" stated that:

"Technology enhanced learning allows students to access learning resources from any

location. It enhances the learning materials by using a variety of learning sources and multimedia

learning tools, and it enables instructors to evaluate and modify the contents smoothly (Surjono,

2013). Technology enhanced learning is one of the most recent learning applications in

educational technology that can facilitate distance learning in which the instructor and students

are not engaging as face to face at the same time and location (Liaw and Huang, 2013). Currently,

TEL is viewed as one of the biggest potential issues before educational institutions (Chang,

2013). The educational institutions are exploring several methods to get an edge over the

competition in providing online learning to students, but none have been effective in producing

the required results. Given this, the current research investigates the mediation role of students’

perceived benefits between different TEL variables (i.e., informational quality, compatibility,

resource availability, subjective norms, subject interest, self-efficacy and institutional branding)

and student satisfaction to TEL." (Dubey, P. & Sahu, K.K 2023)

The use of technology to support learning is extremely important in the field of education. These

days, this is a particular approach used by teachers and students to enhance learning, particularly

in terms of children's academic success. Any form of education, such as online learning, zoom

classrooms, or visual presentations, is what we need the most to give students a basic education

because we are more dependent on technology. TEL is a successful method of enhancing

learning for teachers as well as students. If students use technology more frequently, there is a

positive correlation between that and their academic achievement.

In the study entitled "Determining the Relationship of Use of Technology-Enabled Learning and

Perceived Academic Performance Among College students in St. Mary’s College of Bansalan,

Inc." stated that:

"Technology plays an essential role in many aspects of society, notably in our educational

system. It allows for a variety of platforms to be used in accomplishing a student's educational

goals. Students' comprehension of content and development of abilities in areas like analytical

reasoning, downside resolution, data analysis, and artistic thinking can all be improved by

increasing the use of technology. The principal objective of this correlational research study was

to measure the significant correlation between use of technology-enabled learning and academic

performance among college students in St. Mary's College of Bansalan, Inc. (SMCBI)."

They also stated that: "The use of technology-enabled learning is very high, and that the

perceived academic performance is high. Furthermore, the positive correlations between Use of

Technology-Enabled Learning and Perceived Academic Performance shows that there is a

significant relationship between the Usage of Technology- Enabled Learning and Perceived

Academic Performance, which means that Usage of Technology-Enabled Learning increases

Perceived Academic Performance also increases." (Guinsisana et al., 2022)

Students with more usage of technology-enabled learning have increased their academic

performance in school; therefore, incorporating technology into education could enhance

students' learning outcomes and help them achieve academic achievement because it provides

various and interactive learning experiences that serve different learning styles, respond to each

student's needs, and provide them immediate guidance.

Technological advancements have significantly changed the educational landscape in that

teaching is no longer limited to the traditional face-to-face delivery of lessons. We can now learn

not only in the classroom but also outside of it due to the internet. Students can now benefit from

the best of both worlds because of the convergence of new and old approaches. They can learn at

school and get more resources or lessons through the web and the internet. According to a

Pearson Foundation survey performed in the United States, more than six in ten college students

and high school seniors state that using tablets helps them study more efficiently. Research

conducted by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in California also showed that students using iPads did

better in mathematics than students using traditional textbooks. Another study at Oklahoma State

University discovered that 75% of students believed the use of technology improved their

learning experience. Even though some parents and teachers are concerned that gadgets would

distract students, surveys and studies have proved that these electronic devices are a great

assistance in learning. Today, many states administer primary and secondary school assessments

through the internet instead of the traditional pen and paper. (Espinosa, 2016)

Students are more invested in technology than in traditional teaching methods because it has

improved their learning experience and increased their academic performance, based on the

survey performed by students who use technology devices in learning and school assessments.

