ee so AFRIKAANS HANDBOOK & STUDY GUIDE Written in English and colour coded for easy understanding and learningPlease note thot fom the Comprehension Section (Begripstets) onwards, the key differs fom the above. The Afrikaons terminology has been included ln red) ino Headings & Sub-headings BB tues TB changes & Emphasis TH Changes & Emphasis HB Pronouns BB Exceptions ( Edigon «ideas, reminders and suggestions to foriltoe and promote understanding There moy be inconsistencies in the order ofthe of presenetion ofthe English/ Afrikaans The clrity of he message i, ot limes, the primary concern Revised Edin 2004 Copyright © Bela Books 1999, 2008 PO. Box 37172, Birnam Park, 2015 beryl@larin.co.z Website: wirwafikeanshandbook coz [AFRIKAANS HANDBOOK AND STUDY GUIDE™ AFRIKAANS HANDBOOK & STUDY GUIDE™ 1 tacn Septet 1997, fen feonor 200 eer splee Spee Spt 202 Spee yt eee Nove 703 rsa Edten Seer 2004 or Jovy 108 fer tnt 208 atid Noch rove Nore 708 Sedsinn iyo oo eter 207 svmsen/eoorvessen.ABOUT THE AUTHOR CE BERYL LUTRIN is an Afrikaans teacher with a special interest in Remedial Education, She goined valuable teaching experience ot Crossroads Remedial School in Johannesburg, and has put these principles into general teaching practice. She believes that in order to be understood, work has to be presented in a simple, visual and logical manner. She enjoys reducing content and concepls to their simplest forms. The philosophy of her teaching is that once @ student has grasped the basics, he or she is able to grow and develop from there, In. 1999 Beryl wrote the Fis edition ofthe Afrikoans Handbook and Study Guide™, which has become o bestseller in South Africa. She wrote the book after finding that her ex-students ‘were using her primary school notes at high school and even vp to matric level. This reinforced thot ‘simple is beter" She realised that content should not be based according to age or school grade, but rather logically developed, irrespective of these. She has used English explanations throughout the book, which is what makes it so unique. She believes that students must understand what they are learning, if they are fo relain and apply their knowledge. Beryl is acutely aware of what students ond teachers want and need. The Afrikeans Handbook ‘and Study Guide™ is the work ofa lifetime of teaching » clossroom, private, remedial ond teacher upliftment. Based on the success of The Afrikaans Handbook and Study Guide™, Beryl has co-writen ‘The English Handbook and Study Guide™ with Morcelle Pincus. This book is alo o bestseller and is currently being used by English First and Second Language schools throughout the country. Its being published internationally by Heinemann Publishers in Oxford, England, Borys lve of teaching has influenced many of her students to become teachers. This is one Enea The first edition of The Afrikaans Handbook ond Study Guide™ was published in September 1999. twas on immediate success and is loved by students, teachers and parents. It contains mainly Taal and Woordeskat ond it was always intended thatthe book should be revised to include all sections of Afrikoons being taught and being tested in schools. This has now been done, The addition of Begripstoets, Skryfwerk, Letterkunde and Mondeling will be welcomed oat 2INHOUD - CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 559 69-83 LETTERKUNDE ~ UTERATURE 91-95; 96-115 ‘WOORDESKAT - VOCABULARY! 6 v8 IDEAS FOR TEACHERS och section is preceded by a more comprehensive summary of contents 3 eisFOREWORD STUDENTS The Afrikaans Handbook and Study Guide™ is whot studonts want and need - everything in cone book, explained simply and concisely in English The outcome of leoring Afrikoons i that should be proce and useful. Vocabulary, especialy, is crucial for the development ofthe necessary communicative sil. When one looks ot the different examination requirements its clear thatthe student will need the fllowing sil + Voesbulary and Spelling - everyday words, high frequency words and words relating to various topics ond themes + Oral Communication - ability o converse effectively, answer questions, ask questions ond follow instructions ‘+ Comprehension nd Reading -cbilty o read and understand writen lexis as well as to formulate and express opinions © Language - ability o formulate sentences clearly and correctly, using language that is competent and appropriate ‘+The Writing Process - students should be able to express themselves correctly and competently by using the vorious writing types, styles and formats ‘© Literature - all the above skills are necessary forthe reading, understanding and answering cof questions in literature ‘The Afrikaans Handbook and Study Guide™ covers all these aspects. It is @ classsoom textbook and o reference book tha! will accompany students from Senior Primary fo Matric. TEACHERS This bock wil bean involvble eid to teachers. isnot mean o be used in slain, but rather in conjunction with regular lessons and other textbooks. The value is thet students will hove o comprehensive set of notes, which ean be used according tothe level being tought Once taught, each section can simply be revised and updated eoch year, reing the teachers from having lo reteach from the beginning. Teachers can feach vie themes, and practise ell the “taal” structures within each theme, inthe knowledge that this handbook can be sed as @ reference (s@ pg. 121) They can alo reasonably expec students to write ond speck on various topics, new that the vocabulary is accessible fo them. ‘ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, | would like fo thank my husband, Milton, my children and my parents for their support and tencouragement. My son, Justin, deserves special mention for his invaluable assistance to me. My grateful thanks go to Isabel van Achterbergh for ensuring that | produced “Suiwar Afrikaans’ and to Loren Vita for making Afrikaans come alive in the design and typesetting BERYL LUTRIN B.A. (Wits) H.E.D. (J.C.E.) ore 4TAAL - LANGUAGE SUMMARY OF CONTENTS ‘Algemene Redls- Some General Rules Die Klonke «The Vowel Sounds Meervoud - Plurals Verkleinwoorde = Diminuves Trappe van Vergelyking ~ Dogrees of Comparison Byroeglike Naamwoorde- Adjectives Bywoorde - Adverbs Geslag - Gender Dieregeluide - Arimal Sounds ‘Mense, Lande en Tale People, Counties ond Languages ‘Woordorde - Word Order Loestekens - Punctuation Die Tye Tenses Veegwoorde - Conjunctons Die Negatif/Onthennende Vorm The Negative ‘Voornaamwoerde - Pronouns Betreiike Voornaamwoorde - Relative Pronouns lydende on Bedrywende Vorm - Passive And Active Voice Indirekte Rede - Indirect Speoch 10 2 “ wv v 18 " 2023 0.27 28-30 a 20 21 22 23 4 25 26 7 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Deehvoorde - Partciples \Vraogsinne - Question Sentences Dice Infinite The infinitive ‘lyk en Skyn « Seoms or Appears Voorsetsls- Prepositions Alkorings - Abbreviations Tyd en Getalle- Time ond Numbers Sinonieme - Synonyms Antonieme - Opposites Vergelykings-Similes Intensiowe/Versterkte Vorm Intensive Vorm Somestllngs - Compound Words Idiomasiese Uitdrlkings - Idiomatic Expressions ‘Algemene Foute - Common Errors Suiwer Afrikaons ‘Correct Afrikoans Woordsoorte = Parts of Speech ‘A Goneral Overview 38 9 40 a 2 50 31 52-56 87ALGEMENE REELS - SOME GENERAL RULES |. Afrikaans is @ phonic language. You spell it os you say it. If you know the klanke (sounds] you can reed and spell most words. 