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READING AND WRITING SKILLS

QUARTER - 2 WEEK - 03

Objective

At the end of the lesson, the students shall have been able to:

1. Identify the different parts of a research report.

2. Value research as a skill that is useful to the disciplines.
3. Compose a research report that adheres to the best practices of
critical scholarship on a given topic.

Let’s Understand

Research in Our Daily Lives

How do you think the people several hundred years ago discover that the
world is round rather than flat? In another instance, how do scientists create new
medicines to counter illnesses? They subject themselves to the process of
research, hence, producing innovations and discoveries.

Research is the “process of posing a research problem, gathering

information, determining relationships, and writing the paper.” After completing
the process, it is usually disseminated through publication or presentation.

Research is “the systematic investigation into and study of materials and

sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions (Google).” The key to a good
research report is the phrase “systematic investigation.” Thus, researchers follow
certain processes to reach valid conclusions and discoveries.

Formal research is done when you conduct a thorough inquiry on a

particular topic. You determine a research problem first and provide answers to
the research questions. On the other hand, informal research is conducted on
tasks that do not require a highly structured paper as an output.

Examples of Formal Research

1. The Effects of Color on Advertising and its Relationship with Buying Power
2. Determining the Motivation of Toddlers in Learning a Language
3. Alternative Sweeteners in Beverages and its Effect on the Body
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Examples of Informal Research

1. The different colors of the rainbow
2. The history of computers
3. The reasons for cheating

Parts of a Research Report

1. Introduction and Literature review
2. Methodology
3. Results
4. Discussion
The Research Problem and Reviewing Related Literature

The research problem and the questions that you produce are the heart of
your research report. The research questions embody the main problem of your
research that you will answer later on. The first thing that you should do is to
have a topic in mind, ask yourself, what you are interested in. Write down words
or phrases on a piece of paper and try to make connections between the ideas and
terms that you have generated.

Example:

Dental Poor Non- What are

Habit Countries government groundbreaking ways
Organization to assist disadvantaged
s children to develop
good dental hygiene?

The terms “poor country, “dental habit,” and “non-governmental

organization” are the simple independent ideas. By establishing connections
among the terms, research questions can be produced. Take note that the
research questions that you will produce should not be simply answerable by "yes"
or "no".

After formulating the research questions, find relevant sources for your
research paper. In some instances, research questions are not stated – a research
problem is shown instead.

Materials and Method

This section of the research report should explain the methods that you
will deploy and the data that you wish to gather. There are several ways to gather
data. In the sciences, you use experiments to test the hypothesis. This is one way
of obtaining data, by experimentation. In other fields, such as the social sciences
and business, researchers use survey questionnaires and interview to obtain the
necessary information.
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Focusing on the questionnaire, it is the instruments that you will distribute

to you respondents. It contains questions that would prompt answers from the
survey population. The answer provided by the respondents will assist you in
answering your research questions or problem. Ultimately, the data from this part
of the research process will enrich the research report in totality. Before, creating
the questionnaire, you have to determine your purpose. Furthermore, all the
questions that you will produce should be aligned with the research problem or
questions.

Assuming that you have completed the data gathering stage, you will have
to write the methodology of the research report. You will state the following items:
 The respondents of your research
 The data gathering procedure
 How you will analyze the data

Results and Discussion

The results contain graphic representation of that data you have processed
in the course of your research. You will provide the results of the data analysis
but you are not yet to discuss the implication of it.

You may use a table if you want to summarize your data analysis. On the
other hand, you may use figures such as charts if you want your readers to see
trends in your data set.

The discussion presents answer to the research questions that you have
created in the introduction. You will relate the data analysis to the questions.
Also, you have to discuss studies that support or contradict your findings.
Inferences should be made as well with the information that you have uncovered.

In the conclusion, you have to cite inferences that you made that answered
the research questions. This can be done in bullet form or in prose form.
Consequently, the recommendation provides possible tasks to those who will
benefit from the research report.

Tips

To remember the parts of the research paper, remember the term IMRD that
means Introduction-Methodology-Results-Discussion.
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Let’s Apply

My Resolution

Directions: Evaluate your personal life and daily experiences. Then, determine
which aspect of your personal life would merit in-depth resolution. It may be
a goal, an issue, or a concern that can be addressed over a certain period of
time. Reflect on the following questions:

1. What aspect of your personal life would merit in-depth resolution? (2pts)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. How do you intend to resolve it? (4pts)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What are your plans or approaches to achieve your goals or objectives in
life? (4pts)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Analyze
The Double-Entry Journal

Directions: Divide your intermediate paper into two columns.

On the left, summarize what you have read; in the right-hand
column, record your reactions in the form of questions, objections, sources of
confusion, or concerns.

Summary (6pts) Reactions (4pts)

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Let’s Try
Directions: Test your knowledge by answering the following
questions. Choose the best answer by writing the letter on the space
before each number.

1. Which is the part of the research report that contains the research
questions?
A. Introduction C. Results
B. Methodology D. Discussion
2. Which should not be introduced in the conclusion part?
A. tables and figures C. ideas
B. summary D. new information
3. Which is considered plagiarism?
A. summarizing an idea of another person, then citing the source
B. copying and pasting without attribution
C. paraphrasing a document and citing its source
D. synthesizing several articles and stating the source
4. What can be a substitute for a research question?
A. Summary C. Conclusion
B. Research problem D. Inference
5. Which is NOT part of the methodology?
A. data gathering procedure C. data analysis
B. research questions D. respondents
6. What is the purpose of the methodology?
A. It is used to explain the research question.
B. It is used to determine the answer to the research questions.
C. It is used to explain how the study will be conducted.
D. It is used to summarize the research.
7. Which is the most appropriate for a research question?
A. What are the different colors of the rainbow?
B. How does age influence language learning?
C. How big is the moon?
D. Is the sky blue?
8. What is used to summarize a set of data?
A. Table C. title
B. Commentary D. abstract
9. Order the parts of the research paper according to the correct process.
I. Methodology
II. Introduction
III. Discussion
IV. Results
A. I, III, II and IV C. II. I, IV, and III
B. IV, I, II and III D. III, II, IV and I
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10. In citing using the APA style, what are the two things that should be
indicated for every citation?
I. Page Number
II. Author’s Last Name
III. Footnotes
IV. Publication Date
A. II and IV C. II and III
B. II and I D. 1 and IV

Let’s Create
Goal You are to write a research paper to assess the
knowledge and attitudes of people towards the Covid-
19 disease.

Role You will be researcher.

Audience Your audience will be your family members and teacher.

Situation You are a researcher who needs to find out the knowledge gaps
regarding Covid-19, and the misconceptions prevailing in the
society about it.

Product Performance Write a research on the knowledge and attitudes of

people towards the Covid-19 disease. The paper should contain appropriate
introduction, method of gathering data, the results and discussion of the interview
conducted. This is to be written in a short bond paper with proper margins.