In the article entitled "The Impact of Technology Integration in teaching performance" stated

that:

"With the implementation of the K to 12 Education program in the Philippines, it

necessitates the use of technology in teaching. Technology integration in teaching helps and
 assists Social Studies teachers to fill the gap and aid the weakness of traditional teaching methods

with technology-based teaching and learning tools and facilities. Hence, this research tries to look

into a way to understand the impact of technology integration in the teaching performance of

Social Studies teachers in public high schools in the Division of City Schools – Valenzuela City.

Using a descriptive-correlation survey method, the researcher believes in finding a link between

and among variables. The respondents of this study consist of one hundred (100) Social Studies

teachers. The result indicates that the six dimensions of technology integration were described in

a great extent by Social Studies teachers. More so, findings reveal that for all the seven indicators

of teaching performancemeasured, Social Studies teachers were described as very satisfactory.

Using regression analysis, the results of the study proved that technology integration exerts a

significant impact on teaching performance. And among the six dimensions of technology

integration, the best predictor was productivity and professional practice. It is recommended that

the Department of Education should not stop providing programs, seminars, training?workshops

on technology integration to improve further the performance of Social Studies teachers." (Hero,

2019)

Technology can enhance learning more engaging to students which can attract students' attention

and help improve their comprehension. Using technologies like

video conferencing, forum discussions, and shared documents, it promotes a

collaborative learning, encouraging communication and teamwork among students. By using

technology, it can enhance the performance of a student and also improve their learning.
Foreign Related Studies

According to the study entitled "Review of Studies on Technology-Enhanced Language Learning

and Teaching":

“The use of technology can improve learners’ motivation and interest. Technology

provides language learners with target language input, output, and feedback; it also provides an

effective way for teachers to organize course content and interact with multiple students. In any

case, the use of technology is encouraged, and teachers can adjust their teaching activities as well

as change their teaching strategies to make the most effective use of existing resources.”

(Shadiev, R., & Yang, M., 2020)

According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 92% of teachers said that

technology improved their access to content, resources, and materials that could help them in the

classroom. This concludes that Technology-enhanced teaching approaches also help educators to

be more effective in teaching.

In study entitled, "Technology-enhanced teaching to promote students’ active learning: Exploring

new practices or consolidating teaching from the pre-COVID 19 era?" stated that:

“Thinking on technology-enhanced teaching and learning has been influenced by several

theories of learning, including behavioral learning theory, cognitive learning theory and social

learning theory, rooted in the works of Dewey, Piaget and Vygotsky. Jonassen, Peck, and Wilson

(1999), in their constructivist approach to learning with technology, described instructional

principles or characteristics of learning environments which are based on a synthesis of several

theories of learning. They argue that meaningful learning with technology only occurs when
 learners are engaged in knowledge construction, conversation, articulation, collaboration,

authentic context, and reflection.” (Admiraali, W., n.d.)

The process of meaningful learning with technology is not simple. However, technology has

benefits that allow for more meaningful connections between different pieces of information.

These days, technologies have changed the educational model and access to information.

Knowledge is available online, mostly free, and easily accessible. Reading, sharing, listening

and, doing are currently necessary skills for education. Mobile devices have become a complete

set of applications, support, and help for educational organizations. (Criollo, S., 2021).

According to the study entitled " Technology enhanced learning and student

academicperformance at a Public University in Peru" stated that:

"When reviewing the study on technology-enhanced learning and student

academicperformance, it is shown that the incorporation of technology in learning processes

makesstudents communicate more and share information in the performance of tasks such as in

theforum, email, digital platforms (asynchronous communication), use of chat, video calls

andvideoconferences (synchronous communication) [4. These academic activities encourage

theformation of study groups, creating a community of students [5], [6 and incorporatinglearning

strategies resulting from group feedback [7. The reference [8 in his analytical reviewwork on the

use of the latest digital technological developments or emerging technologiesaffect which ones

are applied in education from a technical and educational perspective. Healso mentions that

technology changes so rapidly that at present it is necessary to investigatenew models and

teaching-learning strategies, taking into account that the application of thistechnology is wide and

considers it can be implemented in all types of education: formal,informal and not formal."