2. Fit's one thing, then i's written as one word e.g. aandete, kinderdekter, klaskomer 3. There areno e's, q's or x. lunless the words ore borowed fom oer longuaps ert kooe 2.9, kas, kwood, eksro 4. Ifit sounds like an Fat the beginning of a word, then it's probably 0 v e.g. wf, voet, vinger, vriond (bu! fits, Fou! 5. fit sounds like © v atthe beginning of « word, then it's © w ‘2g. wit, Wetenskap, Wiskunde 6, The d and the tat the end of o word sound the some eg. sout, goud, kind 7. In Afrikoons we get a ‘silent e" and a ‘silent i? which make the vowel sound long e.g. gigm, kgkende, waning, tering 8. The kappie e.g. wereld, skér, ge/éet, koo/él and the deelteken (") are punctuation marks and help us to read the words | and based on rules. eth is bing tested. @ 9. Afrikaans is log Away ryt fd the This is your book. Enjoy it end apply what you learn!DIE KLANKE - THE VOWEL SOUNDS Afrikaans is @ phonic language. As you sound it, so you spell and read tis essential to know the vowel sounds (klenke), as all Afrikoans spelling and rea is bosed on this. ‘THE KLANKE ARE DIVIDED INTO: (a) short vowels (b] twin vowels cl double (long) vowels triple vowels This forms the basis of Afrikaans spelling. The Meervoud, Verleinweord, Troppe van Vergelying and Byvoeglike Noamwoords are based on this {The English sound is inclded in bracket) @ SHORT VOWELS TWN VOWELS JE DOUBLE/LONG Vowels a tn aa tek ae tee) ai iw) en a fa Kes tia weiend @ i rele veriamiion | | peonmet arta bechel ea ee tea eu ae) 2U (phew pa rae oo = nek ei = nso soso Ugpaner | safes oa) 00 oo) OU oat 01 toy lee isp feud oe oe oW a tone! sepabent stetees reorael ued UU toe) Oe toot O81 eho! big ot broek wrugle i rey kulturee! muurbal moedeloos. (rip) ie i pickniek sker wereld phan atae @ é ty bas et oom win peli medisyne luistor 8 tolls us to divide the. on 7 bee postMEERVOUD - PLURALS hep koppe = = piety plorings sh sete etmboog —elmbot sloorling “leerlinge ce ss ee Dips fects oto ar ann . ia a re pry vee ploeg ploeé tolls habe Li see 08 boompies DOUBLE CONSONANTS SHORT VOWEL + f ENDING IN SHORT VOWEL + EMPHASIS ON VOWEL vork vorke aif giwwe dor dorpe stof slowwe foto foto's Present presente strat strowwe skadu skadu's TWIN/DOUBLE VOWEL/ SHORT VOWEL ENDING + ENDING IN ig VOWEL CONSONANT +f EMPHASIS ON FIRST SYLLABLE oof stowe gosig gesigte leat a ume oumas fi ligte duif iho 2upa oupos: plig pligte cof a sofe solos WORDS THAT GET er WORDS ENDING IN. heid WORDS IN ENDING IN. man kind kindors kalf kalwers fom lommers besigheid _besighede moeilikheid mocilithede moontikheid moonlikhede Engelimon — Engelse Froniman — Franse buurmen ure polisieman poliEEN ov co oo Ey og WoRDS GETTING ens WORDS GETTING te sexcermions @ ton ae best bevle fees feeste blod bloaie os i ke fae Ener Gore e inte codeg,sagoad == a ce Sie pont, |] Jom gm ret ples | | Hemp Romi produk produkte hof have Se lie aun, | fd is WORDS ENDING IN tydskrif tydskrifte neg nogte violis violiste pod paaie vliegtuig wliegivie veorskaiF voorskrifte rag roe vowrly, veal ease eam; voor tng lpn = ‘LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET speelding speelgoed a ee WORDS ENDING IN us. a o's stad stede ——_ b bs yd ye weds edi | |e s hoc Niro | |" am polkas pslinse/ = | ——— HOW ‘MEERVOUD’ IS TESTED 1. We will know they want the plural becau: die hele land, al dio mense, verskeie etc. 2. They might leave out the ‘n. Say boie before the word, and this will help you to ‘feel” it. they will use words such as beie,talle, almol, By die winkel het ek ‘n book, nuusblod en ‘n pen gekoop. By die winkel is baie boke, nuusblaaie on penne. Talle winkels verkoop boeke, nvusblagie en penne, Almal koop books, nuvsblacie en penne by die winkels. Verskeie winkels verkoop ‘n verskeidenheid bocke, nuusblaaie en penne, ° ter elsVERKLEINWOORDE - DIMINUTIVES Le VOWEL OR SHORT VOWEL + k, pg & SHORT VOWEL + 9 OORMILANES e @ Beles kage = vloer woe bek belie — ven/siet vend me ruggh = a mro/ior moto kas Per penal sus/ter _sustertiie Twin vowels LONG VOWEL + » ANY WORD ENDING IN + asp ple boon boone bot mk rae ‘sia ‘vine beat net lie toes shoertio present —_ \ ouste voweL OR CONSONANTS sHoRT Vowel « | bal val ‘al roletie DouRie yowsts oR SHORT VOWEL + m "2 SYLLABLES + kom kommetiie stool som to/fel rem ron/do/wel LONG voweL, DOUBLE CONSONANT, ‘SHORT VOWEL + + ‘2. OR MORE SYLLABLES +m har boom boompie ster be/sem ie fe/ken/ingtchennkio bruid/e/gom bruidegompie _ver/skon/ing_ verskoninke bt aks 10Ka co GROOT KLEIN ENDING IN AN EMPHASISED PLURALS ENDING IN ie SHORT VOWEL Isee No? below) @ mandjie _mondjette mo honde ——hondiias plato bome boompic hoera koppe —_koppies safori torpedo’s “EXCEPTIONS @ blod bloadiie got soatiie pod } spel speletie vo! voatie wo woenie HOW ‘VERKLEINWOORDE?’ ARE TESTED 1. We will know that they want the verkleinwoord because they will use words such as klein, oulike, miniatuur, smal, vlok, kort etc. Say klein before the word, and this will help you to “ee!” it 2. If they give you a plural to meke small, take out the plural, moke it smoll, and then add an s. moader voal gee wurms vir hoor babs wat Kein is. Die moeder gee haar (klein vol) vodltjie (klein wurms) wurmpies om te oct b. Op skool is doar ‘n klaskamer, bonke, stoele en baie prente By die klein kleuterskoohiie is daar ‘n Klaskamertiie, bankies, stoeltiies, en boie prentjies. 2 Bent “rhe sor oot a Dbl debt eee ed pre ee ea " beta aeTRAPPE VAN VERGELYKING DEGREES OF COMPARISON Column A is the Positive Form and describes something a: is the Comparative Form, used to compare two people or things. Column C is the Superlative Form, used to compare more than two people or things. Colum The main change accrs in Column B becouse we are adding on ‘er’, which often affects the vowel. elumn Cis simpy Colum A + se. nN 0 G D D c sHoRT VOWEL ‘SHORT VOWEL + 9 alk dlikker dikste so sogler——_sagste dun dunner dunste lig Higher ligete ve! wetter velste sleg slegter —slagste TWIN voweLS LONG VOWEL + 9 skoon——_skoner shoonste | last later lootate hoog hobe hoogste eel geler seelate log lace leeg lose DOUBLE VOWELS OR CONSONANTS droog rode moeg rosie wil swiler vwilste bias nell keel hoeler hoelste ee or hard harder hardste ENDING IN’ + 1ONG Vowel + d ver versie hover houdste dour doveste bret breedite lekker lokkerste wad *kwaler ——kwaadste ENDING IN lik ENDING IN| s makliker —maklikate los loser losste lefiker ——_iflikste boos borer boosste culiker ——_oulikste fluks flukser ——_fuksste ENDING IN ig ENDING IN A LONG VOWEL vinniger ——_vinnigate blow lover blouste besiger —_besigsto most mocier —_mooiste siadiger ——stadigete kwasi ——kwasier waste tat ale 12A D a BA o G SHORT VOWEL + F ENDING IN de or & grof —growwer ——grofste tow meer mest laf lowwer lafste cepgewonde meer 0, 28 0 mut muwwer rmufste beskeie meorb... mes b. verle’ meery.. mes. LONG VOWEL OR CONSONANT + F * EXCEPTIONS @ liewer baie meer die meeste doot dower doofste bietie minder die minsle sty stywer stylste dikwels _meermale die meeste shu shurwer shorfste goed beter bette jonk jonger jonkste ENDING IN u lonk longer longste ruut rower nvutste at sie a selde minder mminste w ruwer ruuste HOW ‘TRAPPE VAN VERGELYKING’ ARE TESTED ind you have to give either the comparative ‘The positive form of the adjective is usually given ‘or superlative form of it ‘Once again iry and think what it would have been in English. ¥ ‘Alwoys try o Find the edjctve inthe sentence, because this is the word that changes. 