CHAPTER FOUR

NATIONS, STATES, AND GLOBALIZATION

Concepts of Nation and State
a. from the book “The New Philippine Constitution”, by Atty. Efren Ramirez
A Nation is a group of people bound together by common language, tradition, culture, and aspirations,
enjoying a subjective sentiment of unity or consciousness of kind. Its basic elements are: people, territory,
government, common aspirations or sentiments, race, religion, customs, habits, traits, and language.
A State is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of
territory, independent of external control and possessing an organized government to which a great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience. It has four essential elements: people, territory, government, and sovereignty.
From the international point of view, there are two additional state elements: recognition as member of the family of
nations, and civilization.
b. from politics.stackexchange.com
A Nation is a group of people with a common race, culture, religion and historical experiences but who
may not necessarily live together in a single territory.
A State may be defined as a politically organized body of people inhabiting a defined geographical entity
with an organized legitimate government.
Concept of Nation-State
(from www.infoplease.com)
A Nation-state is a nation of people that has an independent state of their own. Example: The Philippines.
(www.infoplease.com). The modern state is called a nation-state because all the nationalities living in one state
stand integrated into one nation. (www.yourarticlelibrary.com)
Differences Between a State and a Nation
(from www.yourarticlelibrary.com)
Contributor: K. K. Ghai
State Nation
The state has four elements – population, territory, Common territory, race, religion, language, history, culture,
government, and sovereignty. In the absence of even one and aspirations are the elements which help form a nation, yet
element, a State cannot be really a State. none of these is an absolutely essential element.

The state is a political organization which fulfills the security A nation is a united unit of population which is full of
and welfare needs of its people. emotional, spiritual, and psychological bonds.
Possession of a definite territory is essential for the state. It is A nation can survive even without a fixed territory. Love of a
the physical element of the State. common motherland acts a source of unity.
Sovereignty is an essential element of the state. It is the Soul The basic requirement of a nation is the strong bonds of
of the State. Without sovereignty, the state loses its existence. emotional unity among its people.
The state is limited to a fixed territory in which boundaries can A nation may or may not remain within the bounds of a fixed
increase or decrease through a very complex process of territory.
change.
There can be two or more than two nations within a single A nation is composed of people belonging only to one race
State. Most of the modern states are multinational states.
The state is less stable. When sovereignty ends due to foreign A nation is more stable than state. A nation can survive even
invasion, it dies. without sovereignty.
A state is a product of creation. Physical elements such as A nation is a product of evolution. It is a unity of the people
war, secession from a parent state, or legislation play an which emerges slowly and steadily.
important role in the birth of a state.
The state uses police power (force) for preserving its unity and A nation is bound by strong cultural and historical links.
integrity.

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Concepts of Globalization
a. from www.globalization101.org
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
b. www.businessdictionary.com
Globalization implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an
interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers.
Views of Globalization
(Scholte: 2005) cited by avalik.ttk.ee/pillej
1. Internationalization. Globalization incomes a growth of international exchange and interdependence. It is found
in enlarged movements between countries of people, money, investments, diseases, pollutants, messages, ideas etc.
2. Liberalization. Globalization means a process of removing state-imposed restrictions on movements between
countries in order to create an "open", "borderless" world economy. There has been widespread reduction or
abolition of regulatory trade barriers, foreign-exchange restrictions, capital controls, and visas.
3. Universalization. Globalization is the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people all around
of the world - the Gregorian calendar, tobacco, rock music, automobiles, Chinese restaurants, cattle farming,
business suits, Barbie dolls, school curricula and much more. It is viewed as standardization and homogenization
with worldwide cultural, economic, legal and political convergence.
4. Westernization or Modernization (also called Americanization). Globalization is often interpreted as
colonization, Americanization, and "westtoxication". It has resulted mainly from forces of modernity like
rationalist knowledge, capitalist production, and bureaucratic governance. Governance institutions, firms, mass
media, academics and civil society associations in Western Europe and North America are among the most
enthusiastic promoters of contemporary globalization.
The Positive and Negative Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries
from www.linkedin.com
Contributor: Fairooz Hamdi
1. In Economic and Trade Processes Field
Positive Negative
Open market free from tariffs Increase in the inequality between the rich and the poor
Free economies High poverty rates are still rampant in some developing
countries (such as in Africa)
Investment from developed countries creating job Pollution caused by companies and industries
opportunities
Easier and faster transport of people and goods, increasing free Increased unemployment in developed countries
trade between countries
2. In Education and Health Systems
Positive Negative
Decrease in illiteracy rate and health problems due to financial Spread of new diseases to developing countries through
assistance from developed countries increased trade and travel, contributing to decreased life
expectancy
Increase of living standards and life expectancy through Migration of skilled workers and highly-qualified professionals
economic gains to developed countries to benefit for higher wages and greater
Discovery of new diseases (such as HIV/AIDS, Swine flu, lifestyle prospects, leading to decrease in labor skills
Bird flu, etc.) and the creation of medicines to fight them

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3. In Culture Effects
Positive Negative
Influx of the tools of globalization such as television, radio, Globalization might lead to destroy the cultures, traditions,
satellite, internet, making it possible to know about the identities, customs and the languages of developing countries
developing countries
Globalization leads to disappearing of many words and
Introduction of foreign cultural influences in music, manner of expressions from local language because many people use
dressing, means of communications, and in food taste English and French words
Young people try to leave their families and live alone when
they get 18 years old, and the extended family tends to become
smaller than before

The Impact of Globalization on the Poor

(Lee & Collin: 2005) cited by avalik.ttk.ee/pillej
In 1960s the Canadian writer Marshall McLuhan called the "global society" as the “global village”. He
found that people living in different parts of the world were beginning to share certain values, ideas and beliefs.
However, some argue that the “global village” can more accurately be described as “global pillage”. Globalization
is seen more as colonization than liberating force. At the same time, there are signs of solidarity across societies in
support of progressive ideals such as social justice, environmental sustainability and health as basic human right.
Positive and Negative Impact of Economic Globalization
Positive Negative
Liberalization increases flows of trade and finance Increasing poverty
Trade increases growth, especially in poorer countries Widening socio-economic inequalities within and between
countries
Growth increases incomes, especially for the poor, so Greater job insecurity
eventually there is convergence of wealth
Weakening workers’ rights
Higher incomes for the poor means better living conditions Undermining social welfare and environmental protection
Weakening democracy by enabling a global ruling class to act
without sufficient transparency and accountability

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