(Arones, M, Curro-Urbano, O.M., Saavedra, C.L.C. & Phun-Pat,Y. p. 578-582, 2022)

relationship between teachers and students has improved. Based on the review of thestudy, which

indicates that students learn better because of technology and that it has apositive impact on their

academic performance, students learn more in their studies and attainmore in their academic

achievement as a result of technology enhanced learning. Their abilityto engage in any activity in

school is increasing as they get more active. In participating inclass activities with the use of

technology enhanced learning, students' academic performanceare getting better. Due to the

continuous expansion of technology, experts are also continuingon seeking any other technology

enhanced learning approaches that may help students toexcel in their academic performance.

.
According to the study entitled "The Positive Effects of Technology on Teaching and Student

Learning" Stated that:

"Technology has a positive impact on student learning. Technology causes students to

bemore engaged; thus, students often retain more information. Because of the arrival of

newtechnologies rapidly occurring globally, technology is relevant to the students.

Technologyprovides meaningful learning experiences. Technology also provides hands-on

learningopportunities that can be integrated into all school curricular areas, including

mathematics,reading, science, and social studies as well as other academic subjects. It gives

studentsopportunities to collaborate with their peers resulting in learning from each other.

Technologyis a powerful contributor to learning if it is used to deepen students' engagement in

ameaningful and intellectually authentic curriculum. Technology is a tool. It should be

selectedwhen it is the best tool for students to learn." (Costley, K.C., 2014)

Technology has a significant impact on education, particularly on students'

academicdevelopment. Technology enables students to learn more effectively and actively

participatein their studies. Students' capacities to surpass their academic achievement were
improved bytechnology. Technology has the potential to benefit education, particularly the

learning ofeach and every student.

According to the study "Students perceived benefits, adaptation intention and satisfaction

totechnology enhanced learning: Examining the relationship," Stated that:

"The increased tendency towards online learning materials with differenttechnologies

clearly indicates that various learning systems assist students in their learningprocess which

eventually improves their academic performance (Chunwijitra et al., 2013).Asclaimed by

Bhuasiri et al., (2012) as cited in Students perceived benefits, adaptation intentionand satisfaction

to technology enhanced learning: Examining the relationship Stated that ,technology-enhanced

learning (TEL) is the need of the hour, and in this regard, highereducation institutions (HEIs)

have started incorporating technology-based learning in theircurricula considering its importance

in the academic performance and developing higherorder skills such as analysing, critical

thinking and problem-solving ability. In today’scompetitive environment, it becomes imperative

for learners to complete their highereducation with latest knowledge and technologies in their

respective field which they willneed in their professional career (King and Boyatt, 2014).

Technology is proven significant toenhance the learning process and productivity of students (Al-

Hariri and Al-Hattami, 2017)."(Dubey, P. & Sahu, K.K., 2021)

To achieve the development of students' academic performance, technology enhancedlearning

has something to do with that. It improves students' learning techniques the way theycan

understand and excel. Technology helps students so that they can easily understand thelearnings

they needed in a way that they can follow, and they are knowledgeable, sincetechnology has a

very huge impact on people, this is also one of the strategies whatthat teachersand students

utilize for better learning.

In the article "E Learning Management System with Screen Share Technology" stated that:

“The study intended to provide an E-Learning Management System with Screen Share

Technology for Thompson Christian School to cater the needs of the students by providing the

course materials, taking of examination/quizzes online and by providing screen share during

discussions. The proponents used the Web Engineering process model throughout the study. The

proponents did some interviews and observation on the company to evaluate the current system

and to be able to propose an alternative for the betterment of the company. The E-Learning will

be working with the Screen Share during class hours. The E-Learning Management System with