1. If you compare two things or people, you use the comparative form (column B). | you compare more than two things or people, you use the superlative form (column C). Ek studeer baie vakke op skool. Engels is Imaklik) makliker as Afrikaans, maor Wiskunde is die (moelik) moeilkste 2. they give you on(‘as’ {meaning thon, they wont the comparative form. Die seun is (groot) groter as sy suster 2. IF they give you ‘Hoe .. hoe’, you must use the comparative form. b.Ifthey give you © ‘die’ before the adjective, you must use the superlative form. Die kinders het hard gewerk en hulle het goed gedoen. Hoe harder die kindos gowork het, hoe beter het hulle gedoen Die kinders wa die hordste werk, sol die beste doen, The font is the stimulus you ‘re given, which eds tbe Die cilet het vinnig gehardloop en hy het maklik gewen. Hoe vioniger die atlet gehordloop hel, hoe makliker het hy gewen Die atleet wot die vinnigstehardloop, sal die maklikste wer, hoe «wen hoe ... 4. They may even give you hos .. jective verb, en hoe... adjective verb) [hos ... vb to end, hoe Jy werk hard; daarom is jou resultate goed en jou overs is gelukkig. Hoe harder iy werk, hoe beter is jou resultate en hoe gelukkiger is jou overs. 13 eta onsBYVOEGLIKE NAAMWOORDE - ADJECTIVES These often follow the same pattern as Column B of Trappe van Vergelyking, but without the 'r'. lxcepins ore marked with an *) sHoRr VowEL Die gladde seep Die genotalle dag Die seep is glad Die dag is genotvol {alto 100 pg. 110- List of Adjectives) (see pg. 1212) ‘WORDS ENDING IN tik Die smaaklie kos Die moeilike som Die kos is smacklik Die som is moeil ‘TWIN VOWELS Die mon is weed Die wrede man Die spacrsame vrou Die vrow is spacrsaam DOUBLE CONSONANTS Die stoel is hard Die harde stoe! Die kind is floks Die fkse kind ‘SHORT VOWEL + F Die kamer is muf Die muwwe komer Sy vel is grok Sy growwe vel TWIN VOWEL + £ Die man is doo Die dewe man Die kérel is goof Die gawe kérel DOUBLE CONSONANT + Die eier is holf Die hande is shurt Die halwe eier Die skurwe hande SHORT VOWEL + g Die kussing is sag Die sake is lig Die sagte kussing Die lige sokkie LONG VOWEL + 9 Die berg is hoog Die hod berg Die stoel is loog Die lae stoel Die kind is moeg Die moeé kind Die rin is vroeg Die vroed froin. Die glas isk | LONG VOWEL +d Die water is koud Die kove woter Die pod is braed Die bred pad Die siraot is wyd Die wye staat Die mon is oud Die ov mart Die bok is dood Die dooie bok” Die kind is goed Die govie kind” bates 4 WORDS ENDING IN. ig Die vin is pragtig Die mam is besig Die pragtige tuin Die besige mon ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ing IN ENGLISH Die water kook Die kokende woter boiling) Die skip sink Die sinkende skip lsinking| Die vos 5 Die vols singing) ‘COLOURS NEVER CHANGE Die rok is rool Die roci rok Die sneeu is wit Die wit sneeu Die skoene is swart Die swart skoene Die ring is goud Die gove ring “THE FOLLOWING WORDS DON’T CHANGE Die kolfie is biter Die bitter koffie Die vegter is dapper Die dapper vegter Die bok is dik Die dik book Die treinis loot —° Die leat trein Die kos is lekker Die blomme fs moei Die mooi blomme Die klere is skoon- Die skoon kere Die borde isvuil Die wil borde Die pasiént is sick Die drviwe is sur Die siek posiént Die suur druiwe Die tas isswoer Die swaor tas Die vrov is vet Die vet vrou Die water isfvarm Die warm water Die hondjie is bang Die bang hondjie Die sraatkinders is arm” Die arm straatkinders Die brood i¢ vars Die milioenér isfy * Words expressing emotion Die bedelaar is arm Die arme pasi Die afskeid wos bitter Die bittere afskoid Die vrugte is ryp Op 'n rype ouderdom “MORE EXCEPTIONS 2 Die mon is lank Die seuntie is jonk Die Klera is nuut Die lang manBYWOORD As in English, there are 3 types of adverbs: Time E - ADVERBS (Iya), Manner (Wyse) ond Place (Pek). td | wonneer? | Ek het laat gekom wyse hoo? Ek het gow gehardloop. plek weer? (Ons het dearheen gegoan. IW there is more than one adverb in a sentence, TO MP Die vou het ister heastig doarheen gegacn, This is often tested in the Lydende vorm - Die ko YOU MAY BE ASKED TO SUPPLY ONE WORD FOR wefolow he v1 TM Pa word ode, beep) T is gisteraand gel [A PHRASE OR GROUP OF WORDS: ™ P sinnig vit die koelkas genoom, in die oggend _- soggens {in the morning) indie and soans {nthe evening) in die middag ~ smiddogs {in the ofernoon} indie nag snags {in the night) in die dog bedags in the day) elke dog ~ doogliks (daily) clke week - wookliks (weekly) ‘lke moand —- maandeliks_ (month) lke jaar = jaarliks (yeorly, onnvally) by die huis (ot home} binne = binnekont inside) bite + buitekant (outside) hierdie dag - vandag (today) hierdie mére—- vanmére [this morning) hierdie middeg - vanmiddag (this fternoon) hierdie cond —- vanaand this evening). Fierdie joor —- vanjaar (this yeor) die vorige dog gister (yesterday) twee dee gelede - eergister (the day before yesterday) die volgende dog- mére (tomorrow) die dog na mére - oormére (the day offer tomorrow) cop hierdie plek ~ hier (here) ‘op doardie plek - daar (there) na hierdie plek ~ hiernatoe /hierheen (to here) ‘na doordie plek - daarnatoe/daarheen {to there} Jewers, rans (somewhere) ‘érens. (nowhere) corals (everywhere) dodelik, onmiddellik (immediotely) op 'n spesifckeplek op geen plek nie op elke plek op die regte tyd 00° 'n kort tie 120r'n uke betyds (on time, punctvally) binnekert (shorly, soon) rnetnou shortly, “just now") al died cltyd (always) ‘op geen tyd nie = novit (never) sommige van die td + somtyds (sometimes) hierdie dae ~ deesdae (these days, nowadays) gedurende daardie tyd ~ destyds (ot that time) ret die verloop van tyd ~ mettertyd (in the course of time) = kortiks.(brielly) dikwels (often) selde, min (seldom) dalk (perhaps) sekerik (surely, definitely) in min woorde baie keer nie boie keer nie doar is 'n kans itis soker bie lus dacrvoar - graag [very keen, eager! voor sonep _~ douvoordog {ius before sunrise) vwanneer die son opkom = sonep (sunie) wanneer die son ondergoon - sonsondergong / sononder (suns!) skemering (dusk) net voor dit donker word ‘a kort entie daorvandaan ~ naby (near) coon die sinde - eindelik (eventully ot he end) ‘he following adverbs of manner ore alten tested ‘2 opposites teenoorgesteldes) @iSee po. 47) haostig (hastily) - noukeurig (corfu) slordig (until) - neies (nec) vinnig (aviekly)~ stadig(slowiy) 15GESLAG - GENDER as FAMILIELEDE - FAMILY MEMBERS IN man rou wind writndn veer moder hela helin cure Sima sok sovn cuperrootie cumagrootie ihe leben sin seater || ening keningin seun meta ood oedin Heinaun Ksindogter broer seston com tone oe skoonvader skoonmoeder oe i c skoorseon doondogir ie iden wou torapier wear weratar stiefvader stiefmoeder haarkapper hoarkapster steht stieldogter speler speelster nee niggie skrywer skryfster broerskind susterskind verpleér verpleegster meneer mevrou / mejuffrou spreker spreckstor Bruidogom Sid strooijonker strooimeisie TRISE wewenoar wreduwes cher Fy puuoat Buveveot inspekteur inspektise bene. dome direkteur direktrise keel nooi redakieur redakdtise | gasheer gasvrou lektor lektrise __ evan ‘vjongnooi sksominator eksominatrise ESSE — bibliotekaris bibliotekaresse Prinsipaal prinsipole soles sskaorense onsen Crise sagenote z presidente besturder bestwurdres te onels orrlte vonger tongers pions plone oat om | Foetal joemtite Kensenaor Kensonores 5 diater digheres ‘onTHOU @ ondrwyat cnderwyseres burgemoesor burgemeesteres — hele sondoar sondores ier ieee oa in denser donors beoordeloor becordelares _ ea eee 16DIEREGELUIDE - ANIMAL SOUNDS op blaf/babbel monkey} beer brom [beer] ‘n bobbejaon blaf (baboon) ‘n bok bl (buck) ‘n bul bulk (bull ‘nby z0em (bos) ‘n donkie belk (donkey) ‘n duf koe (dove) ‘n-eend kwook/snater (duck) ‘nese balk (donkey/ule) ‘a gans goggel/blaas/snater (goose) ‘haan kraai (rooster) ‘hen kekkel (hen) ‘nhond blaf/kner (dog) ‘n jakkals Hanke (jackal/ox) “n kolkoen koel-koel (turkey) ‘mkonarie flit (conarie) ‘kat miagy {cai) ‘kei bull (cow) et ‘a volstruisbrom_ (ostrich) ‘oxwelt huil (wolf), ‘nko kras (crow) ‘n kviek krile_fericket) ‘n kuikenpiep (chicken) ‘r lam blér_ (lamb) ‘n leew brul_ (on) ‘n muis piep (mouse) ‘n olifont trompetter elephon'} ‘n pad kwaak Fog) ‘nperd runnike (horse) ‘o tenoster snork (rhinoceros) ‘a skoap blér (sheep) ‘n slong sis (snake) ‘n tier brut (tiger) ‘n vil hoe-hoe (owl) ‘n vork snork (pig) 2 in vink kwetter (finch) in vodlie sing/Fluit/sjlp (bird) S MENSE, LANDE EN TALE PEOPLE, COUNTRIES AND LANGUAGES Amerikaners Chinese/Sjnese Nore [Nerweérs) Portugese Russe Skote Sponjaarde Paci — Swede Ro Amerika Chine/Siina Denemarke Duitsland Engeland \Fronkryk Holland leeland Indie lis Jopan Kanade Norwes Portugal Rusland Skotlond Spanje Suid-Afrika Swede Engels Chinees/Sjinees Deens Duits Engels Frans Hollends lees Indies Nalioens Portugees Rossies Engels Spoons Elf verskoie tole Swoeds1 WOORDORDE - WORD ORDER ‘THE GOLDEN RULE IS: ‘WHATEVER YOU START WITH, THE VERB COMES NEXT’ @ We use the mnemonic S»vTOMPsal in order to follow the correct word who/ what? when? who/what? how? where? fon 1 S |febi] Oo | MP | eb 2) 1 Subject | Time Object Manner, Place Infinitive reo Dieseun skryf | daogliks | sy werk | neties in sy book ‘om goed te pretoer por Dieseun het | daogliks | sy werk | naties | in sy book com goed te presteer fave Die seun | sal daoglis | sy werk —nelies in sy bosk com goed fe presteer Onde yd Voorwerp Wyse lak Ini 2. You may start with anything other than the objec, provided that you put the verb next. ‘When you stort wih the obj, you ae sng the Posive Voc (lydende Vorm 5 || Die oun skryf angi sy werk ntfs in sy bosk om goed te prester T Daagliks skrf die sun ty werk nee in sy Boek om goed te preter. +/ 0 Sy werk word dooglis nes dour die seun in sy boek geskryf om goed fe presice. M_ Netfiesskryf die seun daogliks sy werk in sy Boek om goed te presto. P__Inay boek skryf die seun daaglits sy werk nies om goed te prestoe. 1 Om goed te presteer skryi die seun daagliks sy werk netiies in sy boek. 3. Ifthey start with something other thon the object, they ore testing whether you understand the sentence, and if you know fo put the verb next. 2.9. Die wuns spool eke Woontdog kick. Elke Woensdeg spool dio zouns kriake. 4. Avery common mistoke that English Speaking students make, is thet they pu he verb in the wrong place, They put the verb ater the subjet, especie of what they stort with They tend fo say things In lievokanse Icha Durban le gegoan. instead of Indie vokanse etek Durban toe gegoon Om ogtvur my: familie het vertrek. instead of Om agtuur het my familie vertrek. tke cond shedoe my buiswerk instead of Eke aand doen ek my huswerk REMEMBER: ‘WHATEVER YOU START WITH, THE VERB COMES NEXT!" * 2 ene, 18LEESTEKENS - PUNCTUATION ABC hoolletters (copital letters} Sinne begin met hoofletters Jan en Marie goon in Februorie Pretoria toe. punt (ull stop) Ons vind ‘n punt aon die einde von ‘n tin. 2 komma (comma) ‘Sy hot brood, better, melk en eiers gokoop. (| hakies (brackets) Dit was ‘n spook fof so het sy gedlink!) 2 vraagteken (question merk) _ Hoeveel kinders isin jou Klas? !uitroepteken {exlomation mark) | Einal Die by het my gesteck kommopunt (semi-colon) Hy swem in die somer: hy speel rugby in die winter dubbelpunt (colon) Jy het die volgende nodig papier, potlood on vives. ~_eandagstreep (dosh) Dit was ‘n spook — of so het hy gedinkt + osterisk (asterisk) Hy woon op die hv." Kerk en Pritchordsraat._(*hoek van) stippels (ellipse) Word vervalan * » anhalingstekens Moeder s@: "Kinder, julle moet gaan slog ++ (inverted commas / quotation marks} \WE FOLLOW THE SAME RULES AS IN ENGLISH, WITH THE FOLLOWING EXCEPTIONS: 1. We puta colon (instead of a comma before Direct Speech. 2. We use commas before the following Group 1 Conjunctions: .maar want and dog 3. We use a semi-colon (i before all Group 2 Conjunctions: ;dus ;dacrna ond mogtans However, the following Group 2 Conjunetions get « comma: al .dan ond toe. Try to understand the sentence in English before you punctuate it @ They are also testing your vocabulary, by seeing whether you can divide the sentence correctly. USE OF THE DASH (DIE KOPPELTEKEN) (this i important for spelling purposes) @ + Compound words - when the first word ends in + Compound words that are joined with on ‘en’ {@ vowel and the second word begins with a die heak-en-steek plant vowel kaos-en-tomatietoabroodjia wee-vur, sewe-vur, perdesienaar + hulle {and them/those essociated with them) hulle; my tonte-ulle;-my vriendin-hulle + Repettions (verdubbeling /herhalings) Me ‘g0v'gou, kortkort; subkel-sukkel + Words indicating direction t + Compound ites (soomgestelde ttle) SuidAlika; PetrieWer "°°? luitenant-generaal; oud-pre ” bata esDIE TYE - TENSES ‘AS IN ENGLISH, THERE ARE 3 TENSES ‘TEENWOORDIGE TYD PRESENT TENSE Ivandeg ~ today) VERLEDE TYD, PAST TENSE (sister ~ yesterdey] ‘TOEKOMENDE TYD FUTURE TENSE Imére ~ tomorrow] IF YOU ARE ASKED TO CHANGE THE TENSE: @ 1 ead the sentence tne Moordord 18 2 Undertne he verbs. (This wl wl you which rule ofllow) i always var 1 het moves eround ‘! a Die seun een beck, Die seun etn bosk geen 3. Circle the conjunctions. If there is @ conjunction, it means thot there are 2 s both of which need to be chonged.) 4. Bracket the infinitive (om + te verb) so that you remember to put ito the end. (SvITOMPyal} 1. If there is just a regular verb we use het + ge for the past tense, and sal forthe future tense. Ek lees 'n boek. Ek het 'n boek geleos. Ek sal 'n boek lees. 2. Ihthe verb begins with be, ge, her, er, ont, vor, and mis, we get het but no ge in the past tense. her er = ont ver mis begin gesels herken ervoar ontmost verstoon —misbrvik Ek verstaan al my work Die seun entmost sy vriende by die bioskoop, Ek het al my werk verstaan. Die seun het sy vriende by die bioskoop ontmoet. fore: gebowe gubire —gebedal) @ is an is, it changes as indicated: aor is boie mense in Suid-Afrika Die eksomens is maklik Door was baie mense in Suid-Afrika, Die eksomens was maklik Doar sal boie mense in Suid-Afrika wees. Die eksomens sal mablik woes. ther iskoudl @ a, emamber to change ito dit is e.g dis hou aed: hich mes at yah a io het boie vriende. ig hat boie vriende gehad ie sal baie vriende ha. 4, Ifthe verb is @ het without the ge, it changes os i Ek het 'n moot huis. Ek het 'n mooi huis gohad. Ek sal 'n mooi huis ha. If the verb is © word, it changes as indicated: Active: _Jolle word ingenious. Passive: Ek word deur my ma gehelp. Jlle het ingenieurs geword, Ek is deur my ma geholp, Jlle al ingenieurs ward Ek sal deur my ma gshelp word, bt ea 206. Ifthere is @ verb + preposition, it becomes one ward in the past and future tense. (ene. 1 hare werkoerda) @ Ek tol die book op. Ek gooi die popior wea Ec het die bock opgete. (one word) Ek het die popier weggegoot Ek sal die boek optel. (one word) Ek sol die popier weggeoi. 