Screen Share Technology ensures quality education for the students and for quality teaching of

the teachers. Modules are given and are very useful for the students and of the teachers. The

computation of the cost and benefit analysis are also provided for the school to implement the

system. The development of this system had gone to different processes and circumstances. This

system ensures that the benefits for the school observe quality standards and quality assurance. In

lieu of this, the proponents recommended that the company would have a faster internet

connection and a person who will maintain or observe the system for the errors as time goes by

for quality satisfaction.” (Dumanig, J. M. M., Fabio, B. J. L., Ibañez, M. J. C., Rendon, H. M. V.,

2013)

The E-learning system helps the students have a quality education by providing materials and

modules. Screen sharing technology improves the learning capacity and skills of the students

while using technology in class hours; therefore, using technology can be a useful instrument for

learning to make the lessons more informative and interesting by utilizing e-assessment and

online platforms.

In the article "Experimental Learning: The Use of Screencasts in Hospitality Tertiary

Programmes"
 "University lecturing is changing as a result of increasing student populations, increasing

diversity, and transformative technologies” (Pinder-Grover, Millunchick, & Bierwert, 2008). The

use of screencasts, recordings that capture audio narration along with screen images, is now being

incorporated into many educational programmes as a way of adapting content delivery to the new

environment. This paper reports on a research project investigating the advantages and

effectiveness of using screencasts to complement face to face hospitality programmes in tertiary

institutions. Screencasts can be thought of as telling someone a story with sound and pictures and

have been widely used for marketing (particularly software products) and for training. These

presentations capture the feeling of personal connection that podcasts provide but have the added

benefit of a visual presentation, an element that is important to today’s generation Y students.

Coates, (2007) suggests that this generation prefer to learn in an environment that combines

teamwork and technology. Once constructed a screencast can be shared, downloaded or emailed.

This paper surveys the literature on the educational use of screencasts and reports on a research

project investigating the advantages and effectiveness of using screencasts to supplement

accounting lectures and to help students with revision". ( Townshead, S., 2013)

The usage of screencasts in learning can provide a clear visual presentation to learners to

enhance their visual and auditory skills. Learners can also replay the presentations in order for

them to understand the subject matter.

In the article entitled "The effect of technology-enabled active learning (TEAL) method on the

learning outcomes of students in physics" Stated that:

"Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the application of technology innovation in educational

institutions has been adopted to deliver lessons content from a lecture, a hands-on laboratory

activity, and interactive simulations through active and collaborative learning. The aim of this

study was to examine the effect of Technology-Enabled Active Learning (TEAL) method on the
 learning outcomes of high school students in Physics at Malandag National High School,

Sarangani Province, Philippines. A quasi-experimental (non-equivalent) research design was

conducted for one grading period between two groups: 41 and 43 respondents for the control and

experimental (TEAL), respectively. Subsequently, data were collected comprising of pre-test,

post-test, and class observations. Differences between the pre-test mean scores of the two groups

and the mean gain scores after a period of instruction were computed using t-test. The results

showed a significant difference between the mean gain scores of the two groups implying that the

TEAL method had positively influenced on students' learning outcomes in Physics compared with

the conventional method. Findings also revealed that the use of this technology-enhanced

learning approach alone, though it appears promising, might not be sufficient to significantly

improve student performance. Thus, the appropriate use of technology integration as suitably

aligned to pedagogical and content knowledge in a conducive learning environment may help

learners improve their conceptual understanding and higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in

Physics." (Anabo, R. G., Olvis, P. R., Disca, B. Y., Comoda, J. T., Subiera, N. C., 2021)

These advantages are goals and examine the students' effects on the method of using technology

and how each student can remember what they are studying. And we know that others don't

really understand the lessons that are being done, so it's really better to use technology so that it

can help us improve and we can better understand each lesson given by our teachers.

In the article entitled "Teachers' Perception of Instructional Technology Application and

Integration Competence to the Teaching-Learning Process" Stated that:

"Teachers' instructional technology competence is necessary for this infor- mation

age. With this, teachers need to equip themselves with the knowledge, skills, and

competence to apply instructional technologies to deliver the teaching-learning process.