7. there is « helping verb + verb, only the helping verb changes in the past tense (This meoning changes slighty when we ute the ge) Q Ek moet my werk doen, Ek wl 'n present ha Fk moes my werk doen. (gedoen het) Ek wou 'n present hé. (gehad het) \ Bk sal my werk moet doen, Ek sal'n present wil he ( k kan goed swem Ek sal my werk doen. | Ek kon goed swem. (geswem het) Ek sou my werk doen’ “lgedoen het) Ek sel goed kan swam, lf we use the helping verbs gaan, loat en kom, they go to the end of the sentence just before the verb. Ek gaan in die dam swom, Ek laat my hore groei Ek kom by jou ki ket in die dam goan swem. Ek het my hare laat grosi, Ek het by jou kom kuier. Ek sal in die dom gaan swem, Ek sal my hore laat groei, Ek sal by jav kom kui 9. Ifthere are two verbs in the same sentence, without a conjunction between them, then both verbs 90 to the end, and verb 1 goes before verb 2. the ge is optional but may only go before verb 1 1 2 2 Ek hoor die loou bru verdrink, Ek het dio leeu (gelhoor brul ‘Ons het die man (gelsien verdrink, Ek sal die leeu hoor brul (Ons sal die man sien verdrink 10. If there ore two verbs happening at the same time, connected by en and the first verb is 1, loop, or staan, then enly the first verb gets the ge in the past fense. this is optonol.) @ Die mon siten lees op die stoep Hy ion sloap op die bed Die man het op die stop (gest en lees. Hy het op die bed (gelléen sloop. Die man sol op die stoep sit en lees. Hy sal op dio bed Ié en sloap. 11, Hfwe get any other combination of verbs connected by en, then both verbs get ge in the post tonse Ek slagp on werk in my sloapkomer Moeder was en pok dio borde weg Ek het in my slaopkomer geslaap en gewerk. -Moeder het die borde gewas en weggepak. Ek sol in my slogpkome slagp en werk -Moeder sal die borde was en wegpak 12, I there is ¢ conjunction inthe sentence, we treat i ke 2 seporate sentences. {Wed seven 1 rf sefence 2 dos ot sentence 1 dow ot exit) @ ‘we put inthe conjunction, and then we do sentence 2 os if Die bokkie hardloop weg, [Went die leeu jaag hom, Die bokkie het weggehardloop, wont die leev het hom gejaag, Die bokkie sal weghardloop, wont die leeu sal hom jaos. 2 te tee2 13, The conjunctions dan, 5, wonneer and nou [DAWN change to toe in the post tense: Jan doen eers sy huiswerk; dan speel hy in die tin. Jan het eers sy huiswerk gedoen; toe het hy in die tuin gespeel. Ek shrik as ok 'n slang sie, Ek het geskrk toe ok 'n slang gosion het Po luster na die radio wanneer dit nuustyd is Po het no die radio geluistor toe dit nuustyd wos, Ek drink now my koeldrank. Ek het toe my koeldrank gedrink 14. Ifthe verbs are skeibare werkwoorde, they can be separated info two par [ski moons to separate] @ in the present tons. Ek skokel die lig oon, Hy wens my geluk. Ek het die lig congeskakel. Hy het my gelukgewens. Fk sol die lig aanskakel. Hy sal my gelulwens. We recognise @ skeibare werkwoord because the emphasis flls on the first part eantek —afhaal ——deelnewm = gelukwens- goedkeur —grootword —_liethé natgooi seamgoon stistaan—_vitnoo!_——_itirek weggooi 15. Ifthe verbs are onskeibore werkwoorde: ©. they can never be separated b. there is no ge in the post tense Hy mishondel die hond. Hy voltosi die sin. Hy het die hond mishandel. Hy het die sin vol Hy sal die hond mishandel Hy sal die sin votoo! ‘We recognise an onskeibare werkwoord, because the emphasis flls on the second por convaar —agtervolg begin bestoan —betacl = erken ‘geniet herken —hersien islet rmishandel misluk ——omhols—ondersoek. condervind onthou —ontmeet_—corhandig cortvig -—oorwin——_vargeet verstaan —_voltooi EXCEPTIONS * The following words are onskeibore werkwoorde, although the emphasis falls on the first part ofthe word. These words do get a ge in the post tense: blinddock — dagvoor—glimlag-——handhacf ~—hardloop ——_knipoog liefkoos openboar raadpleeg rangskik—regverdig _waerborg_waarsku ‘Sy alimlag vriendelk Sy rangskik die blomme. Hulle woarborg die motor ‘Sy het vriendelik geglimlag. Sy het dio blomme gorangskik. Holle het die motor gewoarborg, Sy sal vriendelik glimlag. Sy sel die blomme rangskik. Holle sol die motor waarborg. tetas 2HOW ‘DIE TYE’ ARE TESTED ‘Skryf oor in die (o) Verlde Tyd (b) Tookomende Tyd (Remember to undertine the verbs, il the cnjunctons ad brcka he ifives) @ moeiliker a in Junie. er 0 in Junie 5 0$ in Junie wees, 1. Die eksomen in November ‘2. Die ektamen in November wae m cksomen in November sal moel 2. Gea rep {daaron]goan ek dotier te (m ‘n inspiing i ky Ek het griep gehad; doorom het ek dokter toe gegaan om ‘n inspuiting te kry. bk sel grep he; daarom sal ek dokter toe gaan om ‘n ingputin te kr. If they begin with © word or words indicsting different ime, then you | Remember, hhave to continue, using the clues they have given you. whatever you {ht uaa hs Seaponce, vate So verbs ercs ha soa TE ee cieeen pe bracket the infintves|@ come oat See Woordorde Die snocpwinkel verkoop heerike kos po 18 {tt will help you to think what it would be inthe past & future tenses.) @ vetkoop —> betverloop —» sal verkoop ‘©. Gister het die sroepwinkel heerlike kos verkoop. b. Verlede week he die snoepwinkelhoerike kos verkoop. ‘The bold font is €. Toe ek skool toe gekom het, het die snoepwinke heerlike kos verkoop. he stimelvs you d. Mare sal die snoepwinkel heerlike kos verkoop. ote fe. Volgende week/joor sa! die snoepwinkel heerlike kos verkoop. eee ' Wanner ek skool oe kom, sal die snoepwinkel heerlike kos verkoop. I they give you o sentence and then change it slightly inthe sentence below, you mus look for the clues and then continue. (try to understand the sentence, underline the verbs, circle the conjunctions and bracket the infnitives Q 1. Ons skool het baie sportsoorte. Toe ek ‘n leerling was, het ons skool baie sportsoorte gehad. (ip ard was pat ats ean ay GEIST Te po 2. Ek doen om ogiuur elke cand my huiswerk Elke aond om ogivur sol ek my huiswerk doen. {they tried with Time, which tld you to put the verb next They put “doen ond ot "gedoan’) tthe end, which could only hove meant tha! they wonted the tre fnse) 3. Ek huilfwannearek ‘ntreurige role Ek het gohul te ek ‘ntreurige rolprent gesien het. (The tow replaces a Wwonneers which sls oe that ib sentence mst bef the past ene.) 23 2b eeVOEGWOORDE CONJUNCTIONS (JOINING WORDS) Conjunctions fall into 3 groups, with ferent rules for each group. This group is in the middle This group is ot the ond ‘ond the verb in the 2nd cand the verb in the 2nd + sentence 1 sentence goes to the sentence goes to the end. + conjunction middle straight ofter the + sentence 2 conjunction Clue:meow = cat + dogQQ Clues cllthe dwords CQ Clue ll words ending in except dog and dat dat, wat, and all the moor ~ but ‘Question Words en - ond don ~ then Cf +o daorna ~ then dot that Mant ~ because ae tharefore comdot - because daorom - therefore olay = onl dog = bit DP erhle — therfore wearer tom nadat olor nogians «revere een nor etomtin - novertholess i oho, wher conders - otherwise Si whe gevolgik - a8 0 cesult fend = while ©. One is mosg, although calheewel ~ although Ditis loa. wen then oe nat mong, wont even 50 iodra_- as soon Paine. besides sede since oranien- sing ht 1, Die tien a «Ek bet hard probe. oi sane terton El het nie gewen ne of i ole tes) rm > gnendien, thet, provi Sowel de meisios os Ehhatherd pen ee dle suns bat gogo tog het ck ne gewen i ee ©. Eki nie ongstig ‘Question words: b. Die man het die geld doaroor ne. grsteal ‘wanneer, hoeveel, wacr, Eine wnowenotig iaceare hhoe, waarom, omdat ete. bretaah sgegaan. (daarom) ‘Ons bly Die man het die geld Dit is vokansio. (omdot) Ek is ng ongstig nég senuwecagtig daaroor geseal; docrom het hy erent ‘Ons is bly omdat dit vokansie is Learn the groups and meanings ofall the conjunctions. Take note of the ‘clues’ and rules for each group. ‘See the punctuation rules for "Voegwoorde' on pg. 19. feta ole 24VOEGWOORDE - NOG REELS Its always verb 1 (in the second sentence) that moves around |to the middle orto the end] @ SMTOMP Wt Dieseun lees ‘n boek Dieseun het. ‘nboek goles. Diesoun sal 'nboek des. Die seun moet ‘nbock lees. Die juffrou het die leering gostraf. Hy het sy bock by die huis vergeet. (omdat) (2) Die julfrou het die leering gosiraf omdat hy sy boek by die huis vergeet het. Die leerling werk vinnig. Hy valioai sy werk. (deerom) (2 Die leering werk vinnig; daarom voltooi hy sy werk 1an, mag] it oes just before the verb at the end. there is o helping verb (moet, wil, kan, sal, Ek vool gelukkig. Ek sl 'n present kry. (omdat) Ek vool gelukkig omdat ek 'n present sal kry. Doar is boie ctlete. Hulle kan binne 10 sekondes 100 meter herdloop. (wat) Doar is baie ctlate wat binne 10 sekondes 100 meter kan hardloop. Wwe start a sentence with @ group 3 conjunction, we put both verbs together inthe middle of the sentence and separate them with a comme. What to do: «. Underline the verb in both sentences bb. Decide which sentence makes better sense first, lt helps tory to understand the sentences.) @ d You naed to know the meaning ofthe conjunction, to decide which sentence goes first Put the verb of sentence | to the of a 0 tnd the verb of sentence 2 to the beginning, wt 10 xh! wea sek Exhet skool toe gegaan, Ek wos sick slogh Alhoowel ek siek was, het ek skool foe gegaan. (although | was sick, I went o school) @ \f.we start with the group 2 conjunction al, the verb comes next. Ek het skoo! toe gegoan. Ek wos sick Al was ok sick, het ek skool oe gegaan, IF hore is anion he second sentence, the nie goes to the end (attr the verb). Hy kon nie gaon nie. Hy het nie n kaariie gehod rie. (aangesien) 1 Hy kon nie gaan nie eangesien hy nie 'n kaortie gehod het nie. ‘isthe only group 2 conjunction 2 Take note ofthe punctuation rules regarding voegwoorde, «2, We use commas before the Group 1 Conjunetions: ,maor .want ond b. Wo use 0 semi-colon ( before ell Group 2 Cenjunetions: dus ;daarna ond ;nogtans However, the following Group 2 Conjunetions get e comma: ,al dan and toe. «There is no punctuation before Group 3 Conjunctons. 25 ae esHOW ‘VOEGWOORDE’ ARE TESTED ‘A. Verbind die volgende sinne met die voegwoorde tussen hoki {Underline verb 1 in the 2nd sentence, as this is the word that moves around.) @ 1. Die seuntia het gehuil. Hy het sy vinger gesny. (want 1) ne change) Dice seuniie het gehuil, want hy het sy vinger gesny. 2. Die seuntife het sy vinger gesny. Hy het gehuil. (dus) 12) (verb to middle cor the conjunction) Die seuntjie het sy vinger gesny; dus het hy gehul 3. Die sevniie het gehuil. Hy het sy vinger gesny. (omdat) (3) [verb tothe end) Die sountie het gehuil emdat hy sy vinger gosny et. B. Begin met die voegwoord en verbind die volgende sinn (Undertine verb 1 in each sentence ry to understnd the sentence given, and decide which sentence makes beter sence it) @ women gromed —Stazaw a movie je vrou bet geskreeu, Sy het ‘n muls gesien. Beth a is ech te sroromoes eins ata 2 WSs. etl ' As ek koud kry, dra ek 'n jas. pba go are 2. Haba oneal LEE Aton gegen nia Aboot 2 AAR Pok gevoel, het ok nie huis oe gogocn nie YW they give you a sentence and an incomplete sentence or conjunction below, you must empleo sontucn by sing th hes that thay give you. Det th yond fe odes te means tre meted Helene hart er thee Ne pone 1, Hy het hard vir die toetsgeloer. Hy‘het gesloog. theron 2 ©. Hy het hard vir die tots gleer; dhe! by goslaog , Hy het geslog emda hy hard vr die toetsgeleer het <. ARG hord vec toot ele, het by nie gsloag nie 4. hthotvel by hard vir de toot gleer het, het hy nie gesloag ie 2. Kangeton hy hord vir dio tots goaor het, het hy gsloag bara ae 26B ins © conjunction and there is a diferent conjunction in the ther sentence, you must replace the first conjunction with the second, leerlige wark hard emdat i amper die ekiomen i i Dir is omper de oksomen; dit werk de lerlinge hard. They may give you a sentence ending with « conjunction, which you have to complet. (You have to get the correct werd order depending on the group ofthe conjunction. The continued sentence has to make sense and follow on from the frst sentence] Sunes my bet sec becouse (1) 1. Die'somer is my beste seisoen, wan! Ie wiler ey 2. Indie wine is di oie koud; daarom” "th ae ot ai 23, Codrande dis Tote fk de wine progtig omdet They may osk you to choose the correct conjunction. Were you need to know the meanings of the conjunctions. Lack atthe pacing ofthe ver inthe ‘second sentence inorder to decide which group the conjunction they wsed isn) Bor enue 1. Ekhothord geleer, (macr/want) ok het nie geslaog ni ee 2, Ekhet die toets gedrip (al/alhoewel) ek hard gewerk het They may give you 3 sentences with 2 conjunctions and ask you to join them. [ry to understand the meanings ofthe sentences and the conjunctions, and then pley around with them so thet they make sense.) Q pander por wre eee ete eetae ee i ckgell cower. Egat bole behommard. Bilweay ni goney fa fas ne. (ondet, chose Alhoewel ek my sokgeld ontvang het, was ek boie bekommerd omdat dit nie genoeg vir 'n fits was ni 7 te oleDIE NEGATIEF OF ONTKENNENDE VORM THE NEGATIVE FORM verb, the second nie goes to the end. Ek lees ie. (There is only one nie because there is no object) Ek lees 'n boek. Ek leet nie 'n book ni Ek lees 'n interessante boek op die bus. Ek lees nie 'n interessante boek op die bus nie. 2. the first ver is followed by @ pronoun or @ proper noun, the first nie comes directly after it. Ek soso hom. Ek soap hom nie, op sy selfoon. jeter nie op sy selfoon nie. verb and end with (We wil acognise itso question, becou Is dit vondag koud? Nee, dit is nie vandag koud nie. fort inn tera inders speel nie tennis nie ‘We change the pronoun so that it makes the correct sense. How jy von skool? (Do you like school?) Nee, ok hou nie van skool nie. (No, | don't like school.) 4, If we are given @ command, we negate it with @ moenie before the sentence and the verb tthe end, followed by « nie. {We wil recognise ites @ command, becoute it wll sort with verb ond end with an exclamation merk) @ Staon op! ‘Moenie opstaan nie. Antwoord die telefoon! ‘Mosnie die telefoon antwoord nie 5. there is an osseblie (please) in the command, the moenie changes to moet + nie, ‘ond the asseblief goes betwoon it. ‘Mack asseblief die deur toe! ‘Moet asseblief nie die deur toemack nie! ete eae 286 7. ‘CERTAIN WORDS CHANGE IN THE NEGATIVE: This change takes the place of the frst nie, The second nie goes fo the end. Ihe same hing happens in Engh eg, ever becomes never, something bacomesnathing ot) @ clles/its = nks___ ite {everything/tomething ~ nothing) almal/iemand niemand ——— nie (everybody/somabody - nobody) allyd/ooit sooit____—nie (always/ever ~ never) erige/een geen (ony/one- none) enigsins geensing (otall ~ not etal) moet moon. fi {must = musi) calls) /érens nécens ni (overywhere/somewhere - nowhere) {olready ~ not yet) {olready ~ not yet) a nog breeds nog ni al een = nog geen al érons + nog nérens —— nie al iemand ‘nog niomand_— nie al iets al ooit Alcon be used infront of ony of those words