This study investigated the teachers’ perception of instructional technology

high school in Candaba, Pampanga, Philippines. This study used descriptive survey

research wherein 19 high school teachers participated voluntarily. The researchers also

prepared and validated a questionnaire specifically for this study. Data analysis includes the

following statistical treatments like frequency, per- centage, mean, and Chi-Square. Results of the

study showed that the ICT competence of the teachers is on the average level. All the selected

teachers integrated technology into teaching. They were highly competent in using MS Word and

MS PowerPoint and, on average competent in MS Excel and the Internet. In addition, teachers

also encountered problems in using ICT in teaching. Furthermore, teachers perceived that

technology in teaching significantly impacts students' learning. It made the students interested

and focused, enhanced their teaching activities, and helped them deliver the lesson/s effectively.

The study recommended that teachers have train- ing on ICT to equip them with the knowledge

and skills to use new pro- grams/applications. The administration should also design a long-term

plan for ICT and continue encouraging and training teachers to integrate ICT into teaching."

(Abulencia, C. C., et. al., 2022)

This study is important for teachers in how they show or explain to us the lessons that we need to

understand and study, so they use presentations so that we can understand them better. and they

are also highly skilled in using MS Word and other websites they can use for us. They also

experience problems when it comes to technology, and teachers also notice that technology is a

great help to young people so that they and students can understand it better.
Synthesis

The related review of literature and study findings have significant implications for the

present day. It is worth noting that technology-enhanced teaching approaches have caused a

profound transformation in students' academic performance, leading to a growing interest among

educators and policymakers. The integration of technology has proven to be a game-changer in

the field of education, as it has the capacity to deliver high-quality education, enhance learning

outcomes, and improve both students' and teachers' skills in the learning process (Law, 2016).

This transformation has also resulted in an increased demand for technology-savvy graduates

who possess the latest knowledge and technological skills required in their respective fields for

their future professional careers (Dubey, 2021).

Moreover, the use of technology in classrooms has been observed to boost learners'

motivation and engagement, thereby resulting in improved academic success (Shadiev, 2020). By

incorporating technology into the learning environment, students are provided with personalized

learning experiences tailored to their individual needs. They also receive immediate guidance

and feedback, allowing them to make progress at their own pace. This personalized approach has

proven to be highly effective in enhancing students' academic performance and overall learning

experience.
 In addition to its positive impact on students, the integration of technology in education

empowers teachers by providing them with access to a vast array of valuable content and

resources. Technology integration in teaching helps and assists Social Studies teachers to fill the

gap and aid the weakness of traditional teaching methods with technology-based teaching and

learning tools and facilities (Hero, 2019). This enables them to create engaging and interactive

lessons that cater to the diverse needs of their students. Teachers can leverage technology to

implement innovative teaching strategies, such as flipped classrooms and virtual simulations,

which further enhance the learning experience and deepen students' understanding of the subject

matter. Students' comprehension of content and development of abilities in areas like analytical

reasoning, downside resolution, data analysis, and artistic thinking can all be improved by

increasing the use of technology (Guinsisana, 2022). Furthermore, technology allows teachers to

track and monitor students' progress more efficiently, enabling them to provide targeted

interventions and support when needed.

While it is undeniable that technology offers numerous advantages, it is important to

recognize that it also presents challenges. As suggested by Daniela (2017), it is important to

enhance teacher education to include the acquisition of competencies necessary for technology-

enhanced learning. This involves a critical evaluation of the various technologies used in

education and addressing the potential risk of leaving some students unprepared or excluded

from these advancements.

The integration of technology in education has brought about a significant transformation

in the learning process, leading to improved academic performance and enhanced teaching

practices. It is crucial for educators and policymakers to recognize the potential of technology-

enhanced teaching and its impact on students' learning outcomes. By embracing technology and
equipping teachers with the necessary skills and resources, we can ensure that students are well-

prepared for the challenges of the future while also promoting equitable access and inclusion in

education.