in which case the @ words wil chonge os indicate, (more - no more) (sill everything - nothing more) nog alles 109 almal siemand meer nie nobody else) nog érens = —_nérens meer + nowhere else} nog iemand —-—niemand moor nie {someone ese - no-one ele} nogies ks meer nite (something else ~ nothing lee) ot oF 1g (either. or ~ nether... nor) sowel .. as 6g (os well os ~ neither .. nor) c. Is dacr iomand by die deur? Nee, daar is niemand by die dour nie. b. Het jy al ooit gerook? Neo, ek het nog nooit gerook nie. Wot jy kan sian is f'n ster 6f n planet NQ\,_ Wor iy kan sien is ndg n ster, nog n planet. here ino neat the end) @ ‘We may not have « double negtive. If there are two words in @ sentence that need to be negated, ‘we negate only the first one otherwise we don't say what we mean. ©. Wes jemand ooit Mors toe? Nee, iamand wos oot Mors te i (We can 507 "Nee iomond was 00 Mare wi) @ 1b. Daar is een persoon drens wat my kan help. Doar is geen persoon érens wat my kan help nie. (We can’ say "Door is geen persoon nérens wat my kon help nie. @ Ifyou are negating a sentence after « conjunction, then the nie in this second sentence comes tor the noun or pronoun. [This apps o groupe 2 and 3.) 6. otiet het sy enkel gobreck, dus kon hy nie hardloop nie. b. Die mense kon nie stem nie, omdat hulle ae identiteisdokumente gehad het ne Al het Jon vroeg daar aangekom, kon Jan nie 'n itpek vind nie, 29 el eneHOW ‘DIE NEGATIEF’ IS TESTED A. They usually give you a sentence containing words such os iemand, érens, ooit etc. and then cask you to rewrite it in the negative form (ontkennende vorm). What to d ©. Underline the verbs. b. Circle the conjunctions. . Wotch out for pronouns, the ‘negative words’, question marks and exclamation marks. Skry o0F in die ontkennende vorm: ‘ ©. Ekhow van skol ani Bk hoy nie van skool ni 11 boie vriende en goeie onderwysers. (conjunction = two sentences want ek het nie baie vriende en gooie anderwysers ni. b. Was iy ol cot laat vir skool? (Qvestion = nee, y= ek, al ooit= nog root! 2 ‘Nee, ek wos nog nositloat vir skool ©. Doon jou huiswerk! (Command = moenie) @ ‘Moenie jou huiswerk doen nie 4d. Die foots mére is 6f gedurende Engels 6F gedurende Afrikaons, (ff... = ndg még) Die tosts mére is nég gedurende Engels nég gedurende Afrikaans. Whereisno'vie) B. They give you a positive sentence on one line and a slightly changed sentence on the line below, vsvally containing words such es nee, nie, noit, niemand etc. 1. Het jou span ol ovit die beker gewen? (Question = nee, jou = my, ol eoit= nog noo) @ ‘2, Nee, my span het nog nooit die beker gewen ne. b, Nee, my span het nog nooit die beker gewen nie 2. Sowel die seuns as die meisies het die partie geniet 'Néq die seuns nég dio meisies het die portyie genet 3. "Piet, het iy enige muntstukke vir porkering?” Piet antwoord ontkennend dat hy geen muntstukke vir porkering het nie. C. They may test you by using the sentence - joining construction: ‘ook! (Wie alleen ... nie, moar 1. Ek trek my boek nates oor. Ek skryf my naam voorop, Nealon rk ok my book nee or ne, maar: sky aok my naam voor. ‘maar 00k skryf ek my naam voorop. The des ore writen in bold black. 2 te eke 30VOORNAAMWOORDE - PRONOUNS ck me, my ‘mine ~ myne he hy him/his -hom/sy his more ee eee youls) - iy your, you = jou your joune they = hulle their hulle theirs hulle s'n pete Preeti gro 450 Ek het n hui Dis my huis Die hus is myne Ek het dit vir my gekoop * Vis sed when you ore addr Hoe kon ek u help, men gone ye de wl mn et HOW 'VOORNAAMWOORDE’ ARE TESTED They usuelly underline nouns in sentences ond then require you to rep with pronouns. They may ask you te choose between two pronouns e. 2 these hy/hom. @ ‘Ask yourself what it would have been if it had been in English, ond then give the Afrikaans equivalent. €g. him=hom — she=sy they = hulle Seay ae hen Marie her di'man geld gegee, wont dis man het gest dat hy geen geld vr di tas knders il shod het nie, en dot dia Linders baie honger wos. Always ask yourself whether the sentence is in Direct or Indirect Speech. Shea 7 Mar she = dot Marie 'n nuwe rok wil he. Alter 'n mens we say iy or jou. ‘in Mens mee ju plig vie jov land doen. ‘n Mens moet seker mack dat iy jou pig doen. 31 Shenay teak Marie's8: "Marie wil 'n nowe rok hé.” After die mens we say hy, sy or hom. Die mons moe! sy omgewing bewoar on hy moet sy intligonsie gebruik.BETREKLIKE VOORNAAMWOORDE RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative pronouns act as conjunctions. They are all in group 3, ‘and the verb therefore goes to the end. + For people, we say who (wie/wat] or whose (wie se). + For inanimate objects, we say what, that or which (wat + Asin English, we usually remove the subject, object or pronoun thot is repeated in the second sentence. the word(s} that are repeated. (usally the subject or objet 2. Cancel out the words in sentence 2 that are repeated. 3, Rewrite sentence 1 until ofer the word that is repeated. 4. Insert the relative pronoun/ clause. 5. 6‘ Rewrite sentence 2 with the verb tthe end ie and wot are group 3 conuntions IF there's anything lof sentence 1 insert @ comma ond then write what isle. The boy broke his leg. Hi usually wins the race. (who) The boy who usvelly wins the race, broke his log You must Die seun het ay been gebreck, Hy wen gewoonlk die wedloop. (wat/wie) choose Die seun wat gewoorlik die wadloop wen, het sy been gebreek See rule 2 below. 1. If we want fo say who and th ‘no preposition in the second sentence, we have to use wat: My oom is die burgemeester. “HY is tagtig jaar oud. (wie/wat) (choose) @ ‘My oom wat tagtg joar oud is, is die burgemeestor The dees ore waar] in bald Black, 2. We can only use wie (who) if there is @ preposition in the second sentence: 1on in Kaapstad, Ek skryf com how’. (wie/watl (choose) @ Die man aan wie ek skryf, woon in Kaapstad Die ma: Dio hind het boie speelgoed. Ek spec! meron. (wie/wat) (choose) @ Die kind met wie ok spec, het bois spesigoed 3. Ifwe want te say tht or which for on animal or inanimate objec, and there is no preposition Jin the second sentonce, we simply use wal: Die perd sol die weden wen. Wiis die vinnigste. (wat) Die perd wat die vinnigte is, sal die wedren wen 4. fwe want to say whose, we use wie se: Die seun goan na die tandors toe. ‘Sy tand is seer. Die seun wie #0 tand seer is, gaan na die tandars toe, tarts 325. If we want to say whose for an animal or an inanimate abject, we use waarvan die: Die motor het gaan stoan, Diematsise petrol was op. (wat Dimctr wasn pte! ep WENCMeP gone scar’ fo eariny atop AP Diz bard het die wedron velor. $xbeen wos of, wal Die ped wearvan die been of wes, het die wedren verloor 6, We cannot use wat + @ preposition when referring to an inanimate object: (see table below! @ Die potload is stomp, Ek skryf met dived wos) Beare, Sora ET see WHAT TO USE INSTEAD OF: aso @ wat + deur = waardeur deur + dit = daardeur Sin SSR coo TE wot + no + toe = waarnatoe na + dit + toe = daarnatoe a Seis se SS ao oe wot + op = woarop op + dit = doarop: Si SS Soe SS Sia iS es a a HOW ‘BETREKLIKE VOORNAAMWOORDE?’ ARE TESTED 1. Die melk isin die glas. Ek drink dio melk dacrut The clues ore Die mel is in die glas waaruit ek drink. bold eck 2. Die pen (wat ek met) waarmee ek skryf, kos RSO en ek sorg goed (vir dil] daarvoor. 3. Hy gesels met die vrov. Hor hondie is ouik. Hy gesels met die vrou wie se hone oulk is 33 ea asLYDENDE EN BEDRYWENDE VORM PASSIVE AND ACTIVE VOICE We fllow the some rules and format os in English) The ball wos kicked by ve boy i object verb 1 pe eb? PAST | Diesen |het | diebol | geskop | | Die bol | Gs)deur | die seun | geskop “FUT Die seun sol die bol skop Diebal saldeur die seun _geskop word RULES: 1. Try to understand the meaning ofthe sentence so that it makes sense when you turn it into the passive voice. (You don want to sey the boy bites the dog, but ater the boy is iten bythe dog) @ 2. Underline the verb, and divide the sentence into subject | verb | object ‘We now begin with the object. {The verb wil ell you what tense you are in, and you will hen fllw th rule for tht tense.) @ 5 wo ° “ sow Diehond | het | die seun | gebyt Die seun | is dour | die hond | gebyt (Pos tose = is dour ae 3. a. Ifthe sentence contains an adverb af time, this adverb is inserted between the word, is, sal ‘and the deur. Die seun | Ret | gister | diebol | geskop. - Die bol | fs | gister | deur die seun | gethop. 'b, Adverbs of manner always come before the object. 5 Ome 2 Die vecarts | Ret | die Rond | vitnig | op sy boud | ingespuit on ow ‘ , 2 Die hond | is | vinnig | deur di vesarts | op #y boud | ingespuit 4, the sentencs we treat it as if ins the helping verbs wil/wou, kan/kon, moet/moes or gaan, in the future tense (sal) and follow thot pattern. s & ft ° a Kinders | moet | elke'dag | huiswerk | doen oo mw or 5, 2 Huiswerk | moet | elke dag | deur kinders | gedoen word..0uns will change so thatthe sentence keeps the some mecning, {Tak yourself whot the pronoun would hove Ben in English, ond then give the Aikoons equivaont) He haa Hy het die eersteprys gewen Die eersteprys is deur hom gewen Ifthe sentence contains © command we use moet, meaning must. Lees die bok! becomes Die boek moet geles word The word door i vsed when there is no sbjec. Doenhuiswerk become Doar most huinwerk gedoen werd. or Huiswerk moet gedoen word sloop! become oor moet geslaop word A ‘A question is handled a fellows: Wie koop die brood? eur wie word die brood gekoop? Wie het die brood gakoop? Dour wie die brood gekoop? Wie sal die brood koop? ‘Daur wes dia benod galoop word? $ They might give you 6 sentence clready in lydende vorm and osk you to change it into . ecm ete yoareg intestacy ra aeroan aed che eee S Die seuntie word deur da hond gebyt. (ws now ramave the word, dau and go) Die hond byt die seuntie. HOW 'LYDENDE VORM’ IS TESTED ‘They give you an eetive voice sentence ‘They then usually start with the object ofthat sentence, You must then divide the sentence into SviTOMP 2h Subject, Verb, Object, and Adverbs of Time, Manner and Place From the verbs) decide on the tense, and the Lydende Vorm to be followed. ‘Noor eDievest] 2 le eatery sees asa hates lice Piva cle ig pred 9 Baie huiswerk sal voor die eksomen deur die onderwyseres gegee word. 35 re BakINDIREKTE REDE INDIRECT OR REPORTED SPEECH This works na snr woy fo Dirt ond inde Speech in Eglnh. 1. Alteran 1 sentence we use the conjunction dot that, which fin 1701p 8, and the verb inthe 2nd sentence therefore goes othe end. Mary soy,‘ ike schoo.” Marie s8: “bow von skool’ Sot the Mary sys that she likes schoo Moria sb det ey von skool haw. | ress The pronouns will change 20 that he seniance moles correct seoe, Think which pronoun you would hove used in English, and use bien = hom, he = hy, she = sy, we = ont eb same one in Arikoons. 2. Aer « question we use the conjunction of ffl, which isin group 3, and the verb in the 2nd sentence therefore goes tothe end. John asks, ‘May I have a colddrink2" Jannie vea: ‘Mag ek 'n koeldrank key?" John asks if he may have a colddrink Janie vra of hy 'n hoeldrank mog kry. 3. the first word ofthe question is already @ question word, then this word remains asthe conjunction ‘ond the verb in the 2nd sentence goes to the end. (All uesion words ere also group 3 conjunctions) @ ‘The mon otks, ‘When does the train deport Die man vra: ‘Wanner verirek die tein?” The man asks when the train departs Die man vra wanneer die rein vertrek. 4. Ifthe sentence is « command either of these two ways may be used to rewrite the sentence in Indirect oF Reported Speech: The eocher ordered, ‘Children, do your Die onderwyser beveel:‘Knders, doen julle. homewerk!” huiswerk 4. The teacher ordered the children to do. Die onderwyser beveel die kinders om hulle their homework huiswark te doen. b. The teacher ordered thatthe children b. Die onderwysar bevee! dat die kinders must do their homework hulle huiswerk moet doen. 5. If the introductory verb is in the post tense, e.g. het gesé or het gevra, then the verb in the 2nd sentence must be put in the past tense and all adverbs of time and place must change, 50 that the sentence keeps the same meaning. 0. The cugby player said, ‘We lost the Die rughyspaler het gesé: ‘Ons het die wedetryd match teday.” vondag verloon." ‘The rugby player said that they had lost Die rugbyspeler het gesé dor hulle deardie the match that doy dog die wedetryd verloor het, b. Mother said, ‘This mess must be picked ‘Moeder hot ges: ‘Hiordie gemors moet vp before tomorrow!” voor mére opgetel word.” ‘Mother soid thet that mess hed to be ‘Moder het ges® dat daardie gemors voor die picked up before the following doy. volgende deg opgetel moes word. tela tats 36hier to here hiernatoe : this hierdie now rnou/don today vandag this yeor vanjaar : yesterday - sister die vorige dag yesterday afternoon the previous afternoon _gistermiddag ie vorige middog yesterday evening the previous evening _—gisteroand_-—=— ‘die vorige aand the day before yesterdoy ~ two days ago ceigister - twee dae gelede tomorrow the following doy mere - die volgende dag tomorrow afternoon the following afternoon mre middog _~ die volgende middog tomorrow evening the following evening mre oond die volgende aand the doy after tomorrow _~ in two doys time cormére ~ 00r twee doe Exclamatory words such os Einel, Foe tol, Liewe Hemell, Hoerel ek. moy only be used in Direct Speech. In Indirect Speech the emotion must sill be expressed, and we do so by describing it. “Ouch, | stumped my toe!’ shouted the gil _ Eno, ek het my toon gestamp!” het die mesie The girl shovted in pain that she had gestreeu stumped her tos. Die meisie het van pyn goskraou dot sy haar toon gestamp het The coptain shouted, "Heorah, we won the Die kopein het geskreeu:"Hoera, ons het die match!” vwedstryd gewen!” The captain shovied with oy thot they hod Die koptein het met blydskop geskreev dat hulle won the match dle wedstryd gewen het. ‘We don’t have to use the word dat and then the verb no longer needs to go to the end of the team Te promo wnd ula nd pls Wl change oooh. tric rig Mother says, ‘lam sick." ‘Moeder s8: ‘Ek is sick.” Mother soys she is sick. io that! @ Moeder 58 sy is sick. (no dat! @ ‘The student soid, ‘filed the test today.” Dice leerling het gesa: ‘Ek het vondog die toets gedruip." ‘The student soid ho foiled the tes! that day. Die leevling het gos hy het daardie dag (oo that) @ die toes gedruip. (no dat) @ HOW ‘INDIREKTE REDE’ IS TESTED 1. Harry Potter s8: “Ek is ‘n towenar.” ‘4. Harry Potter sé: “Ek vool vandag ‘n bietie stout” 0. Hoey Pers dot He taccnsus 2 @. Hary Por hat gost dot ry Poter s&_ ath WW Le wanes ET ad ‘5. Harry Poltor beveo: “Paddos vordwyn!* 2. Harry Potier wo “ls my vl tog «Her Poe Corel ds pede eso «. Horry Peter ra of 3 4 Suu A" Harry Potter beveel de roirrencal 3. Harry Potter wa: “Waar is my towers?” fe. Horry Pater veo. 88 gy bnew 6 37 ee als